Elemental Analysis Research Articles

Two Transition Metal Coordination Polymers: Potential Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal and Photoluminescent Properties.

Methylene blue (MB) contamination has become a significant environmental issue due to its widespread presence in industrial effluents, posing serious threats to ecosystems and human health. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of novel adsorbent materials that can effectively remove these pollutants from water sources. In this context, the present study focuses on the design and synthesis of two coordination polymers (CPs) containing Zn(II) and Mn(II), namely, {[Mn3(L)2(tib)2]·4H2O}n (1) and [Zn(L)(3,5-bibp)]n (2), using a combined-ligand approach under solvothermal conditions. The ligands, H3L is 4-(3,5-dicarboxylatobenzyloxy)benzoic acid), 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene and 3,5-bibp is 3,5-bis(imidazol-1-yl)biphenyl), were carefully selected to enhance the properties of the resulting polymers. These CPs were thoroughly characterized using a variety of techniques, including IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Both CPs demonstrated ligand-dependent blue fluorescence emissions, suggesting their potential for use as photoluminescent materials in various applications. Furthermore, the adsorption capabilities of CP1 and CP2 for methylene blue (MB) were evaluated. The results revealed that both CPs exhibited excellent adsorption efficiencies, with CP1 achieving a 77.6% adsorption efficiency within 1h and completely removing 20mg/L of MB within 6h. These findings highlight the significant potential of CP1 as a highly effective adsorbent for organic dyes, particularly for environmental remediation applications. The ability of these coordination polymers to adsorb MB efficiently underscores the urgent need for the development of innovative and efficient materials to address the growing challenges of water pollution.

Cytotoxic Ruthenium(II)-Diphosphine Complexes Affect the Mitochondrial Respiration of Lung Cancer Cells.

In this work, we studied six Ruthenium(II)-diphosphine compounds containing different mercapto ligands (N-S), with general formula [Ru(N-S)(dppm)2]Cl (dppm=1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane). These compounds were characterized by several techniques (NMR [1H, 31P(1H), and 13C], HRMS, IR, UV-Vis and XRD) and their purity confirmed by elemental analysis. DLS experiments revealed low diameters and polydispersity indexes, and positive log P values in n-octanol/PBS indicated their preference for the organic phase. In general, these compounds are stable in different media over 48 h. Cytotoxicity experiments revealed promising IC50 values on A549 breast cancer cells, 0.48 μM and 0.80 μM for [Ru(mtz)(dppm)2]Cl (1) and [Ru(mmi)(dppm)2]Cl (2), respectively (mtz and mmi are 2-mercapto-2-thiazoline and mercapto-1-methylimidazole in their deprotonated form, respectively). Clonogenic and migration experiments indicated their antiproliferative and anti-migratory capacity. ICP-MS results indicated their cellular accumulation in the nucleus, with little amounts in mitochondria. No covalent DNA binding was observed by ICP-MS. JC-1 and cell Mito Stress test confirmed mitochondrial dysfunction, which was verified by mitochondrial membrane potential uncoupling and drastic alterations in the oxygen consumption rate. Taken together, our results provide crucial insights regarding the anticancer potential of ruthenium(II)-phosphine compounds.

Green Synthesis of Urethane-Linked Tamarind Seed Xyloglucan: Thermal Stability, Antibacterial Properties, andDFT Study.

This study presents a feasible, one-pot synthesis approach for the preparation of a composite biopolymer material derived from tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) by utilizing isocyanate chemistry. Through a facile reaction process, urethane bonds are formed in XG, resulting in the formation of a crosslinked network. FTIR spectra confirm the successful urethane link formation in XG via the OH-NCO reaction, and CHN analysis provides insights into the elemental composition. The synthesized XG-urethane composite (U-XG) exhibits enhanced thermal stability compared to native XG, with an enhanced degradation temperature (T5%) of 276°C (XG marked T5% at a lower temperature of 163°C). The optimized geometric structure, hydrogen bond types, and hydrogen bond strength of the synthesized U-XG are computationally studied by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. This study also investigates the antibacterial efficacy of both XG and U-XG against a panel of pathogenic bacteria, including gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis, as well as gram-negative E. coli. The U-XG demonstrates superior antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis compared to pristine XG. This research showcases the feasibility of a one-pot synthesis approach for preparing urethane-linked XG with enhanced thermal properties and superior antibacterial activity, offering promising prospects for biomedical and antimicrobial applications.

Anticancer potential of copper(i) complexes based on isopropyl ester derivatives of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate ligands.

