Chip Industry Research Articles

PENGARUH PEMBIAYAAN TERHADAP KINERJA USAHA MIKRO DAN KECIL OLAHAN UBI KAYU DI INDONESIA

Cassava is the most processed staple food crops in Indonesia. Processed cassava micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are responsible for most cassava value-adding process. The major obstacle to the growth of MSEs is financing—a problem of the limited source of fund. Despite the presence of government financing support to MSEs, the number of processed cassava MSEs that have involved financing is still low. This study aimed to analyze the financing impact on the performance of processed cassava MSEs and to identify which factors influence the performance of processed cassava MSEs. Cross-sectional data of the MSEs Survey conducted in 2015 by Badan Pusat Statistik and analysis tool Multiple Linear Regression was used to answer the research objectives. Results showed that financing had a positive and significant impact on processed cassava MSEs’ sales revenue, but did not have any impact on their assets. Factors that significantly affected the performance of processed cassava MSEs were working hours per day, input value, training, products marketed in town, and business belongs in chips industry.

Understanding of Accounting and Training for the Development of MSME’s Financial Statements Based on Sak Emkm

The purpose of this study was to determine the Effect of Accounting Understanding on MSME Financial Reporting Based on SAK EMKM, Effect of Training on Financial Report Preparation on MSME Financial Reporting Based on SAK EMKM. Study at Sanan Tempe Chips Industry Center in Blimbing District, Malang City. The sample of this research is 65 MSME centers of Sanan Tempe Chips Industry in Malang City Blimbing District. Hypothesis testing uses a regression test that is preceded by a normality test, a multicollinearity test, and a heteroscedasticity test. Furthermore, hypothesis testing is done by using multiple regression tests. The results of the study indicate that accounting understanding has no significant effect on MSME financial reporting based on SAK EMKM. Training on the preparation of financial statements has no significant effect on MSME financial reporting based on SAK EMKM.

Production of Tannin-based Natural Dye from Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Tree Bark Waste from Wood Chips Industry : A Feasibility Study

The potential effect of synthetic textile dyes towards human health and environment is much severe. Currently available dye in national and global market is dominated by synthetic commercial dye from various producers. Meanwhile, Indonesia demand for textile dye is increasing, but is not followed by production rate of textile dye. Producing environmentally friendly natural dye, which can compete in the global market, may solve those problems. A potential natural dye may be produced from tannin which is extracted from Mangrove bark. It has high yield with purity of 95% tannin (w/w) with solvent extraction method under moderate temperature condition. Mangrove tree bark is obtained from the side product of wood chips production. There are four species of Mangrove available for wood logging and chips producing activities namely Rhizophora Apiculata, Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza, B., Bruguiera Parviflora, and Ceriops Tagal. Mangrove can spread out the seed through the sea water naturally, making this wood reproduces widely and quickly. With proper treatment and logging management, considering the growth rate of mangrove, the sustainability of raw material is assured. The production of tannin will take place nearby the wood chips production. From 540 tonnes/month of mangrove bark as raw material, a 67 tonnes/month product could be extracted. The process will be carried out in small scale plant on empty land with area of 3.6 Ha. This plant has three units: raw material preparation, synthesis, and product purification. The product has desired purity and specification, and can be sold commercially. It also has the expected cash flow, and the profitability analysis result is also stunning. With Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) of Rp 141,896,000,000.- and operational Expenditure (OPEX) of Rp 28,842,000,000.-, the plant has Return on Investment of 27%. It has pay out time of 2.77 year, 19.08% DCFRR, Break Even Point at 40.85%, Shutdown Point at 10.25 %, IRR of 9.90%, and Net Present Value at Rp7,601,000,000.-. This investment also proves that at 5% change of raw material and products cost, the plant still overcomes the change and defend its profit state, making this investment feasible.

Collaborative Cassava-Chip Supply Chain Mobile Application in Thailand

Cassava-chip is considered one of Thailand’s most important economic crops and Thailand is the world’s largest cassava products exporter. Thai government is prioritizing the cassava production in their “Mega farm” strategy in support of agricultural economic and collaboration between farmer, public and private sectors. The collaborative model is an integrated supply chain that manages the multiple stakeholders. Moreover, implementing the collaborative supply chain (CSC) has improve overall performance of the entire supply chain. The study aims to review existing literature on collaborative model and critical success factors in the agriculture supply chain context during 2008-2018 and the 20-year agriculture and cooperatives strategy (2017-2036). The six key collaborative success factors are identified: Business Management, Information Technology, Value Added Process, SC Relationship, Top Management Commitment, Partnership, Service Quality, Process, Resource Capability, Environment Uncertainties, Customer Satisfaction. The hypothesis will be tested by the linear regression analysis and develop the prototype of CSC mobile application to create the collaboration in cassava chip industry. Then, the result will be embedded into mobile application. The application will later be used to provide more appropriate third-party system to enhance the collaborative cassava chip supply chain in Thailand. The result shows that all components are supported by the hypothesis and user acceptance test.

