Removal Of Chlorophyll Research Articles

Antioxidant activities of lead (Leucaena leucocephala) seed as affected by extraction solvent, prior dechlorophyllisation and drying methods.

Extracts of brown lead (Leucaena leucocephala) seed prepared using different extraction solvents were determined for antioxidative activities using different assays. The highest yield (3.4-4.0%) was obtained when water was used as an extraction solvent, compared with all ethanolic extracts used (1.2-2.0%) (P < 0.05). Much lower chlorophyll content was found in the water extract. When hot water was used, the resulting extract contained lower total phenolic and mimosine contents (P < 0.05). In general, 60-80% ethanolic extracts had higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity than water extracts (P < 0.05). When brown lead seed was dechlorophyllised prior to extraction, the water extract had slightly increased yield with lower chlorophyll content. Nevertheless, prior chlorophyll removal resulted in the increase in antioxidative activities but lower total phenolic and mimosine contents (P < 0.05). Generally, phenolic compounds and mimosine were more released when water was used as the extraction solvent, while the lower amount of chlorophyll was extracted. Oven-drying exhibited the negative effect on antioxidative activities and mimosine content. The higher antioxidative activities with concomitant higher total phenolic and mimosine contents were found in water extract dried by freeze drying. Thus, extraction solvent, dechlorophyllisation and drying methods directly influenced the yield and antioxidative activity of lead seed extract.

Simultaneous esterification, transesterification and chlorophyll removal from green seed canola oil using solid acid catalysts

Green seed canola (GSC) oil is a nonedible potential feedstock for biodiesel production. In this work, 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) was supported by using organic functional group (i.e. APTES) and was incorporated into the SBA-15 structure. The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, FTIR, Raman, TPD and ICP-MS analysis techniques. The catalytic activity of these catalysts was tested using a stirred tank reactor. From the study, organic functional group anchored TPA on SBA-15 shows higher catalytic activity for esterification of free fatty acid (FFA), whereas TPA incorporated into SBA-15 shows higher catalytic activity for transesterification, for biodiesel production from waste green seed canola oil. A 45wt% TPA incorporated SBA-15 produces the ester yield of 97.33wt%, when 2.96wt% catalyst (based on green seed canola oil) and 25.84 methanol to green seed canola (GSC) oil molar ratio are used at 200°C for reaction time of 6.25h. Besides, the catalyst also improves the quality of the biodiesel by adsorbing chlorophyll from the feedstock (75.56% chlorophyll removal), during transesterification reaction. Kinetic study shows that the formation of methyl oleate is the slowest, compared to other fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) formation. The thermodynamic property values also agree with this result.

Dot immunobinding assay method with chlorophyll removal for the detection of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a new virus from Fiji, has seriously damaged rice crops in southern China and northern Vietnam in recent years. This virus is difficult to diagnose in the early stages of infection, and is very destructive at the late stage. In the present study, a dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) that has a high sensitivity for diagnosing SRBSDV was developed. Two kinds of treatment for the DIBA were evaluated to determine the most effective one for removing chlorophyll interferences via rice extraction. The first included several reagents to remove chlorophyll, namely, the alkaline reagents like magnesium oxide and alumina oxide, the adsorbent reagents like activated carbon and bentonite, as well as the extraction agent acetone. The second and third treatments, which were used to remove chlorophyll in blot membrane-nitrocellulose and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), included several organic solvents containing methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether. The results showed that activated carbon and methanol yielded the best contrasting purple color for the infected samples by decreasing the chlorophyll content.

Pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during Microcystis-dominated and non-Microcystis-dominated periods

Performance of pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during a non-Microcystis-dominated period (period I) and a Microcystis-dominated period (period II) was investigated in terms of algae cell concentration, total phosphorus content, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton species structure. During period I the ineffective filter-feeding for small green algae resulted in the increase of small single algae, which led to the negative removal of chlorophyll a, and when the biomass was higher, the negative was more significant. However, due to the effective filter-feeding of silver carp for Microcystis flos-aquae, the average removal efficiency exceeded 50% at all stocking biomass levels (20-120 g/m(3)) used in experiments during period II. Total phosphorus removal efficiencies could exceed 50% at silver carp biomass stocking levels of 60-80 g/m(3) during both period I and period II. The experimental results indicated that silver carp stocking contributed to the removal of colony-forming cyanobacteria, but led to the increase of single-cell algae (mainly green algae and diatoms) during both period I and period II. The initial phytoplankton community structure and the control of nutrient level were important factors in the choice of silver carp stocking biomass when used to purify algae-loaded water.

