Adsorption Of Chloroform Research Articles

The impact of PAC-loaded polymer membrane thickness on chloroform removal and comparison of solvent and thermal membrane regeneration methods.

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) has better adsorption performance than granular activated carbon (GAC) and is widely used in water purification. In most cases, PAC is dosed into water directly, then precipitated as sludge, and landfilled. In this study, PAC was mixed with a polymer and dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent to form a PAC-loaded membrane, which was then tested for chloroform removal. The chloroform adsorption capacity of the PAC membrane increased with increasing membrane thickness because of higher carbon loading. However, regardless of membrane thickness, the flux of the PAC membranes was similar since flux resistance predominantly occurred at the top dense polymer surface. This dense surface can be removed by sandpaper polishing, where the adsorption capacity of the polished PAC membranes was 20% higher than the unpolished membranes because of more even distribution of feed water on the polished surface. Removal of the dense surface via polishing increased the flux by 97% to 130%, exceeding the flux of typical household carbon block filters. Using DMF to regenerate the membrane recovered 48% to 66% of the initial adsorption capacity. Thermal regeneration of the exhausted PAC membrane at 250°C was more effective than DMF regeneration (both in terms of cost and performance), with 83% to 94% PAC membrane regeneration efficiency over four regeneration recycles. After four thermal regeneration cycles, flux increased by 300% and the membrane became brittle because of thermal aging of the polymer, indicating that a total of 6h of regeneration time (equivalent to three cycles in this study) was the limit for effective PAC membrane performance. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Powdered activated carbon was immobilized on a membrane to remove chloroform from water. Thicker membranes increased adsorption capacity but did not impact flux. Flux and capacity increased using polishing to remove the dense polymer surface and more evenly distribute flow across the membrane. Thermal regeneration of the membrane at 250°C was effective for up to three cycles and outperformed solvent-based regeneration. PAC-loaded filters are relevant for applications such as household carbon block filtration.

МОДЕЛЬ АДСОРБЦИОННОЙ ОЧИСТКИ СТОКОВ С УЧЕТОМ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАКЦИИ

The article poses and solves the general problem of the dynamics of adsorption from a liquid in a fixed layer of adsorbent, taking into account a first-order chemical reaction and a linear adsorption isotherm. The adsorption model is based on the mass balance equations of the target component for an infinitesimal layer element and adsorption kinetics, written as a system of linear first-order partial differential equations with corresponding boundary conditions. The problem is solved by the Laplace transform method. This made it possible to reduce the joint solution of a system of equations in the originals to an independent solution in images of the Cauchy problem for an ordinary differential equation and an algebraic equation. As a result, expressions were obtained for the concentrations of the target component in the adsorbent layer and in the flow at any time and in any section of the layer. This made it possible to simulate a practical problem of the adsorption of chloroform by zeolites for the treatment of wastewater from a real swimming pool and obtain interesting graphic materials based on the solution and the developed algorithm. The results of the solution can be translated into numbers by programming in any available high-level algorithmic language. It is shown that the shape of the curves of changes in the concentrations of the target component in the adsorbent and adsorbent over the thickness of the adsorbent layer and over time does not change, although the numerical values of these parameters change in a fairly wide range. It is also noted that in the range of concentration changes considered in the article, the concentration of the adsorbent initially decreases sharply, and then smoothly along the entire length of the fixed adsorbent layer decreases slightly. It has been revealed that the use of methods, techniques and theorems of the Laplace transform method in relation to the problem of adsorption dynamics makes it possible to deeply penetrate the mechanism of the problem being solved, which is not possible with other solution methods. This allows, with a known set of initial data, to find the change in the concentrations of the target component in both phases and select the required thickness of the adsorbent layer.