Some remarks on the genesis of the early Eneolithic in the Central Balkans

The study addresses an imprecisely defined period between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Eneolithic in the Central Balkans. The study primarily refers to the characteristic ceramic forms common to both the Vinca culture and the Early Eneolithic groups, especially the Bubanj-Hum I group. The pottery under consideration originates exclusively from absolutely dated sites, single-layered sites, and sites that possess a well-defined vertical stratigraphy. The analyses of pottery, combined with brief reviews on economic strategies, the chipped stone industry, settlement topography and the process of metallurgy indicate that the transitional period from the Vinca culture to the Bubanj-Hum I group was a gradual process in the Central Balkans, without major external factors, yet continuous cultural contacts with the neighbouring communities, especially into the east. This gradual process of vertical genetic transmission between the 47th and the 45th century calBC resulted in the formation of the Bubanj-Hum I group.

Sustainable Settlement of Pojok Tengah Village on Cimahi City as The Center of Spicy Cassava Chips Industry

Settlement Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road of the Cimahi City is a residential food industry of spicy cassava chips, which has the potential to be processed and organized into the center of cassava chips industry, as technology develops, these settlements have good potential for future prospects so that the Mayor of Cimahi establishes these settlements as the Center of Cassava Chips Industry. Currently, the development of industrial center is still irregular, so it needs a necessary planning and design for the arrangement of Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road of the Cimahi City. The purpose of sustainable settlement is to maximizing social, economic and environmental on humanitarian settings in Pojok Tengah Village. To achieve the suitability of the area, the pattern of mass order and mass typology found in Pojok Tengah Village on Kademangan Road will be identified, so that the origin of the cassava chips food industry center will be known with all the manufacturing process activities and also the supporting shopping facilities needed by visitors for the future. The method used in this paper was qualitative method applying descriptive analysis. The data were taken from literature studies, relevant agencies, and community with local leaders in the settlement. The results of this analysis showed that an approach can be obtained and used in the preparation of programs and basic concepts of planning and design for the future. The arrangement of the area can be made dynamically and still maintain the elements of locality by adopting the formation of simple geometric buildings, on Kademangan Road of, Cimahi City and the locality of houses in the village area.

A Survey on the Best Choice for Modulus of Residue Code

Nowadays, the development of technology and the growing need for dense and complex chips have led chip industries to increase their attention on the circuit testability. Also, using the electronic chips in certain industries, such as the space industry, makes the design of fault tolerant circuits a challenging issue. Coding is one of the most suitable methods for error detection and correction. The residue code, as one of the best choices for error detection aims, is wildly used in large arithmetic circuits such as multiplier and also finds a wide range of applications in processors and digital filters. The modulus value in this technique directly effect on the area overhead parameter. A large area overhead is one of the most important disadvantages especially for testing the small circuits. The purpose of this paper is to study and investigate the best choice for residue code check base that is used for simple and small circuits such as a simple ripple carry adder. The performances are evaluated by applying stuck-at-faults and transition-faults by simulators. The efficiency is defined based on fault coverage and normalized area overhead. The results show that the modulus 3 with 95% efficiency provided the best result. Residue code with this modulus for checking a ripple carry adder, in comparison with duplex circuit, 30% improves the efficiency.

A Survey on the Best Choice for Modulus of Residue Code

Nowadays, the development of technology and the growing need for dense and complex chips have led chip industries to increase their attention on the circuit testability. Also, using the electronic chips in certain industries, such as the space industry, makes the design of fault tolerant circuits a challenging issue. Coding is one of the most suitable methods for error detection and correction. The residue code, as one of the best choices for error detection aims, is wildly used in large arithmetic circuits such as multiplier and also finds a wide range of applications in processors and digital filters. The modulus value in this technique directly effect on the area overhead parameter. A large area overhead is one of the most important disadvantages especially for testing the small circuits. The purpose of this paper is to study and investigate the best choice for residue code check base that is used for simple and small circuits such as a simple ripple carry adder. The performances are evaluated by applying stuck-at-faults and transition-faults by simulators. The efficiency is defined based on fault coverage and normalized area overhead. The results show that the modulus 3 with 95% efficiency provided the best result. Residue code with this modulus for checking a ripple carry adder, in comparison with duplex circuit, 30% improves the efficiency.

