Choice Contingent Valuation Method Research Articles

Will the public in emerging economies support renewable energy? Evidence from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Public acceptance and support are crucial to increasing the adoption of renewable energy technologies and establishing new renewable energy policies. In Vietnam, where plans to rapidly scale-up electricity generation are among the fastest globally, one question of interest is what would motivate people to pay more for electricity generated by renewable energy sources? As part of its national Power Development Plan, Vietnam targets a future electricity mix consisting of at least 21% renewable energy by 2030. This study assesses the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for increasing renewable energy share and corresponding motivating factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Drawing from a valid sample of 294 households, this study uses a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) to evaluate the public perception of renewable energy. On average, respondents are willing to pay about $4.39 USD more on their monthly electric bill to support renewable energy, which represents a 9.48% increase. Notably, respondents most concerned with air quality and the utility's profitability indicated their support to pay more for renewable energy. This study suggests the importance of communicating health-related air pollution mitigation benefits for emerging economies and building support among customers so that electric utilities can increase renewable energy targets. From a policy perspective, improved and transparent disclosure of air pollution data and utility financial statements could expedite the transition to renewable energy in emerging economies, such as Vietnam.

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park, China

Willingness to Pay (WTP), Willingness to Work (WTW) and Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents' willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology. The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents' willingness to pay, work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park, and to analyze the relationship between residents' attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey. The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was employed to determine the willingness. The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP, WTW, WTA, socio-demFographical information, social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties. Based on generalized linear modeling, income and education level are important for residents' WTP and WTA, but other social characteristics, such as gender and age, do not have significant effects. The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents' willingness, despite the limitation on education level. Also, government funding is associated with residents' inclination to WTP, WTW and WTA, but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities. The estimated WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×107 yuan, 1.247×106 hours and 2.3232×107 yuan yr–1 based on the survey and published demographics. This study, for the first time, estimates the WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers. Ultimately, to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development, compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent, and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.

Spike Model Based on WTP Function

양분선택형(dichotomous choice) 조건부 가치측정법(CVM, contingent valuation method)에서 WTP(willingness to pay) 추정방식은 크게 효용함수에 기반하는 Hanemann방식과 가치함수, 즉, WTP 함수에 기반하는 Cameron방식이 있으며 두 방식은 쌍대관계이기 때문에 두 방식 모두 널리 활용되어 왔다. 다만 제시금액에 대하여 지불의사 거부비율이 높을 경우 활용되는 spike모형은 Hanemann모형을 기반하여 제안되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가치함수 즉, WTP모형에 기반한 Cameron방식을 변형하여 Cameron-spike모형을 제안하고 이의 적용가능성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 세종시 ◌◌공원 조성 사례에 대한 설문조사를 기반으로 추정한 WTP 분석결과, 두 모형의 WTP분석결과는 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 Hanemann방식과 Cameron방식이 spike모형으로 변형하였을 때에도 쌍대관계가 성립될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 이러한 분석결과는 CVM의 WTP 산정과정에 있어서 선택의 폭을 넓혔다는 점에서 학술적으로 의의가 있으며, 특히 Cameron방식을 활용함으로써 WTP 산정과정에 WTP에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 사회·경제적 변수들을 명시적으로 고려할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.In the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM), the willingness to pay (WTP) estimation method is largely divided into the Hanemann method based on the utility function and the Cameron method based on the value function, that is, the WTP function. Since these methods are dual relationship, both methods have been widely used. However, the spike model used when the rate of rejection of willingness to pay is high, is proposed based on the Hanemann model. Therefore, this study tried to set up the Cameron-spike model and examine its applicability. As the results of WTP estimantion, WTPs of the two models were similar. This study showed that when the Hanemann method and the Cameron method are transformed into a spike model, a dual relationship can be established. The result of this study is of academic significance in that CVM s wide range of choices in the WTP calculation process.

