Mode Choice Research Articles

The everyday struggles of accessing public transport for women in the first- and last-mile stretches in Kolkata

Walking and public transport are the primary modes of transport for women in developing countries. However, accessing these is not without barriers, particularly in the first- and last-mile stretches due to poor services, crowding, transfers, waiting, and lack of pedestrian infrastructure. This study aims to understand accessibility and the barriers women face in the first and last miles of everyday commuting. The data for this qualitative study are derived from visual surveys of selected locations in Kolkata and in-depth interviews to understand women's lived experiences, nuances of everyday travel, and diversity of encounters and perceptions. The major barriers to walking and accessing auto-rickshaws and buses are primarily heavy traffic, speeding vehicles, negligent driving, chaotic transfers, crowded conditions of buses, unsafe boarding and alighting, and absence of sidewalks. These barriers make women feel unsafe, influence modal choice, and increase travel time. Challenges in accessibility and acceptability of public transport push women to often make non-efficient and more expensive choices, which affects their work and family life. The findings stress the need for appropriate planning and design strategies and interventions to ensure equitable mobility for women.

Mode Selection Model Based on Travel Time and Price of Goods with Regression Analysis Model

Padang City Market is one of the shopping centres in Padang City, which is located in the West Padang District. The shopping centre presents a place for people to buy kitchen supplies or basic daily needs. This makes the area quite attractive for community travel. This research was conducted on 400 respondents who visited Padang City Market. In this study, the choice of mode is represented by the Y variable and is categorized into private vehicles, public transportation, rental vehicles, walking, and others. The travel time variable represents X1. The variable price of goods represents X2. This study aims to assess the level of correlation between the choice of mode (Y) on the variable travel time (X1) and the variable price of goods (X2). Furthermore, the mode selection (Y) was modeled based on the variables X1 and X2 using linear regression analysis with SPSS tools. The results of the analysis show a strong relationship between the Y variable and the X1 and X2 variables. The best linear regression model produced is Y = 0,010 + 0,76X1 + 0,029X2 with a value of R = 0,437. This means that the closer the travel time is and the lower the price of goods, the more the intensity of motorcycle mode selection to Pasar Raya Padang increases.

Should We Offer Web, Paper, or Both? A Comparison of Single- and Mixed-Response Mode Treatments in a Mail Survey

Abstract This article leverages a five-treatment response mode experiment (paper-only, web-only, sequential web-mail, choice, and choice-plus [choice with a promised incentive for responding online]) that was conducted within a nationally representative survey. Because this survey’s sample was drawn from respondents to another nationally representative survey, we have rich frame data that includes multiple indicators of comfort using the internet for our sample members and we can compare their response behavior across two surveys. We find that the paper-only treatment yielded a lower response rate than most of the other treatments, but there were not significant differences between the response rates for the other treatments. Among our mixed-mode treatments, the sequential web-mail treatment had the highest percentage of response by web and the lowest cost per response. When focusing on the subgroups that we expected to be the least—and the most—comfortable with the internet, we found that the paper-only treatment generally performed worse than the others, even among subgroups expected not to be comfortable with the internet. We generally did not find significant differences in the effect of response mode treatment on the response rate or percentage of response by web between the subgroups who were the most and least comfortable with the internet. In terms of the consistency of response mode choice over time, our results suggest that some people respond consistently—but also that response mode preferences are weak enough that they can be influenced by the way in which the modes are offered. We ultimately recommend using a sequential web-mail design to minimize costs while still providing people who cannot or will not respond by web with another response mode option. We also find evidence that there may be a growing lack of interest in responding by paper; more research is needed in this area.