LOGIC THRESHOLD FOR MICRORING RESONATOR-BASED BDD CIRCUITS: PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSES

Moore’s Law has been the fuel of expansive innovation in computing. The chip industry kept the Moore’s law extant for almost four decades. However, the halt of the rapid progress of the silicon technology is incipient by reason of the physical limitations. Emerging computing proposals suggest several alternatives to current computing paradigms and technologybases. The photonic circuitry is one of the most promising candidates with its high operation speed, energy efficient passive components, low crosstalk and appropriateness for parallel computation. Among various approaches to photonic logic, microring resonator-based Binary-Decision Diagram (BDD) architectures have a special place due to their small circuit footprint. However, the physical limitations imposed on their logic implementation has not been studied in depth to enable design of efficient circuits. In this paper, we study the physical structure and operational details of a microring resonatorbased Half-Adder (HA) circuit and outline the conditions under which the performance and accuracy of information processing is compromised due to its physical characteristics. Our analyses significantly contribute to determining key physical features and operations concerning logic implementation of microring resonator based BDD HA, which informs the future design and operational optimization of the microring resonator-based BDD logic circuits.

Mining and processing of the Stránská skála-type chert during the Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic periods

Stránská skála represents an important geological and archaeological site. It is also known for its rich deposits of Jurassic cherts that were utilized in various ways during different stages of Moravian prehistory. The substantial Early Upper Paleolithic occupation events are of great significance and have been subject to several international research projects. Archaeological excavations targeting mining and workshop areas were resumed in the last years with a focus on Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic activities. This paper introduces this project and summarizes recent results. Trends in the chipped industry within the Stránská skála workshop area are outlined, focusing on raw material variability, technology-typology, chronology, and socioeconomic aspects. The first indicators of the location and other aspects of post-Paleolithic mining activities in the field of Stránská skála III are introduced and discussed in the context of mining and workshop activities of similar contemporary features in the Czech Republic and neighboring regions.

Tatlısu-Çiftlikdüzü/Akanthou-Arkosykos Cypro-PPNB Orak Bıçakları

Kıbrıs’ın kuzey kıyısında, doğuya doğru uzanan Karpaz yarımadasında yer alan Tatlısu-Çiftlikdüzü/Akanthou-Arkosykos yerleşmesi 2000-2005 ve 2010-2015 yılları arasında kazılmıştır. Çalışmalara verilen aranın ardından 2016 yılında tekrar kazılmaya ve araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Yontmataş grubunu oluşturan obsidiyenler Anadolu bağlantılı olarak çalışılırken, yerel hammaddelerin elde edilmesi ve işlenmesi de önemli araştırma konularından biri olmuştur. Yerel hammaddeler olan çakmaktaşı ve çörtten üretilmiş orak bıçakları alet grupları içerisinde iyi tanımlanmış bir grubu oluşturur. Orak bıçaklarının üzerinde bulunan silika parlaklığı orak bıçaklarının tahıllar ve saz gibi bitkilerin kesimi için kullanıldığına işaret eder. Fonksiyonunun yanı sıra teknolojik analizler bu aletlerin nasıl üretildiklerini de ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, Tatlısu topluluğunun hammadde kullanımı, aletlerini nasıl ürettikleri ve bu aletlerin bitki hasadında kullanımı ile ilgili veri oluşturmayı hedeflemektedir.