가상가치평가법(CVM)을 이용한 국립공원 한라산 입장료 지불가치 추정

The purpose of this study was to estimate the payment value of the Hallasan National Park admission fee using a dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM). Particularly, we examined explanatory variables that can determine the willingness to pay the entrance fee of the Hallasan National Park. Using purposeful sampling method, the survey was conducted with domestic tourists who have visited the Hallasan National park from August to September 2018. A total of 237 surveys were collected. The results of this study indicated that the payment value of the Hallasan National Park admission fee was estimated as KRW 6,695 per person/visit and the total amount of economic value was KRW 67 billion per year. The result of the logit model revealed that bid, age, and agreement (or disagreement) of the reservation system are important explanatory variables in predicting the payment value of the Hallasan National Park admission fee. This study confirmed that the agreement of the Hallasan National Park reservation system, which indirectly shows the attitude toward the environment, affects significantly the willingness to pay the park’s admission fee. The findings suggest several practical implications associated with implementing environmental policies.

Valuing cultivated land protection: A contingent valuation and choice experiment study in China

This study is to examine the public’s preferences for cultivated land protection in Wenling City of China using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) and a choice experiment method. An empirical comparison of the welfare measures derived from the CVM and CE was conducted. We found that the valid response rate of the CVM was higher than that of the CE, while the CE data produced a higher percentage share of supporting votes for cultivated land protection than the CVM data. The estimation results show that the mean willingness to pay from the CVM is larger than that obtained from the CE, but they are not significantly different. Our results indicate that carefully designed CVM and CE were suitable to value cultivated land protection in China. The study results can contribute to the literature on comparing the willingness to pay estimates derived from the CVM and CE and can help improve our current understandings of local public’s preferences for cultivated land protection.

Are the off-grid customers ready to pay for electricity from the decentralized renewable hybrid mini-grids? A study of willingness to pay in rural Bangladesh

Off-grid rural and remote area electrification through decentralized renewable hybrid mini-grids (HMG) has been prioritized in the recent national renewable energy policy of Bangladesh. Research was carried out to explore the actual customer willingness to pay (WTP) for the electricity to be supplied by such HMGs, while considering a wide spectrum of socioeconomic factors. Door to door household survey was conducted using structured questionnaire to collect respondent data in December 2015 from six off-grid villages under three different administrative districts. Wide variations in current cost of kerosene based lighting and expected load demand were observed among different income groups. Average monthly cost of lighting ranged between USD 3.0 to USD 9.24 and expected electricity usages as 3.60 kWh and 33.76 kWh. Families with higher income showed least mean satisfaction with kerosene lighting. However, strong mean willingness to switch HMG has been identified regardless of income status. The dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied for this purpose. The maximum WPT value (USD 0.432/kWh) identified here indicates that a sustainable tariff model can be applied for attracting private investment in this sector.

Measuring Method and Empirical Study on Public Willingness-to-pay for Environmental Conservation under Spatial Scale

In view of the fact that there're spatial differences in Willingness-to-pay (WTP) among the public, it is of great significance to explore the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) by distance under spatial scale to solve the problem of cost sharing of environmental management. This paper constructs the spatial lag model of WTP and discusses the spatial interaction relationship of WTP in combination of Moran’s I Index and spatial partitioned effects, which remedies the deficiency of traditional CVM model in spatial effects analysis. Based on the characteristics that double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM data is interval data, the probability utility function is used to propose the parameter estimation method for the spatial lag model of WTP. Songhua River is taken as an example to make empirical analysis, the results indicate: (1) The spatial lag model of WTP is effective to deal with the data of dichotomous choice CVM in spatial scale. (2) There’re distance decay effects of WTP under different spatial scales and the degree of public recognition is the main motivation affecting the decay. (3) The ecological value of the Songhua River in 2012 is 8.315 billion CNY. The research provides a new approach for CVM to evaluate the resource and environmental value and enhances the scientificity and effectiveness of the results with CVM evaluation method.