In this paper, the isopropyl ester derivatives LOiPr and L2OiPr of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid and bis(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid were used as chelators for the preparation of new Cu(i) phosphane complexes 1-4. They were synthesized by the reaction of [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 and triphenylphosphine or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane with LOiPr and L2OiPr ligands, in acetonitrile or acetonitrile/methanol solution. The authenticity of the compounds was confirmed by CHN analysis, 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Furthermore, the electronic and molecular structures of the selected Cu(i) coordination compound 3 were investigated by synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS), and the local structure around the copper ion site was studied combining X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques and DFT modelling. Triphenylphosphine as a coligand confers to [Cu(LOiPr)(PPh3)]PF6 (1) and [Cu(L2OiPr)(PPh3)]PF6 (3) a significant antitumor activity in 3D spheroidal models of human colon cancer cells. Investigations focused on the mechanism of action evidenced protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI) as an innovative molecular target for this class of phosphane copper(i) complexes. By hampering PDI activity, copper(i) complexes were able to cause an imbalance in cancer cell redox homeostasis thus leading to cancer cell death - a non-apoptotic programmed cell death.

Synthesis, Characterization and X-Ray Crystal Structures of Schiff Base Cadmium(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes with Antibacterial Activity

Two isostructural mononuclear cadmium(II) and nickel(II) complexes [Cd(HL)2(NCS)2]∙4CH3OH (1) and [Ni(HL)2(NCS)2]∙4CH3OH (2), where HL is the zwitterionic form of the Schiff base 2,4-difluoro-6-[(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethylimino)methyl]phenol (HL), were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectroscopy, as well as X-ray single crystal determination. In both complexes the metal atoms are in octahedral coordination. The Schiff base ligands are coordinate to the metal atoms through phenolate oxygen and imino nitrogen. Molecules of the complexes are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The biological assay indicates that the complexes have good antimicrobial activities on the bacteria strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological profiling of novel benzotriazole-thio linked derivatives as promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial agents

A series of new compounds, Substituted 2-((2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)thio)-N'-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetohydrazide (3a-3g), 2-((2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)thio)-N-(2,4'-dioxospiro[indoline-3,2'-thiazolidin]-3'yl)acetamide (4a-4g), and 2'-(((2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)spiro[indoline-3,5'-thiazolo[4,3-b][1,3,4]oxadiazol]-2-one (5a-5g), were synthesized and checked for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities. Compound 5d proved to be the most potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent. The analgesic activity, however, was maximum in compound 5e. The structural integrity of the synthesized compounds was ascertained using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR).

Not that Innocent: Chemical and Toxicological Evaluation of Glycerin and Propylene Glycol Used in Vape Liquid Production

This work evaluated the elemental content and toxicology of the primary materials of the e-liquids without adding nicotine and other additives. Elemental content was determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses, and biological effects were evaluated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and H9c2 cells. Elemental analysis did not detect toxic elements above the limit of quantification (LOQ). Toxic concentration with significant difference (p < 0.05) between the samples and the non-exposed cells for glycerin (7.5% m/v) and propylene glycol (12.5% m/v) and at 70/30 proportions (12.5% m/v), 50/50 (12.5% m/v), and 30/70 (6.25% m/v) were encountered. Yeast toxicity presented a concentration-dependent relation with growth inhibition and lethality. Cytotoxicity tests in mammalian cells presented significant differences (p < 0.05) at low concentrations of glycerin and propylene glycol exposition (1.25 and 0.25% m/v, respectively). High concentrations of glycerin and propylene glycol induced increased reactive oxygen species/lactate dehydrogenase, decreased catalase activity, and interference in cell viability. On acute exposure, pure glycerin and propylene glycol are toxic for yeast and H9c2 cells, increasing with proportions of glycerin/propylene glycol and the increased amount of propylene glycol in the solution. No correlation between elemental content and toxicity was observed.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Modeling Studies of Novel Indenopyridazine-thiazole Molecular Hybrids