Added Value of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT and PET/MRI in Patients With Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Impact on Detection Rates and Clinical Management.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) can change management in a large fraction of patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR). To investigate the added value of PET to MRI and CT for this patient group, and to explore whether the choice of the PET paired modality (PET/MRI vs. PET/CT) impacts detection rates and clinical management. Retrospective. 41 patients with BCR (median age [range]: 68 [55-78]). 3T, including T1-weighted gradient echo (GRE), T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) and dynamic contrast-enhanced GRE sequences, diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging, and a T1-weighted TSE spine sequence. In addition to MRI, [18F]PSMA-1007 PET and low-dose CT were acquired on the same day. Images were reported using a five-point Likert scale by two teams each consisting of a radiologist and a nuclear medicine physician. The radiologist performed a reading using CT and MRI data and a joint reading between radiologist and nuclear medicine physician was performed using MRI, CT, and PET from either PET/MRI or PET/CT. Findings were presented to an oncologist to create intended treatment plans. Intrareader and interreader agreement analysis was performed. McNemar test, Cohen's κ, and intraclass correlation coefficients. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. 7 patients had positive findings on MRI and CT, 22 patients on joint reading with PET/CT, and 18 patients joint reading with PET/MRI. For overall positivity, interreader agreement was poor for MR and CT (κ = 0.36) and almost perfect with addition of PET (PET/CT κ = 0.85, PET/MRI κ = 0.85). The addition of PET from PET/CT and PET/MRI changed intended treatment in 20 and 18 patients, respectively. Between joint readings, intended treatment was different for eight patients. The addition of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/MRI or PET/CT to MRI and CT may increase detection rates, could reduce interreader variability, and may change intended treatment in half of patients with BCR. 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Ultrasound Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging as First-Line Imaging Strategies for Rotator Cuff Pathologies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Clinical Practices, Economic Efficiency, and Future Perspectives.

Rotator cuff injuries are a prevalent cause of atraumatic chronic shoulder pain, imposing a significant healthcare burden. This articlereviews the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging modalities, practice variations, and economic efficiency considerations in the evaluation of rotator cuff pathologies. Ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary imaging methods for diagnosing rotator cuff injuries. US provides real-time visualization but has limited tissue penetration, while MRI offers detailed anatomical information but is not a dynamic process. Studies show that MRI is superior to US with higher sensitivity and specificity. MRI is the gold standard, particularly for surgical planning, but US remains relevant when MRI is not feasible. Both require standardized protocols for evaluating tear dimensions and muscle atrophy. With the operator-dependent nature of US, MRI offers a more comprehensive assessment of rotator cuff tears and predictive insights for clinical outcomes. Practice variations exist in the management of rotator cuff pathologies, with some countries favoring US as the primary imaging modality and others relying more on MRI. These variations are influenced by factors like resource availability and healthcare system nuances. In Australia, current guidelines lean towardconservative management, potentially leading to delayed diagnoses and increased costs. The United States often favors MRI, while Canada advocates for US as the initial choice. Economic considerations play a significant role in selecting imaging modalities. While US is cost-effective, it may necessitate subsequent MRI examinations, contributing to inefficiencies in the diagnostic process. Studies suggest that a combined approach of US and MRI is less efficient and cost-effective than MRI alone. However, the use of both modalities rather than MRI aloneis common in clinical practice, adding to healthcare expenses. In conclusion, the choice of imaging modality for rotator cuff pathologies should consider factors such as diagnostic efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and resource availability. Radiologists play a pivotal role in guiding this selection and ensuring comprehensive evaluations. Future considerations should include the revision of management guidelines and the potential inclusion of shoulder pathologies in healthcare coverage to optimize patient care and healthcare expenditure.

A mixed behavioural and data-driven method for assessing the shift potential to electric micromobility: evidence from Rome

Electric micromobility, both as a private option and as a shared service, can represent an alternative to cars, particularly for given user groups (market segments) and specific classes of travel distance. The paper explores the potential for shifting from cars to electric micromobility (specifically, e-bikes and e-scooters) for commuting trips, investigated through floating car data (FCD). The methodology combines the calibration of random utility models (RUMs) and the subsequent simulation through the adoption of FCD spanning the entire city of Rome (Italy). The data used for the calibration of RUM models have been sourced from an online revealed preferences and stated preferences survey carried out between November 2020 and January 2021. Socioeconomic factors, along with transport features (travel time, access time, monetary costs, and perceived safety levels), enter into the definition of the mode choice probability. The first results showed that in Rome, the potential demand for electric micromobility could range between 14% of the FCD sample in the best case (low cost, high accessibility, and road infrastructures with a high perceived level of safety) and about 2% in the worst case (high cost, low accessibility, and a low perceived level of safety).