初始投标值数量和样本容量对双边界二分式CVM的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 初始投标值数量和样本容量对双边界二分式CVM的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201405191024 作者: 作者单位: 东北农业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(71171044) Influence of initial bid number and sample size on the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method Author: Affiliation: Northeast Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:双边界二分式条件价值评估法是当前广泛应用于评估生态环境和自然资源价值的陈述偏好法。为了研究双边界二分式CVM中,不同分布中初始投标值数量及样本容量对WTP的影响,应用蒙特卡洛模拟和支付意愿函数模型相结合的方法,用概率分位数设计投标值,分别选择数据来源不同的Weibull分布和对数Logistic分布,动态模拟不同初始投标值数量和样本容量对WTP期望值产生的影响。模拟结果表明,对不同的WTP概率分布,初始投标值数量和样本容量对WTP的影响趋势是一致的,当初始投标值数量和样本容量分别大于5和500时,初始投标值数量和样本容量的增加,对WTP估计值的影响程度越来越小。研究结果表明,在二分式CVM研究中,当以WTP期望为代表值时,其初始投标值数量和样本容量至少为5和500。研究结论为二分式CVM问卷设计中投标值数量及样本容量的设定提供参考依据。 Abstract:The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a survey-based method that uses random samples of families or individuals to reveal consumer preferences for goods or services, such as environmental resources, in a hypothetical market. Through questionnaires, CVM identifies people's preferences and expresses them in dollar terms as willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA). WTP (or WTA) can be used to gain insights into the potential economic benefits or losses brought about by a planned project. A great variety of questionnaire formats have been developed and applied, among which the dichotomous choice CVM is considered to be one of the most advanced methods. In recent years, the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (DBDC-CVM) has been widely used to value the ecological environment and natural resources. It can identify respondents' true WTP and reduce the deviation of assessment results, thereby making the results more accurate and reliable. The initial bid number and sample size are very important determinants of WTP in DBDC-CVM. Fewer initial bids and smaller sample sizes will reduce the validity and reliability of the resultant WTP. In contrast, more initial bids and larger sample sizes increases the difficulty and cost of the survey. The number of initial bids is always obtained using a pre-test, while the sample size is always determined by field research or online surveys. This study investigates the dynamic effects of initial bid number and sample size on mean WTP, using the willingness to pay (WTP) function model and a-posteriori Monte Carlo simulation. We use Weibull and log-logistic distributions of WTP to simulate two different sources of data. In order to simplify the Monte Carlo simulation, we quantize the probability distribution and make a hypothesis to design bids. We produce four graphs to visualize the simulated results and use these to identify the optimum number of initial bids and sample size. Initial bid number and sample size had almost the same influence on mean WTP for both WTP distributions. When the initial bid number t and sample size exceed 5 and 500, respectively, the influence on mean WTP is almost the same. Based on this result we suggest that at least 5 initial bids and 500 samples are needed in order to ensure the validity and reliability of estimates of mean of WTP generated by Monte Carlo simulation. These results provide a quantitative basis for CVM questionnaire design and have the potential to improve the validity and reliability of WTP. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

How Much Are Floridians Willing to Pay for Protecting Sea Turtles from Sea Level Rise?

Sea level rise (SLR) is posing a great inundation risk to coastal areas. Some coastal nesting species, including sea turtle species, have experienced diminished habitat from SLR. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was used in an effort to assess the economic loss impacts of SLR on sea turtle nesting habitats for Florida coasts; and to elicit values of willingness to pay (WTP) of Central Florida residents to implement certain mitigation strategies, which would protect Florida's east coast sea turtle nesting areas. Using the open-ended and dichotomous choice CVM, we sampled residents of two Florida communities: Cocoa Beach and Oviedo. We estimated the WTP of households from these two cities to protect sea turtle habitat to be between $42 and $57 per year for 5 years. Additionally, we attempted to assess the impact of the both the respondents' demographics and their perception toward various situations on their WTP value. Findings include a negative correlation between the age of a respondent and the probability of an individual willing to pay the hypothetical WTP amount. We found that WTP of an individual was not dependent on prior knowledge of the effects of SLR on sea turtle habitat. The greatest indicators of whether or not an individual was willing to pay to protect sea turtle habitat were the respondents' perception regarding the trustworthiness and efficiency of the party which will implement the conservation measures and their confidence in the conservation methods used. Respondents who perceive sea turtles having an effect on their life were also more likely to pay.