The effect of additional vegetables and fruits waste on the quality of compost of cassava chip industry solid waste on takakura composter

This study aims to determine the optimum raw material composition on an aerobic composting method using takakura composter. Each variation was tested for maturity and quality of compost then compared with SNI 19-7030-2004 on macro element parameters. This research mixes raw materials, namely solid cassava chips industrial waste in the form of cassava peel and domestic organic waste in the form of vegetable and fruit waste from the homes of residents around the cassava factory and the addition of EM4 bio-activator. The raw materials used are Cassava Peel (CP) and Vegetables Fruits Waste (VFW) and additional EM4 as bio-activator. The composter used has a capacity of 5 kg as many as 7 units with 7 variations, namely variation 1 (100% CP), variation 2 (100% CP; EM4), variation 3 (90% CP; 10% VFW; EM4); variation 4 (80% CP; 20% VFW; EM4), variation 5 (70% CP; 30% VFW; EM4), variation 6 (60% CP; 40% VFW; EM4), and variation 7 (50% CP; 50% VFW; EM4). The results showed that all composters had met the standards following the compost standards used in Indonesia, namely the SNI 19-7030-2004 standard on compost specifications from domestic organic waste. The quantity of compost produced in this study was 1.0-1.5 kg where variation 6 produced the most compost quantity as 1.5 kg. The optimum dosage for composting was assessed from the highest scoring system was variation 6 with a mixture of 60% CP; 40% VFW; EM4 with a score of 24 and composting time for seven days.

Tuber Yield, Water Productivity and Post-harvest Quality of Sprinkler-irrigated Chip Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) Under a Semiarid Climate

The potato chip industry has critical requirements regarding tuber physical and chemical aspects and these requirements are the characteristics targeted by chip potato breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate 33 chip potato cultivars for the tuber yield and some physical and chemical characteristics of the tuber and potato chips at harvest and during cold storage period. Field experiments were conducted during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons under sprinkler irrigation. Twenty-one cultivars were evaluated in 2017 and 22 cultivars were evaluated in 2018 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The target traits under this study were tuber yield, tuber size, internal and external defects, sucrose and glucose content of the tuber and the chip color at harvest and during storage time. Fresh potato tuber yield varied with cultivar and ranged from 44.7 to 72.1 t/ha, averaging 58.5t/ha in 2017 and 60.8 t/ha in 2018. In 2017, cultivar NDTX081648CB-13W obtained the highest tuber yield and TX09396-1W obtained the lowest, while in 2018, Lamoka obtained the highest tuber yield and MSW044-1obtained the lowest. Cultivars NDTX081648CB-13W, MSW485-2, Atlantic, ACO1144-1W, and WANETA were the highest yielding cultivars in 2017, and Lamoka, HODAG, NICOLET, DAKOTA PEARL, and AF5429-3 were the highest yielding cultivars in 2018. Potato tuber size class of 4.7-8.75 cm was the most dominant and accounted for 93% in 2017 and 89% in 2018, respectively. Potato tuber specific gravity varied from 1.08-1.11 during both growing seasons and the dry matter content of the tubers ranged from 17.2 to 22.2% W9968-5 and MSV030-4 showed the highest internal defects of 47.2% and 33.7%, respectively, at harvest. W9968-5 still showed the highest external defects during the storage period. CO07070-13W, NDA081453CAB-2C and NY157 showed some internal defects during storage time in 2017. In 2018, NDA081453CAB-2C presented very high undesirable chip color (71.1%) followed by ND7519-1 (33.1%). In 2018, NDTX081648CB-13W, NY152 Niagara, and MSV313-2 showed relatively high internal defects (>15%) while Atlantic, MSV313-2, MSV358-3 and W9968-5 showed the highest external defects. During eight months of cold storage, NY162 showed 44.5% of external defects followed by MSV358-3 (24.6%), MSV313-2 (24%) and W9968-5 (20%). NY162 showed the highest total defects of 44.5% followed by MSV358-3, MSV313-2 and W9968-5 with total defects greater than 20%. Overall, there was a decrease in sucrose contents in the tubers after six months of cold storage except for the cultivars AF5040-8 and NDA081453CAB-2C. It increased thereafter during eight months in cold storage. However, sucrose content of the tubers at the end of the storage period was lower than the sucrose content at harvest except for B2727-2, NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, and CO07070-13W. Significantly 100% increase in sucrose content in tubers of AF5040-8, DAKOTA PEARL, MSW485-2 Huron, MSX540-4 Mackinaw, NDA081453CAB-2C, and NDTX081648CB-13W was observed during the storage period. Glucose content of tubers changed during the storage period and was more noticeable in AF5040-8, AF5040-8, DAKOTA PEARL, MSW485-2 Huron, MSX540-4 Mackinaw, ND7519-1, NDA081453CAB-2C, and NDTX081648CB-13W. There was considerable increase in glucose content in ACO1144-1W, NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, CO07070-13W, and W9968-5 tubers. At nine-month storage period, only Lamoka, ACO1144-1W, AF5040-8, MSX540-4, and CO02321-4W, HODAG, MSV030-4, MSW044-1, NY152 Niagara, NY162, and WANETA HODAG showed nice chip color. NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, ND7519-1, and NDA081453CAB-2C presented the least desirable chip color with score “5”. Cultivars with consistent scores of “1” constitute promising lines for chip potato producers across the dry and hot environment of the southwest region of the United States.

