Chlorinated Paraffin Research Articles

Study on electrorheological properties of semiconducting polyaniline‐based suspensions

AbstractElectrorheological (ER) fluids composed of a dispersing medium with a low dielectric constant and polyaniline particles, deprotonated with ammonia or sodium hydroxide at different concentrations for 24 h were studied. The effects of dielectric constant, conductivity and volume fraction of the polyaniline particles, the kind of dispersing medium, addition of surfactant, as well as the electric field strength and temperature on the ER properties of the ER fluids were investigated. The results showed that a moisture‐insensitive, highly ER‐active fluid can be obtained from chlorinated paraffin oil and polyaniline particles deprotonated with ammonia water at certain pH values and exhibited a static yield stress > 10 kPa and current density < 40 μA cm−2 at 2.8 kV mm−1 DC electric field.

Additives from aromatic extracts

AbstractAromatic extract residues, as by‐products, are accumulated in local refineries through the refining of lubricating oils. These residues are dealt with as low economic value products, even their disposal imposes serious problems to the refineries. Therefore, the present work is aimed at upgrading these residues by using them to synthesis some different petroleum additives, e. g. antioxidants, ashless dispersant additives, pour point depressants and flow improvers for crankcase lubricating oils and fuels. Antioxidants are synthesised by reacting mono‐aromatics with phosphorus pentasulphide (P2S5) in the presence of zince oxide (ZnO). Ashless dispersant additives are synthesised by reacting alkylated mono‐aromatics (using chlorinated paraffin wax as alkylating agent) with formaldehyde solution (37%) in the presence of polyisobutylene succinimide. Pour point depressants and flow improvers are synthesised by acylating di‐aromatics via a Friedel‐Crafts' reaction. Comparative evaluation of the performance of the synthesised products with commercial additives showed their good efficiency.

Tribological properties of silicon nitride ceramics coated with molybdenum films under boundary lubrication

The tribological behaviour of Si 3N 4 ceramics, with and without molybdenum films deposited by means of ion beam mixing (IBM), was investigated on a reciprocating friction tester under boundary lubrication. Paraffin oil containing 3 wt.% tricresyl phosphate (TCP), sulfide olefin (SO), chlorinated paraffin (CP) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additives were used to lubricate the ceramics. SEM, EPMA and XPS were used to examine the rubbed surfaces. It was found that concurrent use of the IBM modification and additives reduced the friction of the tribosystem and wear of blocks, and in particular reduced the wear volume of blocks by a factor of 30 with SO lubrication. The wear mechanism and synergistic effects are discussed.

A study of the dynamic behavior of an electrorheological fluid

The dynamic stress‐strain behavior of an electrorheological (ER) fluid was studied using a Rheometric Mechanical Spectrometer with a specially fabricated high voltage, parallel plate cell. With this apparatus, dynamic properties were determined as a function of the applied field, strain, volume fraction, and oscillation frequency. The experimental technique is rapid and represents a convenient way of obtaining dynamical information of ER fluids. The ER fluid used in the study consists of the hydrated lithium salt of poly(methylacrylate) dispersed in a chlorinated paraffin oil. When an electric field is applied, the suspension behaves elastically at low strains and undergoes plastic deformation at high strain, which is characterized by field‐dependent yield stress. This ER fluid behaves like an elastic Bingham fluid.

Selective accumulation of chlorinated paraffins (C 12 and C 16) in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout

Three 14C-labelled polychloroalkanes (C 12 and C 16), representing low (23% Cl by weight), medium (51%), and highly (68%) chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures, were presented to rainbow trout via the water. The uptake in fat-rich tissues was positively correlated to the degree of chlorination of the preparations. Notably, all preparations gave rise to a high and selective uptake of radioactivity in the olfactory organ and gills. This selective radiolabelling may reflect a general ability of these organs to enrich xenobiotics from the surrounding water. The olfactory organ may be a hitherto unforseen target for toxic environmental pollutants in fish.

The effects of DDT, DDOH-palmitic acid, and a chlorinated paraffin on muscarinic receptors and the sodium-dependent choline uptake in the central nervous system of immature mice

Tenday-old NMRI mice were given a single peroral dose of 1.4 μmol/kg body wt of either of the substances of DDT (0.5 mg), DDOH-PA (a DDT metabolite conjugate to palmitic acid; 0.7 mg), or polychlorohexadecane (PCHD, a synthesized chlorinated paraffin; 1.0 mg). The mice were killed either 24 hr or 7 days after treatment, and crude synaptosomal fractions (P2) were prepared from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The density of the muscarinic receptors was assayed by measuring quinuclidinyl benzilate ([ 3H]QNB) specifically bound in the P2 fraction. A significant increase in the specific [ 3H]QNB binding was observed in the cerebral cortex in DDT- and DDOH-PA-treated mice 7 days after treatment, compared to control. These results were further explored by determining the ratio of high- and low-affinity binding sites by using an agonist (carbachol)-antagonist ([ 3H]QNB) competition assay. A significant decrease in the percentage of high-affinity binding sites and a corresponding increase in the percentage of low-affinity binding sites, compared to control, were observed after DDT and DDOH-PA treatment. The presynaptically sodium-dependent choline uptake system also was studied. In mice receiving PCHD there was a significant decrease (65%) in the V max value 7 days after treatment, but no change was observed in mice receiving DDT or DDOH-PA. This study shows that the sensitivity of the cholinergic system to persistent xenobiotics acting over a long period of time may be higher in the immature mouse.

