Choice Of Goals Research Articles

Goal Choices Modify Frontotemporal Memory Representations.

Adapting flexibly to changing circumstances is guided by memory of past choices, their outcomes in similar circumstances, and a method for choosing among potential actions. The hippocampus (HPC) is needed to remember episodes, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) helps guide memory retrieval. Single-unit activity in the HPC and PFC correlates with such cognitive functions. Previous work recorded CA1 and mPFC activity as male rats performed a spatial reversal task in a plus maze that requires both structures, found that PFC activity helps reactivate HPC representations of pending goal choices but did not describe frontotemporal interactions after choices. We describe these interactions after choices here. CA1 activity tracked both current goal location and the past starting location of single trials; PFC activity tracked current goal location better than past start location. CA1 and PFC reciprocally modulated representations of each other both before and after goal choices. After choices, CA1 activity predicted changes in PFC activity in subsequent trials, and the magnitude of this prediction correlated with faster learning. In contrast, PFC start arm activity more strongly modulated CA1 activity after choices correlated with slower learning. Together, the results suggest post-choice HPC activity conveys retrospective signals to the PFC, which combines different paths to common goals into rules. In subsequent trials, prechoice mPFC activity modulates prospective CA1 signals informing goal selection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HPC and PFC activity supports cognitive flexibility in changing circumstances. HPC signals represent behavioral episodes that link the start, choice, and goal of paths. PFC signals represent rules that guide goal-directed actions. Although prior studies described HPC-PFC interactions preceding decisions in the plus maze, post-decision interactions were not investigated. Here, we show post-choice HPC and PFC activity distinguished the start and goal of paths, and CA1 signaled the past start of each trial more accurately than mPFC. Postchoice CA1 activity modulated subsequent PFC activity, so rewarded actions were more likely to occur. Together, the results show that in changing circumstances, HPC retrospective codes modulate subsequent PFC coding, which in turn modulates HPC prospective codes that predict choices.

The analysis of methodological approaches to the assessment of the efficiency of the enterprise’s marketing activity

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is the analysis and generalization of the approaches to grouping and stages of the forming process of the system of the effectiveness and efficiency indicators of the enterprise’s marketing activity. Analyses results. The scientific community pays considerable attention to the study of financial aspects regarding the system formation of evaluating indicators of the enterprises’ marketing activity. Despite the sufficient interest paid to the problems of efficiency assessment by foreign and national marketing specialists there is no carefully structured system of the categories, methods and indicators that allow evaluating marketing activity. There are the approaches that recommend using only financial methods in evaluating the effectiveness of marketing activities, but in practice it has been proven that only the financial analysis is not enough to determine the effectiveness of marketing activities, since non-financial factors that also determine the financial effectiveness are neglected. Some scientists suggest using a general criterion of effectiveness to measure the effectiveness of marketing activities, namely, the ratio of the result of the company’s financial activity (provided that marketing services are functioning) to the costs of their maintenance. The group of non-financial indicators for evaluating the enterprises’ marketing activity is also very important. There are the following approaches: brand analysis, comparative analysis of the marketing complex, analysis of customer retention policy, customer lifetime value, model of predicting net income from the consumer relations, SCOR model. Such approaches can also include those that use a psychological component, which nowadays is very important regarding effectiveness evaluating of marketing activity. This article focuses, first of all, on the fact that it is necessary to clearly define the methodological principles on which the construction of the indicator system of marketing activity is based. Such an opinion is justified by the fact that when it becomes clear what principles the construction of the indicator system of marketing activity is based on and what requirements are put forward to this system, it is possible to proceed to detailing the process of evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprises’ marketing activity. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. The conducted research showed that the scientific community did not reach the agreement on the issue of developing precise methodological bases for the systematic assessment of the effectiveness of marketing activities. However, there is also a positive trend which is expressed in the fact that the use of various methods of evaluating marketing activity allows to compare the degree of effectiveness of conducting marketing activities at the enterprise, as well as the need and feasibility of implementing certain marketing measures. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages and the choice depends on the choice of goals and appraisal object. However, the scientific community unanimously holds the opinion that the assessment of the effectiveness of the enterprises’ marketing activities of any industry is necessary first of all in order to substantiate the importance of marketing for the enterprise activity, regardless of the industry, and to be able to improve the marketing strategy. In further developments in this area it is planned to rationalize and search for new methods and approaches for evaluating the effectiveness and contribution of marketing to the successful activity of enterprises.