A case study to determine the efficacy of ozonation in purification processes

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozone in water purification processes at the Midvaal Water Company, which uses the hypertrophic Middle Vaal River for source water. It was found that pre- and intermediate ozonation had no significant effect on pH, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC). Chlorophyll-a, total chlorophyll, spectral absorbance coefficient (SAC 254) and total algal cells were not influenced by pre-ozonation (as desired) but were greatly reduced after intermediate ozonation. The dissolved air flotation step which occurs after preozonation and prior to intermediate ozonation contributed to an average total chlorophyll removal of 74%. The effect of ozonation on the removal of manganese, iron and aluminium could not be determined during this study since these elements were present in relatively low concentrations in the source water. Intermediate ozonation had variable effects on the removal of Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Chlorophyceae, but Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Cryptophyceae were greatly reduced after this stage.

Selective Extraction of Lutein from Alcohol Treated Chlorella vulgaris by Supercritical CO2

AbstractA pretreatment process using alcohol for the removal of chlorophyll a, b and β‐carotene from Chlorella vulgaris was developed to improve the yield and selectivity of lutein in the extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was carried out after pretreatment in the pressure range of 20 to 40 MPa and the temperature range of 40 to 80 °C. Ethanol and methanol were selected as elution solvents, of which ethanol was found most suitable for the elution, or pretreatment, process. The amounts of lutein and other compounds were analyzed by HPLC with the mixture of methanol and THF as the mobile phase. The amount of lutein in the extract increased with pressure, but decreased with extraction temperature. The highest recovery percentage and the selectivity of lutein were around 52.9 ± 0.02 % and 43.1 ± 0.02 %, respectively, obtained from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with pretreatment and ethanol entrainer at 40 MPa and 40 °C.

DETERMINING OPTIMIZED CONDITIONS FOR REMOVAL OF CHLOROPHYLL IN EXTRACTED LIQUID FROM NEEM LEAVES BY DISTILLED WATER BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

Chlorophyll content in liquid ethanol extract of neem’s leaves has bad effect on quality and storage time of the extract. In this study, we tried to remove remaining chlorophyll in the liquid ethanol extract of neem’s leaves by distilled water. The results showed that after chlorophyll removing, the liquid extract still retained almost all the biological activity ingredients (limonoid). Three effecting factors, i.e., (i) The time to cool to precipitate chlorophyll in the extracted liquid, (ii) The initial content of chlorophyll; (iii) The ratio between the extracted liquid and distilled water added all affect chlorophyll removal efficiency, have been studied. The Response Surface Method (RSM) showed that, the optimal conditions for removing chlorophyll process, the ratio between extracted liquid and distilled water respectively is 16.8 μg/ml and 1.3 (13:10; v:v). The time to cool to precipitate chlorophyll in the extracted liquid didi not have significantly affect on the performance of the removing chlorophyll’s contents.

Modeling of electrolysis process in wastewater treatment using different types of neural networks

Indirect electrolysis has been used for the removal of chlorophyll a (as indicator of algae) from the final effluent of aerated lagoons in the wastewater treatment plant of Bu-Ali Industrial Estate. The efficiency of the process was studied experimentally and by simulation using neural networks. The process analysis was done in different conditions of retention time (5–50 min) and using two types of electrodes based on aluminum and stainless steel, with different distances between electrodes (from 1.0 to 3.5 cm). The electrical current and the average voltage applied were between 5 and 90 A (0.74–12 A dm −3) and 50 V, respectively. The influence of the main parameters of the electrolysis process on the final values for chlorophyll a, TSS and COD is evaluated experimentally. On the other hand, predictions of the main system outputs of a treated waste as a function of initial characteristics (initial values of chlorophyll a, TSS, COD) and operation conditions (temperature, electric power, time, electrode distance, and electrode type) were performed using artificial neural networks. The modeling methodologies elaborated in this paper are based on different types of neural networks, used individually or aggregated in stacks. They were developed gradually in the sense of improving the model performance. The neural network results represent accurate predictions, useful for experimental practice.