Evaluating Spatial Accessibility to COVID-19 Vaccination Sites based on Fine-Scale Population Distributions and Heterogeneous Travel Modes: A Case Study in Xiangtan, China

Understanding the inequity in spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites is beneficial for the government to optimize vaccine resources. Nevertheless, the result of evaluating spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites may be directly affected by the lack of fine-scale and accurate population distribution information in both urban and rural areas. In addition, the choice of travel modes related to different age groups has not been incorporated into existing methods well. Consequently, this study proposes a framework to evaluate spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites based on fine-scale population distributions and heterogeneous travel modes. A divide-and-conquer strategy is first presented to estimate the fine-scale populations in both urban and rural areas. A hybrid time distance considering heterogeneous travel modes and a population-weighted proximity indicator are then defined to evaluate spatial accessibility for each age group. The experimental results from Xiangtan, China, show that (1) the divide-and-conquer strategy can effectively predict the urban and rural populations. (2) Similar clustering patterns of spatial accessibility are observed for each age group. (3) Inequities have been confirmed at the county level. The main findings in this study can provide valuable information supporting the spatial optimization of existing COVID-19 vaccination sites.

Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Udara Terhadap Frekuensi Penggunaan Transportasi Udara Bandara Matahora

This research aimed to determine the characteristics of users of transportation modes and to find out the frequency of using air transportation at Matahora Airport. The research method used was quantitative with a descriptive approach, which involved depicting and explaining in detail the issues studied based on the data collected in the field. The data collection technique in this research used a questionnaire, where respondents were asked to answer a number of questions about the characteristics and factors influencing the choice of air transportation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive data analysis to explain the data obtained through a questionnaire. The research results indicated that the characteristics of mode selection for transportation were based on reasons influencing the selection of modes from a total of 60 respondents. The analysis of the characteristics of air passenger travelers showed the largest percentage in the male gender at 68%, age between 36-45 years at 41%, the highest education level being a bachelor's degree at 62%, self-employed occupation at 36%, the reason for using air transportation being faster travel time at 93%, and the influence of mode selection on the frequency of air transportation use simultaneously at 33.4%. Partially, the factors influencing the choice of air transportation mode on frequency were cost at 26.1%, security at 12.1%, and comfort at 9.1%.

Imaging of congenital heart defects with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography

Due to advances in diagnostics and therapy, the survival rate of patients with congenital heart defects is continuously increasing. The aim of this review is to compare various imaging modalities that are used in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects. Transthoracic echocardiography is the imaging method of choice in the presence of acongenital heart defect because of its wide availability and non-invasiveness. It can be complemented by transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart and vessels close to the heart. The radiation exposure of CT examinations of the heart is continuously decreasing because of improved technologies. MRI is also being continuously optimized, e.g., by the acquisition of MR angiographies without contrast medium application or athin three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the entire heart with the possibility of reconstruction in all spatial planes (whole-heart technique) as well as 2D to 4D flow. Due to the complexity of congenital heart defects and the variety of possible pathologies, the choice of imaging modality and its exact performance has to be coordinated in an interdisciplinary context and individually adapted.

Insights into Passenger Transport Choices: A Mumbai Case Study

Understanding and studying passenger preferences in passenger transportation systems is important to optimise transportation infrastructure and increase passenger satisfaction. This paper presents a comprehensive case study conducted in Mumbai, India, which aims to understand the diverse preferences of commuters using different modes of transport within the city. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, data were accumulated by means of surveys, interviews, and observational studies conducted across different demographic sectors and geographical locations of Mumbai. The study analysed factors influencing commuters' mode choice, including cost, comfort, convenience, travel time, safety, and environmental concerns. The findings revealed significant differences in the preferences of commuters, impacted by factors like socioeconomic status, occupation, travel distance, and access to infrastructure. While public transportation emerged as the dominant mode for daily commuting, preferences were nuanced, some demographics prefer private modes like cars and motorcycles. Additionally, the study identifies areas of improvement in the existing transport infrastructure and suggests measures to enhance the reliability, frequency, safety, and connectivity of public transport services. The knowledge gleaned from this research provides valuable guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and transportation authorities in Mumbai, offering opportunities to tailor transportation solutions that align with commuters' preferences, thereby promoting sustainable and efficient passenger transport systems in the city.