Goal choice in preschoolers is influenced by context, cognitive flexibility, and metacognition.

Goal choice is one of the first, and most important, steps in self-regulated learning (SRL). It is particularly challenging for young children (before 5-6 years), who tend to rely on available environmental cues, which makes their goals fragile because of the instability and variability of the environment. Therefore, it can be assumed that the conditions under which a task is performed may influence a child's learning goal choice. Moreover, adapting to constraints involves control capacities provided by executive functions (EF) and metacognition. The main purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence the way preschoolers choose a learning goal during the first step of SRL. We tested whether adding constraints to perform a task may influence the choice of the procedure that a child aims to learn to perform this task. We also examined the role of cognitive flexibility and metacognition in goal selection in the face of these changes, and tested the influence of change over time, comparing participants' performance at two points in the school year. One hundred 4-year-olds were asked to perform a jigsaw puzzle task under two conditions: predictable vs. unpredictable environmental change. Individual levels of cognitive flexibility and metacognition were also measured. The results show that only a predictable change, but not an unpredictable one, leaded children to change their learning goals. Furthermore, when participants were faced with an unpredictable change, metacognition and cognitive flexibility significantly predicted learning goal change. Results are discussed regarding the development of SRL, flexibility, and metacognition. Educational suggestions are proposed. Highlights - The choice of a learning goal by a preschooler is influenced by the conditions of task performance and environmental cues. Facing a predictable change is more disruptive to children before the age of 4.5, and more likely to cause them to change their goal.- A shift is observed, from age 4 and during the school year, from a perceptual to a conceptual level of processing.- Cognitive flexibility and metacognition also determine learning goal choice in preschoolers, but only in front of unpredictable changes.

A Study on the Training Load, Recovery, and Game Performance among Telic and Paratelic Basketball Athletes

Telic and paratelic states of psychological wellbeing are differentiated by choice of goals. Training, load, and recovery of basketball players are solely dependent on the game's performance to a great extent. Background training is the best training needed to enhance the competitive advantage of the individual. In the working environment or in sports, money is responsible for acting as an external variable. If an individual is fond of earning money more than mental satisfaction, then it will be problematic for an individual to proceed with the best result. The primary quantitative analytic method has been considered for the research, which shows convenience sampling. IBM SPSS statistical analysis has been taken into consideration in this scenario. Four statistical steps have been conducted for this research: frequency distribution, correlation, linear regression and Cronbach alpha. The mean value indicates that frequency distribution has the highest value range in this context. The study is statistically significant because the value of Cronbach's alpha is 0.983, which shows a high level of internal consistency of variables.

Conformity between Choices of Career Goals of Junior High School Students and Parents' Careers

This research is motivated by phenomena related to the suitability and incompatibility between the choice of career aspirations of junior high school students and the careers of their parents. Career selection is influenced by several aspects including genetic influences, childhood experiences and individual needs. This study aims to describe the suitability between the career aspirations of junior high school students and their parents' careers. The research method is quantitative with descriptive research type. The research population was 55 people, a sample of 48 students, using a purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using a career choice questionnaire with a Likert scale model. The results of this study found: choice of career goals on the aspect of genetic influence in the high category (54.2%), choice of career aspirations on the aspect of childhood experience in the medium category (47.9%), choice of career aspirations in aspects of individual needs in the high category (60.4%). It was concluded that the choice of students' career aspirations is in accordance with the career of their parents, then counseling services are needed as a follow-up to determine the suitability of the choice of career aspirations with their talents and potential.