Comparison of hydrophobic cellulose nanofibrils modified with different diisocyanates for circulating oil absorption

A large number of polluting substances, including chlorinated organic substances that were highly stable and hazardous, has been emitted due to the rapidly developing chemical industry, which will affect the ecological environment. Nanocellulose aerogels are effective carriers for adsorption of oil substances and organic solvents, however, the extremely strong hydrophilicity and poor mechanical properties limited their widespread applications. In this study, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils was modified with 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) to prepare strong and hydrophobic aerogels for oil adsorption. The main purpose was to evaluate and compare the effects of two diisocyanates on various properties of modified aerogels. It was found that the modified aerogel had better hydrophobic properties, mechanical properties and adsorption properties. In particular, the modified aerogel with TDI as crosslinker showed a better performance, with a maximum chloroform adsorption capacity of 99.3 g/g, a maximum water contact angle of 131.3°, and a maximum compression stress of 36.3 kPa. This study provides further evidence of the potential of functional nanocellulose aerogel in addressing environmental pollution caused by industrial emissions.

In English

The structure of water in the interparticle gaps of methyl silica was investigated using the method of low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the main part of the interfacial water is in the form of large clusters, or nanodroplets, which freeze at a temperature of about 273 K. After freezing of this water, signals of strongly and weakly associated water are observed in the spectra, which melts at temperatures of 215–368 K. It is likely that the freezing of weakly associated of water occurs through the formation of clusters in which closely spaced water molecules interact not through hydrogen bonds, but through dipole-dipole interactions. In the presence of chloroform, the amount of weakly associated water increases several times. This is explained by the possibility of formation of chloroform hydrates, in which the mobility of water molecules is approximately the same as in strongly associated water clusters. If joint adsorption of chloroform and methane occurs on the hydrated surface of methyl silica, under the influence of CH4, weakly mobile weakly associated water is transformed into methane hydrates in quasi-liquid and solid states, while only mobile forms of hydrates are recorded in the spectra. DMSO reduces the possibility of formation of weakly associated water, but a certain amount of it is fixed even in the medium of liquid DMSO. At the same time, the freezing of water in systems containing DMSO occurs at much lower temperatures due to solvation of water and DMSO molecules. The difference in interphase energy in air and in organic media determines the solvation energy.

Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Arachidic and Stearic Acids as Sensitive Coatings for Chloroform HF SAW Sensors.

Properties of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of arachidic and stearic acids, versus the amount of the films' monolayers were studied and applied for chloroform vapor detection with acoustoelectric high-frequency SAW sensors, based on an AT quartz two-port Rayleigh type SAW resonator (414 MHz) and ST-X quartz SAW delay line (157.5 MHz). Using both devices, it was confirmed that the film with 17 monolayers of stearic acid deposited on the surface of the SAW delay line at a surface pressure of 30 mN/m in the solid phase has the best sensitivity towards chloroform vapors, compared with the same films with other numbers of monolayers. For the SAW resonator sensing using slightly longer arachidic acid molecules, the optimum performance was reached with 17 LB film layers due to a sharper decrease in the Q-factor with mass loading. To understand the background of the result, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in intermittent contact mode was used to study the morphology of the films, depending on the number of monolayers. The presence of the advanced morphology of the film surface with a maximal average roughness (9.3 nm) and surface area (29.7 µm2) was found only for 17-monolayer film. The effects of the chloroform vapors on the amplitude and the phase of the acoustic signal for both SAW devices at 20 °C were measured and compared with those for toluene and ethanol vapors; the largest responses were detected for chloroform vapor. For the film with an optimal number of monolayers, the largest amplitude response was measured for the resonator-based device. Conversely, the largest change in the acoustic phase produced by chloroform adsorption was measured for delay-line configuration. Finally, it was established that the gas responses for both devices coated with the LB films are completely restored 60 s after chamber cleaning with dry air.

Prospects for the use of surface waters of the Irkutsk region for drinking water supply and the production of soft drinks