Use of tea extracts for inhibition of polyphenoloxidase and retardation of quality loss of Pacific white shrimp during iced storage

Green tea and mulberry tea powder with and without prior chlorophyll removal were extracted with water and ethanol (800 mL L −1). Extraction yield and total phenolic content of green tea extract were higher than those of mulberry tea extract, regardless of extraction media ( P < 0.05). Extracts from green tea with and without prior chlorophyll removal showed the higher polyphenoloxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity, compared with mulberry tea extract, at the concentration used (0.1, 0.5 or 1 g L −1). Additionally, green tea extracts had the higher reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and copper chelating activity, compared with mulberry tea extract ( P < 0.05). Ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal contained (+)-catechin (C), (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) at the levels of 242, 33.4, 125.6, 140.6 and 25.2 g kg −1 dry extract, respectively. Whole white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal at concentrations of 5 and 10 g L −1 and stored in ice for up to 12 days had the lower psychrophilic bacterial count and lipid oxidation, compared with the control and shrimp treated with 12.5 g L −1 sodium metabisulfite (SMS) ( P < 0.05). Shrimp treated with 5 g L −1 ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal possessed the lower melanosis, compared with the control, and showed similar score to those treated with SMS ( P > 0.05). Furthermore, ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal had no adverse impact on sensory attributes of treated shrimp.

Polyphenolic Acids from Mint (the Aerial of Mentha haplocalyx Briq.) with DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

Vegetables of mint (the aerial part of Mentha haplocalyx) contain a significant amount of polyphenols with many health benefits. The crude aqueous acetone extract exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC(50)= 45.67 mug/mL) in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The activity-guided separation of chlorophyll removal fraction on column chromatography afforded 8 polyphenolic acids, including a new compound, cis-salvianolic acid J (1), and 7 known compounds, salvianolic acid J (2), lithospermic acid (3), rosmarinic acid (4), lithospermic acid B (5), magnesium lithospermate B (6), sodium lithospermate B (7), and danshensu (8), respectively. Their structural elucidations of all the compounds were based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) and by comparison with reference values. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 to 8 were isolated from Mentha genus for the 1st time. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated.

Investigating dissolved air flotation performance with cyanobacterial cells and filaments

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) performance with two different naturally occurring cyanobacterial morphologies was investigated with respect to the biomass removal efficiency, the toxin release to water and the coagulant demand by different water background natural organic matter (NOM). Coagulation (C)/Flocculation (F)/DAF bench-scale experiments (2 min coagulation at 380 s −1 with polyaluminium chloride (0.5–4 mg/L Al 2O 3, the dose depending on the water NOM content); 8 min flocculation at 70 s −1; 8 min DAF with 5 bar relative pressure and 8% pressurised recycle) were performed with single cells of Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix rubescens filaments spiked in synthetic waters with different NOM contents (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic NOM; moderate (2–3 mgC/L) vs. moderate-high concentration ( ca. 6 mgC/L)). For both morphologies, the results show no apparent cyanobacterial damage (since the water quality did not degrade in dissolved microcystins and the removal of intracellular microcystins matched the removal of chlorophyll a) and high biomass removal efficiencies (93–99% for cells and 92–98% for filaments) provided optimal coagulant dose for chlorophyll a removal was ensured. Charge neutralisation by the polyaluminium chloride was the main coagulation mechanism of the M. aeruginosa cells and most likely also of the P. rubescens filaments. The specific coagulant demand was severely affected by NOM hydrophobicity, hydrophobic NOM (with a specific UV 254nm absorbance, SUVA, above 4 L/(m mgC)) requiring ca. the triple of hydrophilic NOM (SUVA below 3 L/(m mgC)), i.e. 0.7 vs. 0.2–0.3 mg Al 2O 3/mg DOC.

An Efficient Organic Solvent Based Extraction Method for the Proteomic Analysis ofArabidopsisPlasma Membranes

Membrane proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes and are an integral component of many signaling cascades, but due to their highly hydrophobic nature and the complexities associated with studying these proteins in planta, alternative methods are being developed to better characterize these proteins on a proteome-wide scale. In our previous work ( Mitra , S. K. et al. J. Proteome Res. 2007 , 6 , ( 5 ), 1933 - 50 ), methanol-assisted solubilization was determined to facilitate the identification of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane proteins compared to Brij-58 solubilization and was particularly effective for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs). To improve peptide identification and to overcome sample losses after tryptic digestion, we have developed an effective chloroform extraction method to promote plasma membrane protein identification. The use of chloroform extraction over traditional solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to off-line strong cation exchange liquid chromatography (SCXC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis facilitated the removal of chlorophylls, major contaminants of plant tissue preparations that can affect downstream analysis, in addition to the effective removal of trypsin used in the digestion. On the basis of a statistically derived 5% false discovery rate, the chloroform extraction procedure increased the identification of unique peptides for plasma membrane proteins over SPE by 70% which produced nearly a 2-fold increase in detection of membrane transporters and LRR RLKs without increased identification of contaminating Rubisco and ribosomal peptides. Overall, the combined use of methanol and chloroform provides an effective method to study membrane proteins and can be readily applied to other tissues and cells types for proteomic analysis.

