Chinese Social System Research Articles

东盟中文学习者画作中的中文教师角色：基于隐喻的分析

<p>With the implementation and promotion of the "Belt and Road" initiative, economic and trade cooperation and humanistic exchanges between China and ASEAN are going deeper, and Chinese language education in ASEAN has shown a booming development. As a core participant of international Chinese language education in the region, the role of Chinese language teachers is an important conceptual source of ASEAN youth's perception of China, which has a crucial impact on Chinese language learners. Based on the creation of visual metaphors, this study uses the teacher metaphor analysis framework to summarize the ASEAN Chinese teacher role metaphor categories and explore the ASEAN Chinese teacher traits from the learners' perspective. We selected 60 graphic works created by ASEAN Chinese learners as the research material, extracted 31 Chinese teacher role metaphors, and delineated six metaphorical conceptual categories. This study aims to arouse the attention of international Chinese teacher educators, social organizations, and Chinese teachers themselves to the developmental changes of Chinese teacher roles, and to provide a reference for the professional development of international Chinese teachers.</p>

A conditional crowd out/in model of government funding on giving of money and time: evidence from social service organizations in China

Existing literature has studied the impact of government funding on donations to nonprofits, proposing and testing different theoretical models, including crowd-out, crowd-in, and inverted U-shaped models. However, there is no consensus regarding whether or under what conditions government funding crowds out or crowds in donations to nonprofits, and little is known regarding whether and how government funding influences time donations. Existing evidence focuses on Western contexts and may not be applicable to non-Western contexts. This study used a random sample of Chinese social service organizations and proposed a more nuanced and complex conditional crowd-out/in model of government funding on donations to nonprofits, extending the testing to both financial and time donations in China. The results from extended regression models with instrumental variables indicate that government funding levels crowd out money donations, while dependence on government funding has an inverted U-shaped effect on money donations. Both the level of and dependence on government funding have curvilinear crowding-out effects on time donations. More importantly, the level of and dependence on government funding have significant interactive effects on both money and time donations. These novel findings make significant theoretical contributions to the literature and have important practical implications for policymakers and nonprofit managers.

Chinese Social Organizations Participation in Epidemic Prevention and Control: Actions, Issues, and Countermeasures

In theory, as a significant force in social governance, social organizations play a crucial role in responding to major emergencies. Through practical observation, it can be seen that in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese social organizations actively participated, primarily responsible for coordinating epidemic prevention materials, providing professional services, serving as volunteers, and actively engaging in publicity. Compared to the government, they possess advantages and characteristics such as resource advantages, coordination advantages, professional advantages, and public welfare advantages, playing a role that the government and businesses may not fully exploit. While acknowledging their strengths, it is also necessary to admit that Chinese social organizations face various challenges in their participation in pandemic prevention and control, such as insufficient participation, lack of independence, and limited credibility. These issues can be analyzed from three dimensions: the internal aspects of social organizations themselves, the relationship between social organizations and the government, and legal regulations. To better harness the role of social organizations in responding to public crises, it is essential to make improvements in the following three areas: 1. Accelerate organizational capacity building to enhance social organizations ability to respond to emergencies. 2. Streamline the relationship between the government and social organizations to achieve complementary strengths. 3. Enhance legal regulations. It is hoped that these measures can contribute to improving the governance capacity of social organizations in effectively participating in public crisis events.

Perspectives on Migrant Children's Mental Health Needs and Existing Services: A Qualitative Study Among Psychological Service Providers of Chinese Social Organizations.

China is comprehensively promoting the construction of social psychological service system. Social organizations provide psychosocial care services to migrant children in China and hold important information and perspectives different from educators and parents on children's mental health. This study aims to analyze mental health service delivery to migrant adolescents for their psychological well-being, to explore how society responds effectively to their psychological needs and to support in better program implementation of mental health services for migrant children. Following qualitative approach semi-structured interviews were conducted with community mental health service providers experienced in working with migrant children. The 15 individual interviews were conducted in Hubei province and Guangdong province, including professionals working with different social organization and social psychological service program in communities. The data were analysed through coding, comparing fragments, constant comparison and recognizing patterns. The analysis yielded 3 categories (Stimulate the internal strength, Reconstruct the support systems, Understanding and participate in social activities) and 6 sub-categories (Improve the understanding of "me" and explore excellent qualities, Clearly envision "my" future and clear career planning, Improve the parent-child relationship and understand the family environment, Improve subjective support and actively develop support system, Acquire reasonable cognition and behavior and interact with surrounding ecology, Take greater responsibility and cultivate a sense of ownership). The results found that individual traits, family, communities and multiple factors affect the mental health of migrant children and identified the urgent needs, and ways to improve mental health service in efficiently and economically. Social psychological service providers contribute in strengthening the psychological well-being of the migrant children. Social psychological service sectors need to be strengthened to enhance the psychological well-being of the migrant children. The inherent gaps between the service required and service provided needs to be addressed through further studies on mental health needs of the migrant children.