Accessing the economic value of night view of bridge using contingent valuation method: the case of South Korea’s Han-River bridge

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate an individual’s probability of preservation of the night view of Han-River bridge tax using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and to present the effects of 4Es on experience economy theory. Design/methodology/approach – The on-site survey was conducted in the 11 district Han-River parks: Gwangnaru, Jamsil, Ttukseom, Jamwon, Banpo, Yeechon, Yeouido, Mangwon, Nanji, Ganseo and Yanghwa district, including 24 bridges such as Banpo, Olympic bridge during 8-9 pm around the lighting and 9-10 pm peak time of lighting. Findings – Truncated mean willingness-to-pay indicates that the economic value of the night view of Han-River bridge is 49,575 won (about USA $50) per household, which implies the significance of the preservation value of the night view. Research limitations/implications – This study sets a hypothetical market, and there are limitations on hypothetical bias of the dichotomous choice CVM. For the future study, a survey with a specific real payment vehicle in an attempt to reduce hypothetical bias can be a tool for the prevention of the overestimation. Practical implications – Through the study, Seoul city has to invest aggressively on the night view landscape business of Han-River bridge, which can become a landmark and has lots of attraction for tourists. As this study’s core aim was to justify the economic value of the night view of the Han-River bridges, the estimated amount strongly supports the lighting business of the Han-River bridge. Originality/value – The results of this research may help policy-makers of Han-River to establish practical decisions as to whether improving and preserving the Han-River’s night view lighting business are worth the value.

Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Willingness to Pay for Medical Care Among Government School Teachers in Addis Ababa

In low income countries households are the principal health financing agents. Their expense goes not without shrinking the basic consumptions of the household. This cost is not even enough to avert the consequences either. As a consequence it perpetuates the vicious cycle between sickness and poverty. Control of diseases or their outcome will depend on socioeconomic determinants. Understanding what affects willingness-to-pay (WTP) for medical care is very important to design choices about the allocation of scarce resources. The objective of this study was to assess the association between socioeconomic status and WTP for medical care among government school teachers in Addis Ababa. A cross sectional survey methodology was employed and a structured questionnaire was administered to 847 government school teachers between January to March 2011. The sample was generated by a two-stage probability proportional to size sampling (PPS) method. A dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) in the single bound formulation was used to elicit a “yes” or “no” answer by respondents when asked if they are WTP a given bid for medical care. Three hypothetical case scenarios: common cold (CC), glaucoma (BD) and heart attack (HAT) were designated. Both descriptive and analytic statistics were used to analyze the data. The degree and strength of association between the explanatory variables and willingness to pay were evaluated by logistic regression. Generally more respondents were WTP for CC, BD and HAT in government than private facilities. In government facilities WTP for CC and BD did not vary with socioeconomic status. However WTP for HAT was lower in the low income group and educational status. In private facilities WTP for CC varied with land ownership only.WTP for both BD and HAT was higher in those with better income and who own land. Educational level, proxy indicators of wealth, income level, lower medical care costs and seriousness of illness were found to positively influence the WTP for medical care. Improving employment benefits and establishing a mechanism to help raise the ability to pay are commendable policy measures.