New Phenylethanoid Glycosides and Sugar Esters from Ku‐Ding‐Cha, a Herbal Tea Produced from Ligustrum purpurascens

Ku-Ding-Cha is a kind of herbal tea used commonly in China for its effects on hypertension, fatness, inflammation, and diuresis. The chlorophyll removal fraction from 60% aqueous acetone extract of Ku-Ding-Cha produced from the leaves of Ligustrum purpurascens (Oleaceae) exhibited observable antioxidant activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (SC50 = 45 microg/mL). Further detailed phytochemical investigation on this fraction led to the isolation of 2 new phenylethanoid glycosides, ligupurpurosides C-D (1 and 2), and 2 new sugar esters, ligupurpurosides E-F (3 and 4), together with 15 known compounds (5 to 19). All of them, except for 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12, were isolated from Ku-Ding-Cha and its original plants for the first time. The chemical structures were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data, including 1D, 2D NMR, and FABMS. In addition, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by DPPH assay.

Relative performance of duckweed ponds and rock filtration as advanced in-pond wastewater treatment processes for upgrading waste stabilisation pond effluent: a pilot study

An experimental pilot plant was operated over a five month period to assess the relative treatment performances of: a duckweed (DW) pond; a rock filter (RF); and an open pond (OP); for the upgrading of final WSP effluent prior to reuse applications. Each pilot treatment system consisted of three identical ponds arranged in three parallel series, each fed a continuous flow of wastewater from the local Bolivar treatment plant. Light penetration profiling for the DW and OP systems revealed some 55% greater light attenuation capacity for DW ponds compared to the OP system. Results showed a significantly elevated performance capacity for the RF treatment with respect to BOD5, SS, turbidity and NH4-N removal, but equal treatment performances for algal (chlorophyll) removal. No significant performance differences were evident between the DW and OP treatments for any of the monitored parameters. Soluble reactive phosphorus, faecal coliform and E. coli removals were similar for all pilot treatment systems. Rock filters not only demonstrated an enhanced performance capacity in terms of removal of loaded parameters, but also showed greater reliability of performance and produced a consistently higher quality final effluent. Rock filters demonstrated greater potential over both DW and OP systems for the upgrading of WSP effluent prior to reuse application.

Decolorization of vegetable oils: Chlorophyll- a adsorption by acid-activated sepiolite

The adsorption characteristics of acid activated sepiolite (AAS) for the removal of chlorophyll- a (C 55H 72MgN 4O 5) from rapeseed oil was studied as a function of different sepiolite dosages and bleaching temperatures. A correlation has been shown between the adsorption capacity and a combination of AAS amount, bleaching temperature and oxidative reactions of chlorophyll- a. The adsorption equilibrium was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.36 mg/g on AAS and K L value ranging from 6.11 to 19.51 kg/mg at 80 and 100 °C. It was found that AAS is an effective sorbent for the removal of chlorophyll- a molecule which is believed to adsorb as a protonated species onto Si OH groups at the edge in the tetrahedral sheet of sepiolite. These findings reveal that chlorophyll- a molecules not only adsorb onto the external surface of AAS but replace the released Mg 2+ ions in the octahedral sheet; they, depending on the pore size of AAS, are also incorporated in the channels and tunnels of sepiolite. A structural model is proposed to account for the orientation of chlorophyll- a in the sepiolite matrix.

Development of a method for chlorophyll removal from canola oil using mineral acids

AbstractBecause of the high level of chlorophyll‐type compounds found in canola oil, bleaching is an important and critical step in the canola oil refining process. In this study, a new method for reducing the chlorophyll‐type impurities prior to the bleaching step was developed. This method is based on precipitating the chlorophyll compounds with mineral acids. Concentrations of chlorophyll‐type compounds of up to 30 ppm could be reduced to amounts of less than 0.01 ppm by mixing the crude canola oil with a 0.4 wt% mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acids (2:0.75, vol/vol) for 5 min at 50°C. Centrifugation and filtration also were examined as two main methods for separating the chlorophyll precipitates. The results showed that filtration by a precoated textural filter with filter‐aid clay could separate the precipitates as well as the centrifugation method.

The dark side of green fluorescent protein

Here, severe interference of chlorophyll with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence is described for medicago (Medicago truncatula), rice (Oryza sativa) and arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This interference disrupts the proportional relationship between GFP content and fluorescence that is intrinsic to its use as a quantitative reporter. The involvement of chlorophyll in the loss of GFP fluorescence with leaf age was shown in vivo, by the removal of chlorophyll through etiolation or by ethanol extraction, and in vitro, by titration of a GFP solution with chlorophyll solutions of various concentrations. A substantial decrease in fluorescence in early development of medicago and rice leaves correlated with chlorophyll accumulation. In all three species tested, removal of chlorophyll yielded up to a 10-fold increase in fluorescence. Loss of GFP fluorescence in vitro was 4-fold greater for chlorophyll b than for chlorophyll a. Differences exist between plant species for the discrepancy between apparent GFP fluorescence and its actual level in green tissues. Substantial errors in estimating promoter activity from GFP fluorescence can occur if pigment interference is not considered.