Background: Previous studies have reported various biological activities of indeno-pyridazine and thiazole derivatives, including antiviral activity and CoV-19 inhibition. In this paper, the authors aimed to design, synthesize, and characterize a novel series of indenopyridazinethiazoles, starting with 2-(4-cyano-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-9H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridazin-9-ylidene)-hydrazine-1-car-bothioamide and available laboratory reagents. Methods: The strategy involved the synthesis of indeno[2,1-c]pyridazincarbothioamide, followed by its reaction with various hydrazonoyl chlorides and α-halocompounds (phenacyl bromides and α-chloroketones) to obtain the desired indenopyridazinethiazole derivatives. The synthesized structures were confirmed using IR, NMR, mass spectra, elemental analysis, and alternative synthesis when possible. Docking scores and poses of thirteen synthesized compounds were examined using Auto-Dock4.2.6 software against multiple targets of SARS-CoV-2, including 3C-like protease (3CLpro), helicase, receptor binding domain (RBD), papain-like protease (PLpro), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Results: Docking predictions revealed that compound 13d exhibited high potency against 3CLpro and helicase, with docking scores of -10.9 and -10.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Compound 10c showed su-perior docking scores against RBD and ACE2, with values of -8.7 and -11.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Compounds 10a, 13c, and 7b demonstrated excellent docking scores against RdRp, PLpro, and NRP-1, with values of -10.3, -10.4, and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: The authors recommend further experimental assessments of compounds 13d, 10c, 10a, 13c, and 7b against SARS-CoV-2 multi-targets, considering their promising docking scores.

A novel water-soluble polymer nanocomposite containing ultra-small Fe3O4 nanoparticles with strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity.

A novel water-soluble polymer nanocomposite containing ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles, intercalated into a biocompatible matrix of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer has been synthesized for the first time. The use of an original polymer matrix ensured effective stabilization of the crystalline phase of iron oxides at an early stage of its formation in an ultra-small (2-8 nm, average diameter is 4.8 nm) nanosized state due to its effective interaction with the functional groups of copolymer macromolecules. At the same time, the copolymer ensures the long-term stability of iron oxide nanoparticles in a nanosized dispersion. The structure and physicochemical properties of the copolymer and nanocomposite were studied by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The nanocomposite exhibits high antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The nanocomposite at a concentration of 500 and 1000 μg mL-1 leads to complete death of Escherichia coli cells after 24 and 3 hours of incubation, respectively. The nanocomposite at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1 leads to complete death of Staphylococcus aureus cells after 24 hours of incubation. Which indicates the potential of using the nanocomposite for the treatment of superficial wounds and purulent-inflammatory complications.

Unexpected stability of the iron(II) complex by an asymmetrical Schiff base from Fe(III): structure, magnetic and Mössbauer investigations.

The asymmetric Schiff base prepared in situ from ethylenediamine and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde reacts with Fe(ClO4)3·6H2O to form the Fe(II) complex [FeL2](ClO4)2 with L = N,N-diethyl-N'-(pyridin-2-yl)methylene)ethane-1,2-diamine, where the Fe(III) starting material has been unexpectedly reduced to Fe(II). This complex was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction measurements, variable temperature DC magnetic measurement and room temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy. The asymmetric ligand L coordinates in a tridentate fashion through its pyridyl, azomethine and amino nitrogen atoms, generating a distorted octahedral geometry around the central metal ion. Variable temperature magnetic studies and a Mössbauer measurement show that the iron is locked in the low spin Fe(II) states.

Mixed-Dimensional Nanofluids: Synergistic Thermal Enhancement Using 2D and 1D Materials

Excessive heat generation is a common problem in automobiles due to wear and tear of working parts. A suitable heat transfer system is required to avoid stalling automobiles due to the large quantity of heat generated. Liquids like water and ethylene glycol (EG) serve as a coolant by reducing generated heat. To further increase the effectiveness of these coolants, nanofluids which contain nanosized particles dispersed in base fluid like water, ethylene glycol, or a mixture of these two, can be used. In the present work, hybrid nanofluids using Ti3C2 (MXene) (2D) and functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) (1D) nanocomposites are prepared. The prepared material is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) for morphological and elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying functional groups. The suitability of the prepared nanofluids is tested for heat transfer application by measuring the thermal conductivity and viscosity. The long-term stability of the nanofluids is verified by zeta potential measurement. The addition of the dispersant to the water has shown an enhanced thermal conductivity (about 10.83% at room temperature and 96.76% at 50 °C) while having lower viscosity compared to the base fluid (water), confirming the suitability for heat transfer applications.