Consumer willingness to pay for organic fresh milk in Taiwan

Purpose – The Fresh Milk Logo certifies that dairy product sold in Taiwan really is fresh milk. However, the logo represents only a moral pledge by the manufacturer. No method exists for inspecting whether products are fresh milk or reconstituted milk, and the label does not represent a commitment to the same level of quality and consumer health protection as found in organic foods. The purpose of this paper is to analyze consumer perceptions of organic certified agricultural standards (CAS) and estimates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) a premium should the Fresh Milk Logo be transformed into an organic CAS certified label. Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory factor analysis is adopted to extract the main determinants of respondent perceptions and preferences. Additionally, the double-bounded dichotomous choice of the contingent valuation method (CVM) and survival function is used to measure consumer WTP a premium for organic fresh milk. Findings – Consumer consumption preferences for buying fresh milk extracted four main factorial dimensions: Fresh Milk Logo, price/promotion, organic, and product/brand. Respondents are willing to pay US$21.95 extra per year to buy organic CAS milk and the factors affecting WTP are “Fresh Milk Logo” and “organic”. Research limitations/implications – The problems of the CVM include hypothetical and starting point for price bidding. The double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation model and pre-testing can reduce the biases. The survival function is more flexible, yields more information and permits assumptions regarding parametric distributions without additional costs. The collaboration of survival function with the double-bounded method produces a reliable result that incorporates fewer statistical errors. Practical implications – Consumers are willing to pay a premium for fresh milk with an organic CAS label that certifies its good quality and safety. Social implications – Marketing managers can use the study findings to develop effective marketing strategies and refine advertising campaigns to promote organic fresh milk to attract more consumers. Originality/value – Organic food labels certify food safety, and are associated with the trend toward increasing awareness of environmental and health issues. Perception of organic food labels are introduced into double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM to estimate consumers’ WTP, an approach which has successfully dominated traditional methods, using Likert scale-type measurement.

Do non-users value coral reefs?: Economic valuation of conserving Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines

The main purpose of the study is to determine whether non-use values exist among residents of Quezon City, hundreds of kilometers away from Tubbataha Reefs. The dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed across 800 randomly selected respondents, 400 of which were personally interviewed (PI) and 400 were asked to accomplish self-administered (SA) questionnaires, 198 of the latter were found useable for the study. Results showed that 46% of all respondents were willing to pay for conservation of the reefs, with bequest motive or concern for future generations as their main reason. The mean WTP ranged from 437 pesos for PI respondents to 233 pesos for SA respondents. These substantial non-use values justify the need for regular government appropriation for conserving Tubbataha Reefs.

Economic Value of Instream Flow for Non-Commercial Whitewater Boating Using Recreation Demand and Contingent Valuation Methods

Whitewater river kayaking and river rafting require adequate instream flows that are often adversely affected by upstream water diversions. However, there are very few studies in the USA of the economic value of instream flow to inform environmental managers. This study estimates the economic value of instream flow to non-commercial kayakers derived using a Travel Cost Method recreation demand model and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), a type of Contingent Behavior Method (CBM). Data were obtained from a visitor survey administered along the Poudre River in Colorado. In the dichotomous choice CVM willingness to pay (WTP) question, visitors were asked if they would still visit the river if the cost of their trip was $Y higher, and the level of $Y was varied across the sample. The CVM yielded an estimate of WTP that was sensitive to flows ranging from $55 per person per day at 300 Cubic Feet per Second (CFS) to a maximum $97 per person per day at flows of 1900 CFS. The recreation demand model estimated a boater's number of trips per season. We found the number of trips taken was also sensitive to flow, ranging from as little as 1.63 trips at 300 CFS to a maximum number of 14 trips over the season at 1900 CFS. Thus, there is consistency between peak benefits per trip and number of trips, respectively. With an average of about 100 non-commercial boaters per day, the maximum marginal values per acre foot averages about $220. This value exceeds irrigation water values in this area of Colorado.