On the Rationality of Bundled Rebate Program in Modem Chip Industry: an Analysis on Qualcomm\u2019s Case

This paper examines the motivations of a patent holder, for example, Qualcomm holding many standard essential patents (SEPs) on modem chips, to implement a bundled rebate program for its customers, Apple for instance, under the risk of violating antitrust law. This study originates from the lawsuit between Qualcomm, Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and Apple. In early 2017, both FTC and Qualcomm’s customer, Apple, sued Qualcomm for violating antitrust law. Qualcomm was alleged to have manipulated “web of contracts” by implementing so-called no license, no chips policy to achieve its anticompetitive purpose. By addressing the case law of antitrust regime related to bundled rebate and loyalty discount, we understand legal risks that Qualcomm might face. Moreover, in this paper, we build a game-theoretical model to explore business reasons why Qualcomm insists on implementing the bundled rebate and loyalty discount program, regardless of latent legal risks. It is shown that Qualcomm might desire to mitigate future loss from price war with potential competitors. Finally, this article concludes with expectations for future studies on the impact of the Federal Court if SEPs and modem chips cannot be bundled together.

Karain Mağarası Alt Paleolitik Dönem Yontmataş Endüstrisinin Hammadde Analizleri: Preliminer Sonuçlar

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de bir Alt Paleolitik buluntu topluluğu üzerinde yapılan ilk hammadde analizlerinin sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma için, Anadolu'nun en önemli Paleolitik yerleşimlerinden bir tanesi olan Karain Mağarası'nın Alt Paleolitik seviyelerinden elde edilen 53 adet arkeolojik buluntuya ait karakteristik örnek ile Karain çevresindeki hammadde kaynaklarından toplanmış olan 26 adet radyolarit blok kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Karain Mağarası'nda iskan etmiş olan Alt Paleolitik avcı-toplayıcı grupların yontmataş endüstrinin üretimi için kullanmış oldukları hammadde türlerini belirlemek ve potansiyel hammadde kaynakları ile ilgili ilk fikirleri elde etmekti. Hammadde karakterizasyonu ve köken çalışmaları için stereo-mikroskop analizlerini içeren petrografik yöntemler kullanılmıştır. İlk sonuçlar, Karain Mağarası Alt Paleolitik sakinlerinin yontmataş hammadde temini için çeşitli kaynaklardan faydalandığını göstermektedir. Beklenmeyen bir sonuç olarak, yerleşime yaklaşık 10 km uzaklıkta yer alan Burhan Nehri'nin ana hammadde kaynağı olarak kullanılmış olabileceği görülmüştür. Başlangıçta mantıksız gibi görünen bu tercih, erişilebilirlik ve hammadde bolluğu gibi diğer kaynaklara nazaran daha uygun olan şartların varlığıyla açıklanabilir.

Silicon-compatible Mg2Si/Si n-p photodiodes with high room temperature infrared responsivity

For the full benefit of the silicon chip industry and to further extend the photoresponse cut-off wavelength of the current Si photodetectors beyond 1100 nm, high-performance silicon-compatible Mg2Si/Si n-p photodiodes are constructed on the bulk silicon wafer by magnetron sputtering and post-annealing sequential processes. The results show that the annealing period appreciably affects microstructure, crystallite size, and roughness of the Mg2Si film sputtered on glass substrates and silicon wafers. Meanwhile, the fabricated Mg2Si/Si n-p photodiodes demonstrate clear rectifying behavior and evident spectral response characteristics in the wavelength domain from 0.8 to 1.35 μm, with a maximum room temperature zero-bias response of 0.1, 0.15, 0.86, and 0.47 A/W at 1.05 μm for the annealing periods of 10, 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively. The photoresponse cut-off wavelength of the fabricated Mg2Si/Si n-p photodiodes is 1.35 μm; however, the photosensitive cut-off of the commercially available Hamamatsu Si photodiode is 1.25 μm. The fabricated Mg2Si/Si n-p photodiodes at RTA period of 40 min reveal spectral response of longer cut-off wavelength and higher intensity near the photon energy threshold compared to the Hamamatsu Si photodiode. In this context, the fabricated photodiodes in this study offer huge potentials to develop high-performance silicon-compatible photodiodes for efficiently sensing the infrared light in the wavelength domain from 0.8 to 1.35 μm.