One of the urgent problems of modern civilization is the provision of the population with highquality drinking water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 5-10 % of the population suffers from waterborne diseases. According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being in nine cities of the Siberian Federal District, the influence of water quality on the formation of population morbidity (from 7,7 to 41,0 %) has been established. Analysis of the data presented in the State reports on the state and protection of the environment of the Irkutsk region showed that in the surface waters of the region there is a systematic excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for phenol, and in some controlled areas for chloroform. One of the main components used in the production of various non-alcoholic products is water. Various organic substances, such as phenols, petroleum products, halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons, according to the requirements for the quality of water used for the preparation of soft drinks, should be absent. Therefore, the purpose of the study was the use of various adsorption systems for wastewater treatment in the Irkutsk region for drinking water supply and the production of soft drinks. Used the adsorption method. The studies were carried out on model aqueous solutions, both of individual substances and in their joint presence. Mathematical modeling of the sorption process under dynamic conditions has been carried out. As a result of the studies carried out, the possibility of using charcoal for wastewater treatment has been proven. Pretreatment of activated carbon with hydrochloric acid practically does not affect the adsorption of chloroform, but leads to an increase in the adsorption of phenol. Hydrochloric acid helps to remove iron ions from the pores of the sorbents. A decrease in the degree of water purification from phenol with an increase in pH leads to the suppression of adsorption. The effect of phenol and chloroform on the value of adsorption has been established. The sorption process is limited by external mass transfer. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental output curves of phenol and chloroform sorption from individual solutions and in their joint presence is calculated.

Leaching of organic matters and formation of disinfection by-product as a result of presence of microplastics in natural freshwaters

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment that may cause negative impacts on the aquatic organisms and human health. They exist in water and wastewater, which are from several sources, such as inappropriate disposal and littering. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the characteristics of MPs in different water types and oxidation processes and study dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching and chloroform formation. A commonly existing plastic matter, polyethylene (PE) was placed in different waters and gone through the Fenton-like reaction and the chlorination. The result showed that the PE leached nearly a similar amount of DOC (<1 mg L−1), which was regardless of the water types and under low-dosed irradiation/dark environment. The leached DOC caused the chloroform formation after the chlorination in the waters. During the Fenton-like reaction with the PE, a higher amount of leached DOC (∼3 mg L−1) was detected compared with that in the chlorination (∼0.8 mg L−1). The degree of DOC leaching from the PE caused by the oxidation processes was reflected by the degree of surface structural damage on the PE. However, the chlorination resulted in a higher chloroform formation from the PE (∼20 μg L−1) as the Fenton-like reaction degraded the chloroform. The higher the sodium hypochlorite concentration, the higher the chloroform concentration. When the chloroform existed in the water with the PE, adsorption of chloroform onto the PE was initially observed; however the rate of volatilization would be higher than the rate of adsorption eventually. This study offers useful information for the risk assessment of MPs in our fresh water and drinking water and possible mitigation strategies.

One-step synthesis of modified graphene aerogels for the adsorption of chloroform, toluene, and gasoline using pine wood chips as raw material

Three-dimensional self-assembled pine sawdust modified graphene aerogel (PPG) was prepared in a simple and low-cost manner. This preparation successfully utilized forestry waste and enabled a one-step synthesis of PPG for the adsorption of chloroform, toluene, and gasoline in simulated seawater. The introduction of the sawdust yielded significant improvement in the mechanical properties, adsorption capacity, and hydrophobicity of the graphene aerogel. A water contact angle of 153.9° and adsorption capacities of 44–63 g/g were obtained for chloroform, toluene, and gasoline, which were better than those of the graphene aerogel (PG) without the addition of pine sawdust. PPG can be regenerated by repeated heat treatment or combustion. The adsorption capacity of PPG remained at ~90% and ~70% of the initial value after 2 and 10 cycles, respectively. With good adsorption selectivity, high adsorption capacity, thermal stability, and good recoverability, PPG is expected to be a potential candidate material in the field of seawater purification.

Room temperature gas sensing mechanism of SnO2 towards chloroform: Comparing first principles calculations with sensing experiments

Herein, room temperature sensing of chloroform (CHCl3) gas using SnO2 nanostructured thin films synthesized via a single-step aerosol chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) process is demonstrated. The sensing mechanism is investigated by means of dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of chloroform’s adsorption on the (110) facet of rutile SnO2. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that direct adsorption of chloroform on the stoichiometric and the oxygen defective SnO2 surface is thermodynamically favorable. Upon adsorption, chloroform molecules donate charge to the surface inducing a drop in the surface resistance, thus promoting a sensing response. Calculated adsorption energies are in the range of (0.7–1.0 eV) per chloroform molecule, which is noticeably larger than the previously calculated adsorption energies on graphene and graphene oxide (0.2–0.4 eV), suggesting a stronger binding on metal-oxides compared to carbon-based materials. Long-range dispersive interactions are found to account for>50% of the calculated adsorption energies. AIMD simulations in the canonical ensemble at room temperature show that chloroform molecules minimally interact with the ionosorbed oxygen species (O2-) suggesting that the room temperature sensing mechanism is mainly attributed to the direct binding of chloroform molecules on the sensor surface.