Adsorption of Silver from Aqueous Solution with High Capacity and Selectively by Using Ag+ Imprinted Polymeric Nanoadsorbent

The selective separation of precious metals from complex aqueous solutions is important in protecting the environment, aquatic ecosystems, water resources and recycling resources. In this study, cysteine-containing polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized using the molecular imprinting (MIP) technique with the mini-emulsion polymerization method. The basis of the polymer design is inspired by affinity of silver to cysteine in biological systems. The synthesized silver ion imprinted (Ag+-IIP) poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-cysteine) poly(HEMA-MAC) nanoparticles were characterized by elemental analysis, zeta sizer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of pH, ionic strength and interaction time on adsorption of Ag+ ions were investigated. In experimental studies, the highest adsorption amount (196.9 mg g-1 nanoparticle) was reached in a short period of 40 min at pH 5.0 and 150 mg L-1 concentration. Selectivity studies of synthesized Ag+ -IIP nanoparticles against silver (Ag+ ) ions were carried out in the presence of lithium (Li+), barium (Ba2+), mercury (Hg2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions. Experimental results indicate that nanoparticles adsorb Ag+ ions with high selectivity. Ag+ -IIP nanoparticles have 3.7, 3.1, 2.4, and 2.6 times more selective or higher affinity for Ag+ ions compared to Li+, Ba2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively, compared to Ag+ -non-imprinted (NIP) nanoparticles.

Electrical, Optical & Structural characteristics of reduced graphene oxide: A comparative analysis using different reducing agents

The study of optical and electrical properties of functionalised materials of GO and rGO are crucial for their different applications in energy storage, optoelectronics and biosensing. The structural disorder occurring during the synthesis process largely affects the optical properties of the materials. In this work we have tried to study the variation in optical and electrical properties of rGO by varying the synthesis parameters. Different rGO samples prepared from the same precursor (graphite powder) by using various reducing agents are studied. It is observed that the physical conditions during the synthesis process affect the bandgap of the synthesised samples. This study is correlated with the elemental analysis, surface morphology and defect studies.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and Hirshfeld analysis of a novel Schiff base compound 5-hydroxy-2-{[(propan-2-yl)iminio]methyl}phenolate

5-hydroxy-2-{[(propane-2-yl)iminio]methyl}phenolate, with an empirical formula of C 10 H 13 NO 2 was synthesized by a reaction between 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde and isopropyl amine in an aqueous ethanolic medium. The Schiff base compound was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR), Mass spectrometry (MS), thermogravimetry (TG), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The compound was crystallized in an orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of Pna21. The azomethine functional group (-HC=N-) was confirmed by the band at 1638 cm -1 in its IR spectrum. The compound is thermally stable from 40-154 o C losing only 0.2% of its weight. The thermogram (TG) indicated the absence of any water of hydration or lattice water. The compound exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with a zwitterionic structure. The non-covalent interactions (NCI) were studied by various computational methods such as Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI plot, and scatter plot (RDG vs sign (λ 2 )ρ). The major contributors to the Hirshfeld surface (HS) contacts are O--/H--O (21.5%) and C--/H--C (25.3%). The non-covalent interactions (NCI) and the crystal parameters are, a (Å): 10.3839(9), b (Å):9.9442(8), c (Å): 9.2223(8), α=β=γ= 90 o , Z = 4.

A decade of pyridine-containing heterocycles in US FDA approved drugs: a medicinal chemistry-based analysis.

Heterocyclic scaffolds, particularly, pyridine-containing azaheterocycles, constitute a major part of the drugs approved in the past decade. In the present review, we explored the pyridine ring part of US FDA-approved small molecules (2014-2023). The analysis of the approved drugs bearing a pyridine ring revealed that a total of 54 drugs were approved. Among them, the significant number comprised the anticancer category (18 drugs, 33%), followed by drugs affecting the CNS system (11 drugs, 20%), which include drugs to treat migraines, Parkinsonism disorders, chemotherapeutic-induced nausea, insomnia, and ADHD or as CNS-acting analgesics or sedatives. Next, six drugs (11%) were also approved to treat rare conditions, followed by five drugs that affect the hematopoietic system. The analysis also revealed that drug approval was granted for antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals, including drugs for the treatment of tropical and sub-tropical diseases. Primary drug targets explored were kinases, and the major metabolizing enzyme was CYP3A4. Further analysis of formulation types revealed that 50% of the approved drugs were tablets, followed by 17% capsules and 15% injections. Elemental analysis showed that most approved drugs contained sulfur, while fluorine was noted in 32 compounds. Therefore, the present review is a concerted effort to cover drugs bearing pyridine rings approved in the last decade and provide thorough discussion and commentary on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics aspects. Furthermore, in-depth structural and elemental analyses were explored, thus providing comprehensive guidance for medicinal chemists and scientists working in allied science domains.

Unlocking the potential of vinegar residue: A novel biorefining strategy for amino acid-enriched xylooligosaccharides and humic-like acid.