Fuzzy sequential model for strategic planning of small and medium scale industries

The use of strategic planning can be an alternative solution to improve industrial performance. In small and medium scale industries especially in apple chips industries, strategic planning helps to know the current industry situation and the steps that must be taken to overcome the existing problems. This study aimed to develop an improvement strategies using Fuzzy Sequential Modeling (FSM) model. FSM model was consisted a SWOT analysis, Root Cause Analysis (RCA), Bolden’s Taxonomy and fuzzy AHP. Based on SWOT analysis, the external factors of threats was the similar business competition and low purchasing power. RCA described the issues that needed to be fixed using Bolden’s Taxonomy as the reference for determining the action plans and produce four OIA (Open Improvement Area) there are old technology machines and equipment, difficulty of enterprise development, ineffective marketing media and low market share. The strategic planning was determined using Fuzzy AHP based on OIA and ABC enterprise needs to improve the low market share and ineffective marketing strategy.

Strategi Pengembangan Klaster UKM Keripik Gadung di Kabupaten Tulungagung

The research objective was to determine the cluster development strategy based on product performance and quality and analyze the elements in the institutional cluster of gadung chips in Tulungagung Regency. The superior product of gadung chips in Tulungagung Regency is currently being developed in connection with the government's efforts to improve the regional economy through the application of the One Village One Product (OVOP) concept. The center of the gadung chips industry in Kalidawir Subdistrict, which is still active, produces 25 SMEs. The problems faced by SMEs in developing businesses, individuals, lack of communication and cooperation among SMEs with the Government, limited marketing and technology activities and low product quality. The method used is K-means cluster and FAHP. The results showed that the grouping of SMEs gadung chips based on the performance and quality of the products produced 2 clusters. Cluster 1<sup>st</sup> consists of 11 small-scale members and cluster 2<sup>nd</sup> consists of 14 micro business scale. Development strategy of cluster 1<sup>st</sup> by increasing innovation on product features and cluster 2<sup>nd</sup> through increased access to capital. The institutions consist of several parties involved including core industries, supporting industries, suppliers, supporting institutions and buyers. The success of the development of the gadung chips industry cluster is highly dependent on inter-institutional cooperation relationships.

Optoelectronic characteristics of the Ag-doped Si p-n photodiodes prepared by a facile thermal diffusion process

For the full benefit of the silicon chip industry and to further shift the photoresponse cut-off wavelength of the silicon photodetectors, high-performance Ag-doped Si p-n photodiodes with an extended infrared photoresponsivity are constructed on the bulk silicon wafer by a facile thermal diffusion process at 550 °C for different annealing periods of 5, 10, and 15 minutes under an argon atmosphere. These Si-compatible p-n photodiodes revealed an obvious zero-bias room temperature photoresponsivity with a threshold photon energy at a longer wavelength compared to the photoresponsivity cut-off wavelength of the commercial Si photodiode of the Hamamatsu Photonics Co (model: S2281/-04). The photoresponsivity has decreased with the annealing time increase however; the detectivity has been improved by the significant drop in leakage current and noise power. The outcomes indicate that this study paves the way for developing cost-effective Si-compatible p-n junction photodiodes, with an obvious zero-biased room-temperature photoresponsivity of a comparable intensity and longer cut-off wavelength compared to the commercial Hamamatsu Si photodiode.

Efficient test vector volume reduction based on equal run length coding technique

Excessive test power utilization is one of the major obstacles which the chip industry is facing at present. In SOC plan, test data volume is reduced extensively by using Test data compression strategies. In this paper, a variable-to-variable length compression method in light of encoding with perfect examples is presented. Initially, the don't care bits in the test vector are loaded with a proposed X -filling algorithm which is then encoded using the proposed Modified Equal Run Length Coding (MERLC) based encoding scheme. In relationship with the proposed X-filling and encoding scheme, an efficient decoder is designed and implemented with low area overhead. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it is tested on the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits. The tests results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm gets a higher compression ratio, when compared with the existing schemes. The Percentage compression of this scheme is 4.28%, 8.72%, 2.19%, 14.42% and 1.15% higher than those of ERLC, FDR, EFDR, Golomb and 9C coding respectively.