Novel approach to evaluating granulation and segregation level considering the contribution of hydroxypropyl cellulose to the surface property change of granules.

The granulation process is critical to the uniformity of not only the active ingredient (API) but also other excipients in granules. Insufficient granulation results in unexpected product quality, e.g. delayed dissolution and lack of uniformity of API. Therefore, evaluating the granulation and segregation level of granules helps secure the uniformity of drug product quality. Here, we found that the polar surface free energy (SFE) of studied granules increased as granulation by a high shear granulator proceeded. Among the excipients formulated in the studied granules, only hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) showed a higher specific free energy of adsorption (ΔGsp) of chloroform, which is a parameter used to calculate polar SFE. This indicates that the ΔGsp of chloroform in granules helps detect the level of contribution of HPC to the granulation progress by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). We concluded that the ΔGsp of chloroform in a granulated sample is a novel critical material attribute (CMA) in relation to granulation level. In addition, we propose a novel approach to evaluating the quantitative granulation and segregation level based on the ΔGsp of chloroform in a granulated sample by focusing on the distribution of HPC in the granulated sample.

Smart carbon foams with switchable wettability for fast oil recovery

The adsorption and recovery of crude-oil from oily water using oil-selective adsorbents is a highly promising solution for the increasing worldwide oil pollution, but remain a challenge. Herein, we reported a carbon foam (CF) with switchable wettability as smart materials for fast oil adsorption and recovery. By grafting poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) onto the surface of CF, the obtained smart foam presented a pH responsiveness and could change superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surface according to the pH value. Thus, the smart responsive carbon foam could fast adsorb the oil in neutral solution (pH = 7) with high oil adsorption capacity of 62–120 g g−1 and desorb all the adsorbed oil in acidic solution (pH = 1) within 1.5 min. In addition, only 3% loss was observed for oil (chloroform) adsorption and recovery after successive reuses of up to 15 cycles, which demonstrated great recyclability of the materials.

Adsorption Technologies for Water Treatment in the Production of Fruit and Whey Drinks

A study was made of the adsorption of chloroform from aqueous solutions on activated carbon (AC) of Ag-3, AG-OB-1, SKD-515 grades. The sorption process in kinetic and dynamic conditions is studied, the mechanism of mass transfer during the adsorption of chloroform to AC of different grades is shown. A method is proposed for optimizing the parameters and modes of the continuous adsorption purification process, based on the fundamental equation of the external diffusion dynamics of adsorption. The main parameters of the adsorption dynamics are determined: the length of the working layer, the length of the unused layer, the coefficient of protective action. On the basis of a complex study of the process of adsorption (equilibrium, kinetics and dynamics) of chloroform, optimization of the purification regime and parameters of the adsorption column using mathematical modeling, an effective technology of additional water purification from the system of centralized domestic drinking water used in the production of fruit and whey drinks was developed.

Removal of Chloroform from Aqueous Solution by the Adsorption onto Zero Valent Iron Supported on Zeolite as an Efficient Adsorbent

Chloroform is one of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Chloroform is the most commonly exist compound of the tri-halo methane (THM); THMs are Halogen-substituted single-carbon compounds with the general formula CHX3. The adsorption of chloroform (CHCl3) from aqueous solution was investigated in series of batch experiment. Two type of adsorbents of zero valent iron were prepared as NZVI and NZVI/ZSM via the reduction method by using sodium boro- hydride as reducing agent. The prepared adsorbent were characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunner –Emmett –Teller (BET), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The BET surface areas of the adsorbents were 254.33, 41, and 116.52 m2/g for ZSM, NZVI, and NZVI/ZSM, respectively. The adsorption isotherm studies were conducted at various initial concentrations of CHCl3 (10-40) mg/L. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were employed to fit the adsorption characteristic of the adsorbent. The removal efficiency of CHCl3 via the NZVI/ZSM from aqueous solution was found to be 19.92 mg/g, which conducted from the Langmuir slope. In addition the adsorption reached equilibrium within 90 min at optimum pH value of 9. It was found that Freundlich isotherm characterized the adsorption process better than that of Langmuir for NZVI/ZSM as indicated by higher correlation coefficient value. Hence, the adsorption of CHCl3 onto NZVI/ZSM can consider as a multilayer adsorption rather than a monolayer adsorption and the prepared adsorbents were found to be effect in the removal of CHCl3 from aqueous solution.