Computing optimal drug dosing with OptiDose: implementation in NONMEM.

Determining a drug dosing recommendation with a PKPD model can be a laborious and complex task. Recently, an optimal dosing algorithm (OptiDose) was developed to compute the optimal doses for any pharmacometrics/PKPD model for a given dosing scenario. In the present work, we reformulate the underlying optimal control problem and elaborate how to solve it with standard commands in the software NONMEM. To demonstrate the potential of the OptiDose implementation in NONMEM, four relevant but substantially different optimal dosing tasks are solved. In addition, the impact of different dosing scenarios as well as the choice of the therapeutic goal on the computed optimal doses are discussed.

Ableism to Empowerment: Navigating School Structures When Working With Students Who Stutter.

School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) face uniquely complex webs of guidelines and criteria that can undermine their ability to move toward disability-affirming practices. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to present a contrast between ableist and disability-affirming practices in school-based stuttering therapy while highlighting the critical perspectives of students who stutter. Practical examples of disability-affirming stuttering therapy in public school settings are provided. This clinical focus article outlines practical guidelines and specific examples of affirming collaboration, eligibility decisions, goal choice, and accommodations for students who stutter. These discussions demonstrate how SLPs can adopt updated assessment therapy planning and institutional practices to affirm students who stutter while informing school cultures and society about the dignity and value of stuttered voices. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21818028.

Psychological Mechanism and Countermeasures of High School Students’ Deviation from Subjects—Research Based on Goal Orientation Theory

The issue of students’ subject bias has attracted widespread attention in high school teaching. Currently, researchers have conducted in-depth research on the reasons for students’ subject bias, but there is still little analysis from the perspective of student goal orientation. Therefore, this study adopts the inductive method to study the literature related to goal orientation theory, an analysis was conducted on the relationship between student goal orientation and subject bias based on various academic theories. Research finds that different environmental and psychological factors can affect students’ choices of internal and external driving forces, thereby affecting their goal choices, while tasks of different difficulty can also affect students’ tendency to avoid. Ultimately, students’ goal orientation choices will affect learning outcomes. In high school teaching, educators should pay attention to guiding students towards goal orientation, designing learning difficulties based on students’ learning abilities, in order to achieve good teaching results.

АЛГОРИТМ ОЦЕНКИ РИСКА РАЗВИТИЯ МИКРОСОСУДИСТЫХ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА ДЛЯ СИСТЕМЫ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ ВРАЧА

Relevance: most experts agree that regular and high-quality dispensary monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus at the outpatient stage is a necessary condition for preventing the development of vascular complications. The solution of this problem is closely connected with the development and widespread clinical implementation of digital healthcare tools, automated workplaces of doctors, decision support algorithms. Objective: to improve the quality and effectiveness of outpatient care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by digitalizing outpatient admission, using the software of the automated workplace of an endocrinologist (AWPE DM), developing an algorithm for assessing the risk of microvascular complications as an element of a decision support system. Materials and methods: based on the analysis of the results of clinical experience in the use of ARME DM, an algorithm for assessing the risk of microvascular complications has been developed, which allows optimizing the complex of measures for dispensary observation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: demonstrated an increase in the efficiency and quality of medical care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when using AWPE DM in clinical practice; developed a digital algorithm for assessing the risk of microvascular complications, providing stratification of the risks of their development according to the selected criteria for each of the classes; determination of a sufficient minimum of dispensary laboratory and instrumental studies, taking into account the level of credibility of recommendations; personalized correction of therapeutic goals of treatment taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient, including the stage of chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions: the clinical application of the algorithm for assessing the risk of vascular complications, developed taking into account current domestic and foreign clinical recommendations, allows objectively in numerical values to assess the probability of progression of certain classes of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus in a particular patient, to determine the activities of a personalized program of dispensary observation and rehabilitation. For laboratory and instrumental verification, examinations with the greatest diagnostic significance and suitable for storage and processing in digital format are proposed. Based on the results of the risk assessment directly during the outpatient appointment, the algorithm forms recommendations for the differentiated choice of therapeutic treatment goals, which makes it possible to optimize the personalized program of dispensary observation of the patient.