Willing to Pay in Urban Forests, Finance Support from Public Case Study, Shorab Urban Forest in Khoram Abad, Iran

The goal of this study is to estimate the visitors' willingness to pay at Shorab Urban Forest. The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to estimate the Willingness To Pay (WTP). A total of 210 respondents were interviewed via a questionnaire method in two periods to gather the data. Respondents also were asked the maximum amount they are willing to pay for entrance fee. Probit model was used to determine WTP. Results showed that different genders, ages and educational levels are using this park for recreational aim. Probit model showed that the average willingness to pay was 1325 Tomans. Since the family size average was 4.35, monthly entrance fee for every family was estimated at 5763 Tomans.

Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice CVM for Public Library Services in Japan

Under the recent severe financial situation, it is more important that central and local governments justify their public investments than ever. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is often used for this problem. However, CBA has not been done on public library services in Japan. The aim of this study is to conduct double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM (contingent valuation method) and to validate applicability and effectiveness of this method. The result shows that respondents are willing to pay about 350 JPY per library-use on average. Moreover, household income and frequency of public library use significantly affect their willingness to pay.

生态保护价值的距离衰减性——以三江平原湿地为例

应用二分式条件价值评估法对三江平原湿地生态保护价值进行定量评价。运用支付意愿函数模型构建双边界二分式CVM数据分析模型,应用生存分析中的参数回归模型建立支付意愿影响因素分析模型。建立具有距离变量及个人社会、经济属性变量的支付意愿函数,验证支付意愿具有"距离衰减性"。研究采用以面访调查为主、网上调查为辅的方式,进行支付意愿问卷调查,得出2010年三江平原湿地生态保护的人均支付意愿为134.582元/a,三江平原湿地的生态保护价值为33.412亿元/a。研究结论为政府相关政策的制定提供参考依据。;The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is one of the most widely used methods to assess the values of natural resources and environmental goods. Through questionnaires, CVM induces people's preferences and makes an expression of monetization; the induced value of Willingness to Pay (WTP) is based on a hypothetical market. The inducing technique or the questionnaire format used to derive the maximum WTP is an important subject among CVM research. A great variety of questionnaire formats have been developed and applied in practice, among which the Dichotomous Choice CVM is considered one of the most advanced methods nowadays. The open-ended double-bounded Dichotomous Choice questionnaire, which is universally applied in foreign literature, combines the advantages of Dichotomous Choice and open-ended questionnaire. It induces the respondents' true WTP, reduces the deviation of assessment results, and thus makes the statistics results more accurate and reliable. In this study, with the open-ended double-bounded Dichotomous Choice CVM, we looked into the respondents' WTP mainly based on the interview survey and supplemented by the online survey, aiming to evaluate the ecological conservation value of Sanjiang Plain Wetland and the respondents' WTP to protect Sanjiang Plain Wetland ecology, and identify what factors influence their WTP. It is important to analyze what factors influence WTP in the related empirical studies. Researchers are continually attempting to expend the influential factors reflected by CVM. The spatial distance factor has now been gradually incorporated into the influential mechanism research of WTP in CVM. The respondents' WTP and the distance between respondents and environmental resource that serves as the evaluation object has a negative relationship, that is, the WTP of the respondents is relatively lower if they are further away from the evaluation object. This phenomenon is called the Distance Decay Effect. The distance factor is defined as the straight-line distance between the respondents and evaluation object, and incorporated into the WTP Function Model as an independent variable along with other personal, social and economic attribute variables to verify that the willingness has the characteristic of distance decay. The Dichotomous Choice CVM was used to evaluate the ecological conservation value of Sanjiang Plain Wetland. The WTP Function Model was applied to build the Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice CVM Data Analysis Model, and the parameter regression model of survival analysis was used to establish the influential factor analysis model of WTP. The conclusions are shown as follows: (1) in 2010, the WTP to protect Sanjiang Plain Wetland is RMB 134.582 per person, and the total ecological conservation value of Sanjiang Plain Wetland is RMB 3.3412 billion per year; (2) some factors have significant effects on the WTP, such as respondents' gender, age, educational level and personal annual income. The WTP is higher among people with higher education and income, while it is lower with the aggrandizing of age and distance. Besides, the WTP of female is significantly higher than that of male. The findings will provide useful references for government to make related ecological policies.