Do stakeholders matter in entry mode decisions? An investigation of international franchise governance mode choice

This article aims to analyse decisions about international entry modes from the stakeholder perspective, delving into different configurations of governance modes. A quantitative analysis is employed using data on 463 observations of Brazilian companies operating in foreign markets. We find that business group affiliation, support from institutional partners, and the characteristics of host market networks all influence company decisions to adopt lower control modes in international markets. The article contributes to international entry mode and franchising literature by applying stakeholder theory to choices about foreign entry modes. It shifts the focus away from the profit- and cost-related aspects of rational choice models towards recognizing the substantial impact of stakeholders, enriching our comprehension of this complex decision-making process. Our study further offers a more nuanced understanding of mode choice by investigating modes of international franchise governance with varying levels of commitment, control, and risk.

Examining Congestion Pricing Scheme Effectiveness Using the Travel Time Congestion Index

This study investigated the effectiveness of congestion pricing (CP) using the travel time congestion index (TTCI), a congestion assessment tool, in Hyderabad, India. Initially, a set of hypothetical mode choice scenarios under the CP scheme were designed to collect car users’ perceptions based on a stated preference (SP) experiment. Based on the SP survey data, discrete travel behavior models were developed to estimate the probable modal trade-off among cars, two-wheelers, and public buses under the generated CP scenarios. Using the existing traffic, geometric, and land-use data from the most congested corridors of the study city, TTCI values were estimated for the base and future conditions, followed by commuter volume estimation for the different conditions using vehicle occupancy factors. Further, the commuter volume derived from modal trade-off under CP scenarios was converted into traffic volume for the identified congested corridors. Finally, the TTCI values were re-estimated using the final traffic volume and compared across worst, best-worst (intermediate), and best case CP scenarios for the base and future years. An annual average growth of 5% in traffic volume was considered. The results show a significant improvement in TTCI values across all identified corridors under CP implementation, indicating its effectiveness toward congestion alleviation. Such demonstration of CP effectiveness could play a major role in making CP a successful travel demand management measure for cities burdened with congestion.

Research of Park and Ride Parking Spaces Tiered Pricing Methodology Based on Subway Ride Distance

Park and Ride (P&amp;R) as a demand management tool has the effect of reducing traffic congestion in urban centers, saving energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Since 2000, many cities in China have been constructing P&amp;R facilities, which have partially alleviated urban traffic congestion and provided a time-reliable mode of travel for commuters heading to urban centers. However, in recent years, due to the pricing policy of the P&amp;R facility, there has been an insufficient supply of P&amp;R facilities in many places. In fact, the P&amp;R system prefers to welcome travelers who make long-distance subway rides and does not want those who make short-distance subway rides to occupy more parking spaces. To address this, this paper proposes a tiered pricing strategy that considers charging parking fees based on the distance traveled by commuters after switching to public transportation, to improve the utilization of P&amp;R. That is, charge less for parking for long-distance subway riders and more for short-distance subway riders. Firstly, based on questionnaire data from SP surveys, a fixed pricing mixed logit model (FP model) and a tiered pricing mixed logit model (TP model) for P&amp;R facilities are constructed. Utilizing two models, we explored the mechanisms underpinning traveler’s mode choice influenced by daily habits and travel considerations through the comparison of the two models to validate the effectiveness of the tiered pricing for P&amp;R facilities. The study found that the implementation of a tiered pricing method for P&amp;R facilities increases its attractiveness to long-distance subway ride travelers, resulting in a higher proportion of long-distance subway riders among P&amp;R commuters. In the study’s last section, a marginal effect analysis was conducted on the per-kilometer cost (Pkm) within the P&amp;R model. This analysis determined the optimal Pkm for three subway travel distances within the P&amp;R model. Consequently, it calculated the corresponding P&amp;R parking fees for these three subway travel distances. Additionally, we have predicted the implementation effects of the tiered pricing scheme.