ГРОМАДЯНСЬКЕ СУСПІЛЬСТВО І ДЕРЖАВА: НАПРЯМКИ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ

The article analyzes the political content of the ideology of civil society, which manifests itself in two main aspects: first, through the limitation of state influence on all areas of human life; secondly, through the creation and activity of public associations that help citizens solve important issues for them in the socio-political plane, protect citizens from state pressure, and consolidate society. It was found that the political nature of civil society is manifested in the presence of such institutions as political parties, socio-political organizations, independent mass media, local self-government bodies through which it interacts with the state. The tasks and methods of activity of civil society and the state differ significantly. The main task of a democratic state is to ensure national interests, while the priority of civil society is to protect private, individual, group and general interests of citizens. It has been found that differences in goals lead to certain contradictions, and therefore, with the cooperation of civil society and the state, permanent conflicts between them are as natural as a person’s choice of strategic and tactical goals, means of their achievement, finding a compromise and the optimal state of desires and opportunities. A functional manifestation of civil society should be considered the activity of its institutions, which is aimed at the affirmation and protection of its main values, the implementation and optimization of the institutional mechanisms of democracy, as well as the political and legal foundations of its reproduction and improvement.

Threats and Prospects for Attracting Foreign Investment in the Ukrainian Territorial Communities’ Activities

The process of reforming local self-government in Ukraine began recently and faces a large number of threats that require detailed study and determination of development prospects. The study aims at identifying the threats and prospects for attracting foreign investment in the Ukrainian territorial communities’ (UTC) activities. It provides an overview of the current state of foreign investment in Ukraine and analyzes the legal and regulatory framework for attracting foreign investment. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and UTCs’ reports, as well as primary data collected by the official website of the decentralization of Ukraine. The study finds that Ukraine has significant potential for attracting foreign investment, but there are several threats that hinder this process. These threats include a lack of transparency, corruption, an unstable political and economic environment, acts of war, and a weak legal and regulatory framework. These factors make it difficult for foreign investors to operate in Ukraine and negatively affect the country’s investment climate. Despite these threats, there are several prospects for attracting foreign investment in Ukrainian territorial communities’ activity. These prospects include the decentralization of power, which has created a favorable environment for local economic development and investment. Additionally, Ukraine has a highly educated workforce, abundant natural resources, and a strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, making it an attractive investment destination. To realize these prospects, the study recommends that the Ukrainian government take steps to improve the investment climate, including strengthening the legal and regulatory framework, combating corruption, and providing greater transparency. It also recommends that territorial communities develop investment strategies, promote their investment potential, and establish partnerships with foreign investors. By means of SWOT and TOWS analyses, taking into account trends, information provided about the strengths and weaknesses of the community, its capabilities, and threats, in order to attract foreign investment in Ukrainian territorial communities’ activities, the "strengths-opportunities" strategy was chosen. The research emphasizes the common features of UTCs, but developing an investment strategy for each region takes into account its peculiarities. Thus, the choice of a strategic goal is based on the community’s position regarding its advantages and capabilities, existing strengths, and a parallel focus on solving the most pressing problems. This combination will give a powerful impetus to the UTCs’ development and, if implemented, the opportunity to eliminate weaknesses and threats. Overall, the study concludes that Ukraine has the potential to attract significant foreign investment, but this requires a concerted effort from the government and territorial communities to address the threats and capitalize on the prospects.