상주국제승마경기장 사업의 경제적 편익

본 연구는 경상북도 상주에 건립된 국제승마경기장 건립사업의 경제적 편익을 지역에 거주하는 가구들의 지불의사액에 의해 평가한다. 평가기법으로는 양분선택형 조건부가치법 (dichotomous choice contingent valuation method; CVM)을 기초로 하되 추정의 정확성 제고를 위해 (1) 응답자가 지불의사에 대해 불확실한 경우 모르겠다고 응답할 수 있는 응답 항목을 추가하였고 (2) 제시된 금액을 지불할 의사가 없다고 응답한 응답자에게는 지불의사액이 전혀 없는지를 추가 질문하였다. 설문조사는 상주 국제승마경기장의 행정상 위치를 고려하여 경상북도와 대구광역시 거주 가구를 모집단으로 하고 일대일 개인면접 설문조사를 통해 수집되었다. 평가결과, 가구당 년 지불의사액은 1,847원으로 평가되었으며, 경상북도와 대구시 가구수를 곱하여 계산된 상주 국제승마경기장의 연간 총 편익은 35.6억원으로 평가되었다. This study evaluates the economic benefit of the project constructing the international riding arena having been built at Sangju in Gyeongsangbuk-Do by the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents in the province. As the evaluation method, the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) is adopted with the additional questions of whether his/her WTP is zero, to improve the statistical accuracy of evaluation results. Considering the arena's administrative location, the population of the surveys for analysis is confined to residents of Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do. The survey is conducted through personal interviews. It turns out that the WTP per household per year is evaluated as 1,847 won and the total yearly benefit of the Sangju international horse riding arena is estimated as 3.56 billion won.

Comparing households’ total economic values and recreation value of instream flow in an urban river

The empirical importance of non-use values relative to use values appears to vary by uniqueness of the natural environment being valued. At one extreme is the Grand Canyon, where non-use values are orders of magnitude higher than use values. For protecting water quality used for water-based recreation and drinking water, non-use values are still significant, but about half the magnitude of these two use values. In this paper we investigate the relative importance of non-use values for maintaining instream flows in an urban river in the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. At the request of the City Council, a contingent valuation method (CVM) survey was conducted. A dichotomous choice CVM survey of households estimated that the Total Economic Values (TEV – sum of non-use and recreation) of city households is $234 per year. A second CVM question specifically about recreation use value of the same households yielded an estimated annual WTP of $90 per year. Thus, the TEV to maintain current instream flow is 38% recreation value and 62% non-use values, suggesting the importance of non-use values even for a non-unique, but locally significant urban river. Summing up the TEVs per household in the city yields an annual value of $171 per acre foot, several times larger than annual water lease rates in Northern Colorado. However, the present value of this TEV per acre foot is less than the price for purchasing water rights in order to maintain instream flows. Thus, unless the City of Fort Collins partners with downstream cities, who would also benefit from instream flows, annual leases are the most efficient option for maintaining instream flows.

Valuing forest biodiversity through a national survey in France: a dichotomous choice contingent valuation

In order to improve French forest accounts, a national survey was carried out during the year 2001 with the aim of collecting data on public preferences and behaviors toward forest. Some 1815 households were contacted via telephone and asked about their recreational activities and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the preservation of forest biodiversity. The WTP for forest biodiversity preservation is estimated by a dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DC-CV) method. As the dichotomous choice equation for biodiversity preservation and the estimated WTP can be dependent on the choice of recreational visits in forests, a bivariate probit technique was implemented to account for this relationship. The nonparametric estimate of the mean WTP was 49.25€ per household and per year. The results of the parametric models show that a bivariate probit model is more suitable than the univariate model because recreational visits and WTP for biodiversity preservation are significantly correlated. Moreover, regional mean WTPs highlight significant difference (from 44.67€ to 64.17€ per household and per year).