Specific features of the adsorption of chlorinated methanes and water on carbon nanotubes and alumina

The adsorption of CH2Cl2, CH3Cl, CCl4, and H2O vapors on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and alumina in the temperature range of 10—25 °C was studied. Dependences of the isosteric heat of adsorption on the surface coverage were plotted. The initial heat of adsorption of dichloromethane, chloroform, and CCl4 on Al2O3 was found to be equal to 71, 28, and 31 kJ mol–1, respectively. In most cases, adsorption on the oxide adsorbent was characterized by a higher heat of adsorption compared to that found on the carbon material, which is apparently related to chemical interaction of sorbed molecules with the OH groups of the alumina surface.

Adsorption of chloroform on N-doped and Al-doped graphene: A first-principle study

Adsorption properties of chloroform (CHCl3) on pristine graphene, N-doped graphene and Al-doped graphene are studied by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations reveal that there are higher charge transfer and smaller adsorption distance and bigger adsorption energy when CHCl3 is adsorbed on Al-doped graphene comparing with adsorptions on pristine graphene and N-doped graphene. The p-p orbital coupling between Al and Cl is stronger than those of CCl and NCl, which suggests that Al-doped graphene is more sensitive to the adsorption of CHCl3. Al-doped graphene can be a good candidate for sensors or catalyst to detect and adsorb CHCl3.

Probing the (110)-Oriented plane of rutile ZnF2: A DFT investigation

For many years, rutile-like crystals have given rise to pronounced enthusiasm amongst mineralogists. In this context, rutile-type ZnF2 has found numerous applications across a variety of disciplines, ranging from material sciences to optoelectronics. Surprisingly, very limited literature is concerned with the molecular adsorption on ZnF2 surfaces and related energetics. Additionally, surface probing with small particles is a well-entrenched technique to analyze the interfacial properties. In this regard, small organic species are valuable picks. In the present work, we have employed electronic structure calculations to simulate the adsorption of methane, chloroform, pyrrole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene and pentacene at the (110) plane of rutile ZnF2. Dispersion-corrected DFT method was chosen to predict the binding energies and structures of molecule-adsorbed surfaces. Interestingly, a linear proportionality relationship was found between the binding energies of aromatic adsorbates and their respective molecular lengths. By applying this relationship, we were able to predict the adsorption energy of pentacene on ZnF2 to within 2% of our DFT-based result.

Graphene oxide and adsorption of chloroform: A density functional study.

Chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds are of environmental concerns, since they are toxic to humans and other mammals, and are widespread, and exposure is hard to avoid. Understanding and improving methods to reduce the amount of the substances are important. We present an atomic-scale calculational study of the adsorption of chlorine-based substance chloroform (CHCl3) on graphene oxide, as a step in estimating the capacity of graphene oxide for filtering out such substances, e.g., from drinking water. The calculations are based on density functional theory, and the recently developed consistent-exchange functional for the van der Waals density-functional method is employed. We obtain values of the chloroform adsorption energy varying from roughly 0.2 to 0.4 eV per molecule. This is comparable to previously found results for chloroform adsorbed directly on clean graphene, using similar calculations. In a wet environment, like filters for drinking water, the graphene will not stay clean and will likely oxidize, and thus adsorption onto graphene oxide, rather than clean graphene, is a more relevant process to study.