CLUSTERS ARE USED AS A FACTOR OF INNOVATIVE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the analysis of clusters as a new unique factor in increasing the competitiveness of the modern economy. Various methods of studying the nature of clusters are considered in order to reveal their characteristics and determine the effects created. Highlight common and specific features of clusters. The main attention is paid to the presence of synergistic effects in the cluster, which is due to its unique structure. On the example of the three-spiral concept, the mechanism for creating innovations as a result of the interaction of key economic agents within the cluster is revealed. The work uses the method of analytical, logical, comparative analysis, theoretical modeling and other methods of scientific knowledge. Clusters are defined by the author. Due to the characteristics of clusters and the synergistic effects arising in them, the competitiveness of individual cluster members, the cluster as a whole and the area of the cluster will increase, which, in turn, will increase the competitiveness of the national economy. At the present stage of development of the Kyrgyz Republic, the activation of innovative activity is required, based on a strict choice of goals, a comprehensive justification of priorities, the allocation of resources, and new methods for its implementation.

PROJECT APPROACH TO LEARNING: EXPERIENCE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Different countries in their educational systems have accumulated extensive experience in using project technology in education. This technology is an alternative to traditional lecture teaching: it helps to connect theoretical material with practice in real life; to change the roles of students and teachers: students have the opportunity to become an active subject in the educational process, and teachers are engaged in organizing, managing and directing this process, and not just broadcasting ready-made information. The purpose of the article is an analytical review of the options for implementing project-based learning for students in Finland, France, Australia, China and the USA described in foreign peer-reviewed journals. A brief excursion into the history of the origin and development of the project-based learning method is given. The main characteristics of different approaches to its application are highlighted, which differ in the attitudes towards solving certain problems, the choice of goals and means of implementing educational projects. The article is an attempt to comprehend and generalize the world experience in the application of project technology in education. The materials of the publication provide an opportunity for managers of the education system of different levels and practicing teachers to get acquainted with the potential and diversity of project-based learning practices in order to adopt the best of them and the most acceptable for Ukrainian realities, adapting them to the conditions of specific educational institutions.

Karanlık Üçlü Kişilik Özellikleri ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisinde Motivasyonun Etkisi

Organizasyonlarda en önemli unsur insan kaynaklarından olabildiğince verim almak ve yetişmiş insan gücünden yararlanmaktır. Çalışanlarda motivasyon düzeylerinin yüksek olması iş doyumu, üretken olma ve başarıya ulaşma gibi bireysel faydalar sağlarken; verimliliğin artması, düşük personel devir hızına sahip olma, nitelikli personel istihdam etme gibi yönleriyle de işletmelere büyük katkı sağlamaktadır. Bunun için insan kaynakları stratejileri geliştirmek, uygulamak ve çalışanların motivasyonunu arttırmak son derece önemlidir. Motivasyon, çalışma ortamlarında farklı hedefler veya güdüler seçilerek sağlanabilmektedir. Farklı amaç ve güdülerin seçimi, tükenmişlik sendromunun düzeyi ile ilişkili olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri (Makyavelizm, narsisizm ve psikopati) ve bunların çalışanların işyerinde yaşadıkları motivasyon mekanizmaları ve tükenmişlik düzeyiyle olan ilişkileri, karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiye motivasyonun aracılık rolünün olup olmadığı incelendi. Çalışanların karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerini, iş motivasyonlarını ve tükenmişlik düzeylerini ölçmek için “Kısa Karanlık Üçlü Kişilik Testi”, “Motivasyon Kaynakları Envanteri” ve “Tükenmişlik Envanteri” ölçekleri kullanıldı. Araştırmanın evreni Marmara Bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren özel bir bankanın çeşitli şubelerinde görev yapmakta olan çalışanlardan; örneklem İnsan Kaynakları (İK) işe alım uzmanlarından oluştu. Araştırma 250 kişinin katılımı ile tamamlandı. Karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin işyerinde belirli motivasyon kaynaklarının gelişimini öngöreceği ve bir dereceye kadar İK işe alım uzmanları arasındaki tükenmişlik sendromu ile ilgili olacağı öngörüldü. Ayrıca karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiye motivasyonun aracı rolü araştırıldı. Sonuç olarak; karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile motivasyon arasında, motivasyon ile tükenmişlik arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu, karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkide, motivasyonun aracılık rolünün olduğu belirlendi.