The associations of built environments with public bike use for metro commuters

ABSTRACT This research addressed two questions: (1) what are the associations of built environments with public bike use, and (2) how different are the associations among sociodemographic groups? The study sampled commuters entering or leaving the metro stations in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. Their mode choices of connecting trips between trip origins/destinations and metro stations were analyzed using logit and latent class models. Empirical evidence revealed that attributes of density, diversity, distance to transit, and distribution of rental stations result in more significant effects on public bike use than attributes of design and destination accessibility in general. The three segments of respondents that indicated partially dissimilar associations of built environments with public bike use were identified. The empirical results contributed new evidence to the study issues and benefited the development of customized strategies based on travelers’ sociodemographic attributes and built environments for promoting public bike use.

Predicting travel mode choice with a robust neural network and Shapley additive explanations analysis

AbstractPredicting and understanding travellers’ mode choices is crucial to developing urban transportation systems and formulating traffic demand management strategies. Machine learning (ML) methods have been widely used as promising alternatives to traditional discrete choice models owing to their high prediction accuracy. However, a significant body of ML methods, especially the branch of neural networks, is constrained by overfitting and a lack of model interpretability. This study employs a neural network with feature selection for predicting travel mode choices and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis for model interpretation. A dataset collected in Chengdu, China was used for experimentation. The results reveal that the neural network achieves commendable prediction performance, with a 12% improvement over the traditional multinomial logit model. Also, feature selection using a combined result from two embedded methods can alleviate the overfitting tendency of the neural network, while establishing a more robust model against redundant or unnecessary variables. Additionally, the SHAP analysis identifies factors such as travel expenditure, age, driving experience, number of cars owned, individual monthly income, and trip purpose as significant features in our dataset. The heterogeneity of mode choice behaviour is significant among demographic groups, including different age, car ownership, and income levels.

Passenger valuation of interchanges in urban public transport

Understanding how passengers perceive public transport interchanges is important to better explain current public transport mode and route choice behaviour and to better predict future demand levels. In this study we derive how passengers value a public transport interchange in a metropolitan context entirely based on recent, large-scale, Revealed Preference data, explicitly distinguishing between different types and modes of public transport interchanges. For this purpose we estimate three discrete choice models using maximum likelihood estimation, based on over 26,000 passenger route choices observed in June 2023 in the Greater London Area. We find that each public transport interchange is on average valued equivalent to 5 min uncrowded in-vehicle time. Additionally, our model results provide quantitative evidence that cross-platform interchanges between two metro journey legs are valued 20–25 % less negatively than a regular metro interchange where a level change is required. Multimodal bus-metro interchanges and out-of-station interchanges are perceived most negatively by passengers. Passengers value bus-bus interchanges on average about 60 % more negatively than metro-metro interchanges, possibly driven by factors such as comfort, service frequency, reliability and (perceived) safety. Our study results can be used for business case and appraisal purposes, when quantifying the impact of service changes which affect the number or type of interchanges.

Sport events and the environment: Assessing the carbon footprint of spectators’ modal choices at professional football games in Austria

As a response to the increasing threat to sport events from climate change and expectations around climate change mitigation, sport event managers increasingly engage in environmentally-related initiatives that aim to reduce GHG emissions. One of the major contributors to GHG emissions at large sport events is spectators' travel and, thus, their associated modal choices. Building on the Sport Logistics Framework (SLF) and using the case study of Rapid Vienna, the largest football club in Austria, this study investigates spectators’ modal choice to systematically assess the total GHGs emitted by spectators at a professional football home game. Data was obtained from two sources: a) an extensive data set collected on Rapid Vienna season ticket holders, and b) three surveys at home games which, together, constituted 3317 valid responses. The calculation of the GHG emissions resulted in 99,548 kg GHG emissions per home game or 6.0 kg GHG emissions per spectator. It was also found that 42.4 per cent spectators arriving by car emit 71.6 per cent of GHG emissions, while in contrast, 52.8 per cent of spectators using public transport emit 27.1 per cent of GHG emissions. The results also indicate that the possession of an annual public transport ticket seems to determine travel behavior, i.e. the majority of spectators with an annual ticket are using it, while spectators without a ticket are using a car. As such, this paper not only provides an opportunity for academics and managers to benchmark the data in order to identify initiatives to reduce the impact of GHG emissions, but also allows for the systematic measuring of the environmental impact of fan and spectator travel.