Spectroscopic Investigation of Surface-Dependent Acid–Base Property of Ceria Nanoshapes

In addition to their well-known redox character, the acid–base property is another interesting aspect of ceria-based catalysts. Herein, the effect of surface structure on the acid–base property of ceria was studied in detail by utilizing ceria nanocrystals with different morphologies (cubes, octahedra, and rods) that exhibit crystallographically well-defined surface facets. The nature, type, strength, and amount of acid and base sites on these ceria nanoshapes were investigated via in situ IR spectroscopy combined with various probe molecules. Pyridine adsorption shows the presence of Lewis acid sites (Ce cations) on the ceria nanoshapes. These Lewis acid sites are relatively weak and similar in strength among the three nanoshapes according to the probing by both pyridine and acetonitrile. Two types of basic sites, hydroxyl groups and surface lattice oxygen are present on the ceria nanoshapes, as probed by CO2 adsorption. CO2 and chloroform adsorption indicate that the strength and amount of the Lewis base sites are shape dependent: rods > cubes > octahedra. The weak and strong surface dependence of the acid and base sites, respectively, are a result of interplay between the surface structure dependent coordination unsaturation status of the Ce cations and O anions and the amount of defect sites on the three ceria nanoshapes. Furthermore, it was found that the nature of the acid–base sites of ceria can be impacted by impurities, such as Na and P residues that result from their use as structure-directing reagent in the hydrothermal synthesis of the ceria nanocrystals. This observation calls for precaution in interpreting the catalytic behavior of nanoshaped ceria where trace impurities may be present.

Dry Sorbent Injection (DSI) System for the Abatement of VOCs from Gas Streams

In this study, the removal of VOCs from gas streams was experimentally investigated by using dry sorbent injection (DSI) technique. The experimental studies were performed in a laboratory scale DSI set up. Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were chosen as VOCs. The adsorbent for VOCs was commercial activated carbon (Envirocarb AP4-50). The DSI experiments were conducted using various initial bulk gas concentrations, different solid adsorbent loading rates, different gas flow rates, at temperature of 40 °C and the atmospheric pressure. The adsorption of VOCs on the activated carbon sample increased with increasing the particle residence time, the adsorbent loading, and the initial bulk gas concentration. But, the adsorption of VOCs decreased with the increase of the gas flow rate. The change of the adsorption rate with the particle residence time within a given, the adsorbent mass loading rate showed that the adsorption process carried out as a diffusion-controlled. It was also observed that the adsorption of chloroform on the activated carbon used was higher than that of carbon tetrachloride in all experimental conditions carried out. The experimental results were compared with the data obtained from solution of a theoretical model developed for DSI in literature. The Freundlich parameters (kF and q) of VOCs studied was determined by using a fixed bed in order to use in solutions the DSI model equations. The parameters such as ϕT, σp and dpore calculated from particle and pore size distribution data were used in the model solutions. The experimental results, especially at high solid adsorbent loading rates, were found to be in agreement with the DSI model solutions.

Development of a Thin-Film Microextraction Device based on ZSM-5/Tenax TA for VOC Detection in Liquid Samples

The zeolite material ZSM-5 was combined with Tenax TA, a porous polymer adsorbent, to form a thin film microextraction (TFME) device that was used as a novel alternative tool for headspace (HS) volatile organic compound (VOC) extraction and preconcentration. The ZSM-5/Tenax TA film deposited on a cylindrical aluminium rod (AR) substrate exhibited superior properties for the adsorption and preconcentration of chloroform, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, and toluene compared with those of a conventional Tenax TA film when applied in both the direct and HS extraction modes. The advantages of the fabricated device include its enhanced chromatographic performance and consequently lower detection limits for certain VOCs, the improved retention of compounds in the film (possibly enabling its application for both HS and direct extractions from aqueous solutions), the exceptional simplicity of its fabrication, and its robustness. The use of the film for HS extraction leads to increased application lifetime, film stability and shorter preparation times, because drying step is not necessary. Desorption of the adsorbed VOCs was achieved by heating in a conventional Curie point injector for less than 2 min. It should be noted that the catalytic properties of the zeolite can be disadvantageous at high VOC concentrations (e.g., 100 μM); abundant background peaks as a result of a range of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons generated via catalytic degradation of adsorbed compounds at high temperature in the presence of ZSM-5 appear in the gas chromatograph. This effect is still visible at concentrations as low as 10 μM, but does not influence the measurement results. Thus, safe and accurate analyses are achievable at the liquid VOC concentrations in the submicromalar range, which is sufficient for a number of important analytical applications (e.g., detection of VOCs in waste water).