Structural changes of chlorinated paraffins at processing conditions of particulate filled polypropylene

AbstractStructural changes of chlorinated paraffin (CP) have been studied using UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy in the 180 to 220°C temperature range. Formation and further reaction of conjugated polyene sequence with and without MgO is of major concern. It was found that CP dehydrochlorinated at normal processing temperatures of polypropylene in the absence of MgO. A mixture of various polyene sequences was formed. Unlike a stabilizing effect on poly(vinyl chloride), MgO showed a catalytic effect for dehydrochlorination of CP. As a result, longer conjugation was formed with MgO at the same conditions except for the absence of MgO. The longer polyenes were selectively reacted at the conditions studied. A possible chemical bond formation at the particulate filler/polypropylene matrix interface was suggested as one of the reinforcement mechanisms of the composite.

Thermal degradation of polychlorinated alkanes

Thermal degradation products of two polychlorinated alkanes (PCA) containing 59 % and 70 % chlorine, respectively, and also a commercial chlorinated paraffin (CP) containing 70 % chlorine were determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Thermolyses were performed in both inert atmosphere and air at different temperatures and times. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and minor amounts of chlorinated substances were identified products of the medium chlorinated PCA. The highly chlorinated PCA and the commercial CP in addition gave products such as polychlorinated benzenes, toluenes, biphenyls and naphthalenes.

Studies on the distribution and metabolism of a 14C-labelled chlorinated alkane in mice

A 14C-labelled chlorinated paraffin (CP) preparation ([1- 14C]-polychlorohexadecane, 34·1% chlorine by weight) was given to C57 B1 mice. The distribution was studied with whole body autoradiography and the radioactivity in selected tissues, and in expired air and excreta, was measured. As a comparison, the distribution and metabolic degradation of [1- 14C]-palmitic acid were also investigated. The distribution pattern of the CP preparation was characterised by a marked uptake of radioactivity in tissues with high cell turnover rate and/or high metabolic capacity, e.g. in the brown fat, intestinal mucosa, bone marrow and exocrine glands. The exhalation study showed that 44% and 33% of the administered radioactive dose was eliminated as [ 14C]-carbon dioxide within 12h after intravenous and peroral administration, respectively. Thin layer chromatography further indicated that the absorption of the intact molecule from the gastro-intestinal tract was significant. The palmitic acid gave a similar distribution pattern but a more pronounced exhalation of [ 14C]-carbon dioxide (65%). It is concluded that the CP preparation is, at least partly, degraded via intermediary metabolic routes for endogenous substances, but other metabolic pathways and routes of excretion probably also occur.

Thermal degradation of a highly chlorinated paraffin used as a fire retardant additive for polymers

The thermal degradation of a highly chlorinated paraffin, (Cl 70% w/w)(CP), used as a fire retardant additive for polymers, has been studied by TG, DTA and TVA. The main volatile degradation product is HCl which is eliminated in two steps. To 60–70% dehydrochlorination an apparent zero order reaction occurs with a detectable rate from 250°C, probably initiated at labile chlorine atoms. The apparent activation energy of the process is 40 kcal/mole. A charred residue containing 35% chlorine is obtained. This residue undergoes nearly complete dehydrochlorination in the range 300–600°C.

Thermal decomposition of flame retardants: Mixtures of chlorinated polymers with Sb2O3 and (BiO)2CO3

AbstractThe thermal decomposition products that evolve from mixtures of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVC2), and chlorinated paraffin (CP) with Sb2O3 and (BiO)2CO3, respectively, have been analyzed by a method of direct pyrolysis in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. This method allowed us to detect volatile products with masses as high as 226 (SbCl3), 314 (BiCl3), 484 (Sb4), 580 (Sb4O6), and 836 (Bi4). Except for SbCl3, this is the first direct evidence of the presence of these species in the gas phase. The volatilization rate profiles of these species versus the pyrolysis temperature have been also determined. Our data confirm that the effectiveness of the title mixtures as flame‐retardant agents depends on the transport of volatile metal products in the flame and provide direct evidence of the presence of metallic Sb and Bi below the polymer ignition temperatures.

Development of radiation processed wood-polymer composites based on tropical hardwoods

The wood-polymer composites based on tropical hardwoods were prepared with three monomer systems. Use of chlorinated paraffin oil as an additive imparted fire resistance to the composites and also brought down the gamma dose requirement for total polymerisation. A number of tropical hardwoods can be upgraded by radiation curing, but for cost optimisation, hardwoods with high improvement per unit polymer should be selected.

Photochemical Technique for the Elimination of Chlorinated Aromatic Interferences in the Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Analysis for Chlorinated Paraffins

A method is described for eliminating chlorinated aromatic interferences in the analysis for the more volatile chlorinated paraffins. Sample extracts are irradiated in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with high intensity ultraviolet light prior to detection of the chlorinated paraffin by microcoulometric gas-liquid chromatography. Chlorinated aromatic and unsaturated materials, including DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls, are selectively degraded to compounds containing little or no chlorine. Cycloaliphatic pesticides such as toxaphene, chlordane, and mirex are only partially degraded. Analysis of fish fillets fortified with 1 and 5 ppm of a chlorinated paraffin gave recoveries greater than 90%.

(373)塩素化パラフィンに関する研究

(373)塩素化パラフィンに関する研究

Hooker CP-40, A New and Improved Chlorinated Paraffin

Hooker CP-40, A New and Improved Chlorinated Paraffin

Chlorinated Paraffin

Chlorinated Paraffin