Prevalence of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Chronic Cough Taking Chest X-rays and CT Chest as Diagnostic Tools

Introduction: With well over 200 types of pulmonary disorders, ILD is a growing global health burden with chronic cough being the most frequent symptom. As it hampers the basic respiratory mechanism, it eventually deteriorates the overall quality of life. The diagnosis of ILD is quite challenging and the accuracy rates with conventional tests are quite low.&#x0D; Material and methods: A cross-sectional study on 200 patients was performed in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The study took place from the period of 15th April to 15th July 2023. Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed Tomography (CT) Chest were used as diagnostic tools.&#x0D; Results: The chest x-ray detected ILD in 114 (57%) while the chest CT identified in 178 (89%) of the patients. CXR and CT had a sensitivity of 65.05 and 95.65 and a specificity of 45.1 and 85.2 respectively. CXR and CT detected reticular opacity, nodular opacity, and ground glass opacity in 66% vs 81%, 41% vs 78%, and 33% vs 55% of the ILD patients. Dyspnoea (85%), fever (30%), arthralgia (24%), and weight loss (9%) were found as clinical indications.&#x0D; Conclusion: CXR can be used to perform initial preliminary tests to filter out the presence of other diseases in patients with ILD. However, it cannot be solely relied on as a diagnostic tool. CT Chest can be the choice of imaging modality in diagnosing ILD as it outperformed CXR in many aspects of our study, with better precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

Digital transformation of the agricultural industry: Behavioral decision-making, influencing factors, and simulation practices in the Yunnan highlands

Motivating the agricultural industry to engage in digital transformation is a challenge academically and socially. It is of great significance to study the choice of digital transformation mode of agricultural industrial organization and analyze its driving factors for promoting the sustainable development of agricultural industrial organization. This study adopts a bilateral evolutionary game to construct a decision-making model for behavioral decision-making during the digital transformation of the agricultural industry. The contingent-actual logical framework and multiple case studies of Yunnan highland agriculture are used to explore the impact of various factors on behavioral decision-making during the digital transformation of the agricultural industry. Additionally, a simulation analysis is used to verify the validity of the bilateral evolutionary game model. The results demonstrate that: (1) When the agricultural industry chooses “active transformation,” behavioral decision-making during the digital transformation of the agricultural industry reaches a Nash equilibrium; (2) transformation costs, industry revenue, and reward and penalty mechanisms are the main driving factors for whether or not the agricultural industry chooses to actively engage in digital transformation; and (3) the probability of active digital transformation increases when agricultural industry organizations obtain higher returns at lower costs. Simultaneously, the higher the government's incentives, the greater the enthusiasm. However, when the penalty is excessive, the digital transformation takes the shape of either passive transformation or forced active transformation. Subsequently, it is necessary to improve the digital transformation planning of the agricultural industry, strengthen this field's cooperation mechanism, and formulate a reasonable reward and penalty system for digital transformation.

Contribution of Bone Scintigraphy in benign bone pathology

This work provides an overview of the effectiveness of bone scintigraphy and its role in diagnosing various benign conditions in the Nuclear Medicine Department of the University Hospital of Fez. It analyzes the criteria for selecting scintigraphy as a diagnostic tool and outlines the principles, key features, and protocols involved. These details support clinicians in confirming their diagnostic reasoning when evaluating musculoskeletal lesions or bone abnormalities, guiding their choice of imaging modalities. Clinicians initiate the diagnostic process by identifying relevant clinical factors and areas of uncertainty, leading to a preliminary diagnosis. Subsequently, nuclear physicians tailor the scintigraphy examination to address the specific clinical concerns. It's important to note that the clinical cases presented serve as illustrative examples rather than definitive benchmarks for image quality or equipment settings. They are intended to stimulate individual reflection based on each unique clinical scenario.