In order to address the issue of low amino acid retention in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) through hydrothermal pretreatment at high temperatures, a novel approach combining low temperature acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis was employed. This innovative method not only allows for the production of amino acid-rich XOS, but also yields a valuable byproduct known as humic-like acid (HLA) from vinegar residue (VR). Under the optimal pretreatment conditions (89°C, 6h, 1.2% sulfuric acid), the yield of XOS was 19.88%. Furthermore, the hydrolyzate extracted from the acid pretreated VR had a content of 2.65g/L amino acids (corresponding to the retention rate of 82.0%), and the HLA yield of the sample was 10.51%. Comprehensive analyses, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, total acidic functional group, and nuclear magnetic resonance were employed to examine the structure and composition of the produced HLA, indicating that it was similar to that of natural commercial humic acid (CHA) extracted from minerals. Through this innovative approach, the production of amino acid-rich XOS and HLA from VR offers a sustainable solution that not only addresses the issue of low amino acid retention but also maximizes the potential of VR as a valuable resource.

Synthesis and characterization of dextran palmitate for extrusion 3D printing.

The fabrication of objects with complex shape and geometry has been greatly facilitated with the advancements in additive manufacturing. While synthetic polymers like ABS and PLA have found widespread use in extrusion 3D printing, other biobased thermoplastics that are both biodegradable and biocompatible could offer strategic advantages over traditional synthetic materials. In this work dextran of low (20kDa) and medium (40kDa) molecular weight (MW) was modified with palmitic acid to obtain meltable polymers for extrusion 3D printing/fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing. The dextran derivatives were characterized by FTIR, NMR and elemental analysis. The degree of substitution (DS) varied between 0.94±0.31 and 1.36±0.16. Our findings reveal a melting temperature near 40°C, independent of the DS or MW. Extrudability varied depending on the DS. Cubes with dimensions of 15×15×10mm3 were printed from the dextran palmitate. The swelling degree of the cubes in water remained limited, up to 0.17±0.02g/g. This work demonstrates the great potential of dextran palmitate as biobased and biodegradable polymers for 3D printing for future applications in human health.

Design, synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial screening of newly synthesized indazoles of vanillin analogues

A series of 6-(Aryl)-4-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenylmethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-indazol-3-one derivatives (3a-3i) have been synthesized by refluxing of previously synthesized Ethyl-4-(aryl)-6-[4-(2,4-Dichlorophenylmethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-oxo-cyclohex-3-eneoates (2a-2i) with hydrazine hydrate in methanol for 7-8 hours in presence of catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid. The analytical and physical data of all the synthesized compounds (2a-2i) and (3a-3i) were observed and reported. The structures of each newly synthesized Indazole derivative have been characterized by various methods like Elemental analysis, Infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13CMR spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, each compound was screened for its in-vitro antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and antifungal towards fungi Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) with the concentration of 40 μg/ml and data was collected.

Interaction of lysozyme with solid supports cryogels containing imidazole functional group.

This paper details the preparation of acrylamide-based supermacroporous cryogels and their application in removing lysozyme from aqueous solutions. N-Vinyl imidazole was copolymerized with acrylamide as a comonomer to impart pseudo-specificity to the cryogels, forming poly(AAm-VIM) cryogel. Characterization studies to assess the physical and chemical properties of the synthesized cryogels involved swelling tests, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA-DTA). To ascertain the optimal conditions for the adsorption process, pH 9.0 (TRIS buffer) was selected for lysozyme adsorption, using the parametres such as initial concentration screening, ionic strength, temperature, and column flow rate. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were analyzed to assess the adsorption parameters mathematically. The regression coefficient results indicated that lysozyme adsorption aligned more closely with the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption process is considered to be thermodynamically physical and spontaneous. SDS-PAGE analysis assessed the purity of lysozyme isolated from an aqueous solution using a poly(AAm-VIM) cryogel column. The inertness and regeneration capacity of poly(AAm-VIM) cryogel affinity columns were assessed using reusability studies conducted during the adsorption-desorption cycle.

A Practical Guide to Verify which Analytical Techniques and Organic Foods have Already been Investigated

Organic food is produced under specific regulations and must not contain residues from synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides, genetically modified organisms, hormones, and antibiotics. Several analytical methods were already been developed to evaluate different organic foods based on separation techniques or elemental analysis, as well as considering molecular spectroscopy. In some cases, chemometric tools were also considered. Research concerning organic food seems to have started in 1980. Until now, this has been a prominent topic of study. Thus, this review proposes a practical guide to verify which analytical techniques and organic food have already been investigated until this moment, which contributes to and facilitates the development of research in this latent topic of study.