THE EFFECT OF PEAT MOSS PARTICLES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EASTERN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA

This study was designed to evaluate whether the addition of peat moss particles to an algal diet influenced the physiology, biochemical composition, reproductive development, and survival of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) under laboratory conditions. In two consecutive 5-wk trials (13°C to 15°C), 70-mm oysters were fed a mixed algal diet (25 μg Chl L−1 or 2.3 mg TPM L−1) supplemented with 3 concentrations of peat particles (2.7, 11.2, or 31.2 mg TPM L−1). The proportion of organic matter (POM:TPM) in the various diets increased from 79% for the algal control to 96% for the highest peat concentration. Following a 5-d acclimation period, oysters in the various treatments exhibited similar clearance rates calculated either on the basis of chlorophyll (2.3 L h−1g−1) or particle removal (2.8 L h−1g−1). Chlorophyll filtration rates were similar among treatments (63 μg Chl h−1g−1), whereas particle filtration rates increased with peat concentration in the diet (9–58 mg TPM h−1 g−1). Although pseudofeces production rates increased with peat concentration (2–30 mg TPM h−1g−1), estimates of particle ingestion rate also increased (7–28 mg TPM h−1g−1). Fecal production rates were similar for the various treatments (2 mg TPM h−1g−1) as were respiration rates (0.32 ml O2 h−1g−1). Oysters sampled after 3-wk and 5-wk exposure to the four diet treatments exhibited no significant differences in biochemical composition, gonad maturation rate or survival. In general, this study suggested that the presence of peat particles in an excess algal diet had no impact on oyster performance. However, the results of these laboratory trials may not be directly applicable to oysters subjected to similar peat concentrations under field conditions.

Novel Strategies for Isolation and Characterization of Cyclotides: The Discovery of Bioactive Macrocyclic Plant Polypeptides in the Violaceae

This review focuses on the discovery of cyclotides in the Violaceae, their isolation and their anti-cancer effects. These macrocyclic plant peptides consist of about 30 amino acids, including three conserved disulfide bonds in a cystine knotted arrangement, which renders them a remarkable stability. Their unique structure, combined with a wide array of biological activities, makes them of great interest as possible leads in drug development or as carriers of grafted peptide sequences. Here we describe the work conducted in our laboratory, which started with the overall aim of identifying peptides and small proteins of the size 10-50 amino acid residues in plants with novel chemical structures and biological profiles with a potential for drug development or for use as pharmacological tools. Thus we developed a fractionation protocol to directly address major challenges encountered when dealing with plant material, such as removal of chlorophyll, polyphenols, and low molecular compounds omnipresent in plants. Using this protocol, we then discovered a suite of cyclotides, the varv peptides, from the plant Viola arvensis (Violaceae). Following this, separation methods directly targeting cyclotides were developed, e.g. by adsorption, ion exchange chromatography and solvent-solvent partitioning, which then were used in the isolation of additional cyclotides. To structurally examine cyclotides we have also developed methods based on mass spectrometry for cyclotide sequencing and mapping of disulfide bonds. Finally, to assess structure-activity relationships, regarding their anti-cancer and cytotoxic effects that we focus upon, we have also characterized the three dimensional structure of cyclotides by homology modeling techniques.

Physicochemical and Volatile Characterization of Structured Lipids from Olive Oil Produced in a Stirred‐tank Batch Reactor

ABSTRACT: Structured lipid (SL) from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with olive oil was produced, and the physicochemical and volatile characterizations were investigated. In SL‐olive oil, 21.8 mol% of CLA isomers were incorporated, and the removal of tocopherols (63% loss from original olive oil) and chlorophylls (50% loss) was observed. The distinct exothermal peaks observed became broader, and the position of the peak shifted to a lower temperature in SL‐olive oil compared with normal olive oil. Reverse‐phase (ODS column) high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detection separated the newly synthesized SL‐triacylglycerols (TAGs), in which the incorporation of CLA into olive oil increased the content of TAGs with partition number &lt;48 from 9% (in olive oil) to 78% (SL‐olive oil). Total amount of volatile compounds in SL‐olive oil was smaller than those in olive oil, indicating removal of flavor compounds from olive oil occurred during the processes.