Analysis of Hyper-Parameters for AlphaZero-Like Deep Reinforcement Learning

The landmark achievements of AlphaGo Zero have created great research interest into self-play in reinforcement learning. In self-play, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is used to train a deep neural network, which is then used itself in tree searches. The training is governed by many hyper-parameters. There has been surprisingly little research on design choices for hyper-parameter values and loss functions, presumably because of the prohibitive computational cost to explore the parameter space. In this paper, we investigate 12 hyper-parameters in an AlphaZero-like self-play algorithm and evaluate how these parameters contribute to training. Through multi-objective analysis, we identify four important hyper-parameters to further assess. To start, we find surprising results where too much training can sometimes lead to lower performance. Our main result is that the number of self-play iterations subsumes MCTS-search simulations, game episodes and training epochs. As a consequence of our experiments, we provide recommendations on setting hyper-parameter values in self-play. The outer loop of self-play iterations should be emphasized, in favor of the inner loop. This means hyper-parameters for the inner loop, should be set to lower values. A secondary result of our experiments concerns the choice of optimization goals, for which we also provide recommendations.

Substantiation of the Structure and Content of the Individual Program of Socio-Economic Development of North Ossetia-Alania (in the Draft Version)

The relevance of scientific substantiation of the programs of socio-economic development of the regions is explained by the need to ensure both the activation of economic activity and economic growth, with the coordination of the extensive practice of the tasks of social practice to be solved. For North Ossetia-Alania, an individual approach to the search and implementation of new opportunities in each of the areas of economic activity, with simultaneous programmatic consideration of the adoption of complex regulatory decisions, is of paramount importance. In the scientific literature there is a significant number of works devoted to the justification of program approaches to the choice of goals and objectives that are embodied in regional programs of socio-economic development. At the same time, there is a demand for greater identification of the specifics of individual decisions, including through the systematization and choice for implementation of activities that are justified (including on a calculated basis) to achieve the general goals of an individual program of socio-economic development. In a broad sense, activities for ongoing projects of sectoral and general economic significance for the region must meet the requirements of not only financial costs, but also their effectiveness. The article summarizes the factors and conditions for the implementation of the individual program of North Ossetia-Alania, both in the current and strategic dimensions.

Strategic Environmental Assessment as a Support in a Sustainable National Waste Management Program—European Experience in Serbia

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the most important instruments for directing the strategic planning process toward the sustainable development goals in various areas of human activity. This also applies to the field of waste management. By applying SEA in waste management planning, it is possible to see the benefits and consequences of the proposed changes in space that will occur during the implementation of strategic planning concepts and based on that make appropriate decisions respecting the capacity of the space where the planned activities are implemented. The paper presents the application of SEA for the National Waste Management Program with all its spatial, organizational, energy, environmental, and other solutions, and the way they are included in the specific method of multicriteria evaluation in SEA. The specificity of the methodological approach indicates the need for equal consideration of environmental and socio-economic aspects of development and a clear presentation of the results obtained in order to make optimal decisions in waste management planning at the national level. The National Waste Management Program in Serbia, which legislation in the field of environmental protection and waste management is harmonized with EU legislation and directives, was chosen for the case study. The obtained results indicate the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in the evaluation of strategic solutions in the field of waste management, which is achieved by specific choice of environmental and socio-economic SEA goals and indicators as a basis for valorization of the proposed concept of waste management.

METODS OF MOTIVATION AND GOAL SETTING AS IMPORTANT COMPONENTS SUCCESSFUL LEARNING PROCESS

The article describes the methods of motivation and goal setting, which are important components of modern linguodidactic tools for learning the Ukrainian language, and the necessary components for achieving the effectiveness of the learning process of students. Linguodidactic tools are the activity basis of the educational process, which is a clearly defined and methodically perfectly constructed system of forms, methods, techniques, and teaching aids. The purpose of the article is to characterize the essence and features of the methods of motivation and goal setting of the Ukrainian language lesson and to design ways to implement them in modern learning conditions. Methods of motivation, goal setting, and reflection are common in all types of training sessions. Methods of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and gaining experience are specific because they are determined by the didactic purpose of the lesson, the appropriate type, so in this regard are divided into theoretical and practical methods of forming speech, language, and communicative competencies. Motive causes and stimulates the desire of the individual for a specific goal. Learning motives motivate the student to do his own active cognitive activity. It depends on the motives of learning, what and how he comprehends, assimilates, masters; productivity and quality of competence. Methods of motivation as the initial ways of interpersonal interaction between teacher and student ensure the success of the learning process, stimulate and encourage all participants in the learning process to be active. Objectives as perfectly predictable results of language learning provide direction and regulation of the activities of teachers and students, are the basis for determining the content of the lesson, the choice of forms, methods, techniques, and teaching aids. The goal is what the individual wants to achieve, and the goal is what he is trying to achieve. Methods of goal setting involve a conscious choice of learning goals and the creation of a taxonomy of personal goals.
 Keywords: linguodidactic tools; teaching methods; motive; motivation; motivation methods; goal; goal setting; goal setting methods.

Self-determination in Culture as a Result of Emotional Living Through Situations of Value Choice Based on Personal Potential

Abstract: The relevance of the study is determined by the special significance of the process of creating conditions for high school students to make multiple choices, since modern young people cannot imagine their existence without constant situations of bifurcation. The main goal set by the authors is to develop an algorithm necessary for understanding the logic of self-determination of a high school student in culture, which can also be used as a basis for the practical activities of a teacher. Based on this algorithm (working scheme), the teacher can offer specific options for situations of choice for high school students. The article provides examples of such situations, tested in literature classes. It is shown that the process of choosing opportunities for realization of personal potential by high school students can be more effective if the teacher is able to create pedagogical conditions for such actions as individual refraction of the norms and values of society, identification and justification of the value-semantic foundations of life activity; choice of goals and means of self-realization based on personal potential, choice of ways and forms of life, responsible design and implementation of individual trajectories of personal/professional formation and development. One of the important conclusions of the article is the one that the leading way of self-determination of a student in culture is a play activity (real or imaginary), age-appropriate and fixed in the mind as a cultural norm. This justifies the need to use such a method of pedagogical support as adaption for the stage (from expressive reading of a literary text to a school theater performance). It is shown that a high school student’s living through events by the medium of a literary work is often a preventive measure in relation to possible undesirable situations in the future, contributes to the self-determination of a person in culture, which is relatively permanent and proceeds throughout almost a person’s entire life.

How gender, marital status, and gender norms affect savings goals

AbstractSetting savings goals can increase wealth accumulation behaviour, yet it depends on how challenging the goals are. Using rarely available savings goal data from 1,760 clients of an advisory investment firm, we identify gender attitudinal differences in goal amounts: men choose more ambitious savings goals than women, independently from expected life‐long earnings. This, however, holds only for individuals living in a couple, for which men's savings goals reach the highest levels. Based on insights from qualitative research (56 semi‐structured interviews of 60 participants), we argue that these differences originate from gender‐normative roles assigned to members within the households. Most women are assigned to daily budget management, exacerbating worries about financial security issues in the short term and negatively impacting savings goals. This observation holds even when women, rather than men, manage long‐term investment for the household. Men's assignment to long‐term financial planning is related to optimism and ambition with regards to their savings goal choice, but these attitudes remain conditional on the fact that they do not deal with day‐to‐day budget management.