Multiple Network Effects: “Individual-Organization Social Interaction” Model on China’s Sustainable Voluntary Service Supply Mechanism

Despite strong policy support for volunteerism, Chinese social service organizations require assistance in volunteer management, particularly concerning retaining volunteers and sustaining the supply of volunteer services. By interviewing volunteers from a successful volunteer organization and analyzing the collected data using the constructive grounded theories and methods, this study found that, contrary to the conclusions of previous studies, (1) sustainable volunteerism involves volunteers’ ability, motivation, and resources; (2) the ideal framework for the sustainability of volunteer service provision is based on a triangular support model of “individual-organization social interaction”; and (3) social interaction manifests itself in three network effects (emotional, family, and social). In particular, our analysis found that interpersonal relationships, intergenerational relationships, and parent–child education are essential to sustaining the supply of volunteer services.

Ecological accounting of the Chinese society 2012–2020 based on extended exergy

China's social system has undergone unprecedented economic transformation in the past decade. It is essential that the relationship between the country's socio-economic development and natural ecosystem be revealed, thereby revealing the evolutionary trajectory of its biophysical sustainability. The extended exergy accounting (EEA) method offers a thermodynamics-based tool to evaluate the structure and function of a social system and objectively estimate the impacts of human activities on sustainable development and broader ecosystems. This study aims to perform extended exergy analysis to trace the flows of resources, labor, capital, and environmental remediation exegetics in China's society from 2012 to 2020. During the accounting period, the average annual growth rate of total extended exergy (TEE) was just 1.2%. The TEE in the conversion and tertiary sectors ew noticeably faster than those in other sub-sectors, while the TEE in the extraction and agriculture sectors showed a declining trend. The TEE in 2020 reached 764.50 EJ, of which 179.13 EJ were attributed to Cumulative Exergy Consumption, 74.89 EJ were attributed to labor, 68.85 EJ to capital, and 441.63 EJ to environmental remediation costs. The indicator assessment reflects an enhancement in the sustainability of the Chinese social system, particularly the rapid improvement in labor and capital-related indicators. Comparing the results with other countries demonstrates that the gap between China and developed nations has narrowed, with China's indicators for balancing resource production and capital flows rivaling those of the U.S. and the U.K. The objective revelation of the developmental and transitional trajectory of Chinese society, based on the EEA approach, provides valuable insights for other developing countries in achieving sustainable development.

Study on the Capacity Assessment and Optimization Path of Social Organizations in Assisting Rural Revitalization

Participation in rural revitalization is a crucial responsibility for social organizations. It not only demonstrates their commitment to serving the country, society, the public, and the industry but is also a vital avenue for achieving high-quality development. To assess the ability of social organizations to contribute to rural revitalization, we constructed an evaluation index system. We employed the TOPSIS evaluation and barrier degree model to evaluate the ability of Chinese social organizations, private non-enterprises, and foundations to participate in rural revitalization in our research area. Our results indicate that the overall ability of social organizations to participate in rural revitalization is at a medium-low level, and three major obstacles exist in the areas of organizational construction, basic guarantee, and project participation. Therefore, we should focus on improving the organizational construction capacity by strengthening the "internal strength of the organization" and cultivate the basic guarantee capacity by paying attention to "own finance." We should also enhance the participation capacity of rural revitalization projects by setting "participation targets" and relying on the "internal strength of the organization." We propose optimization paths from various perspectives, including practicing "internal strength of the organization" and actively improving the capacity of organization construction, paying attention to "own finance" and continuously cultivating the capacity of basic guarantee, focusing on "participation targets" and effectively strengthening the capacity of participation in rural revitalization projects, relying on "digital empowerment" and enhancing the professional service capacity of social organizations, integrating "rural demands" and improving the policy coordination capacity of social organizations.

Mediating the performance of social organizations in context of social and organizational innovations in China.

Social and organizational innovations are one of the most effective ways to gain social collaboration for effective, rapid, and coordinated interventions. An analysis of the relationship among organizational performance (OP), social innovations (SI) and organizational innovation (OI) in social organizations (SOs) is little discussed in the literature and much less with main component analysis. This paper is an effort to provide some empirical evidences about social and organizational innovations that social organizations in China have implemented to address the social issues of the society. A survey of Chinese SO's is conducted during beginning two months of 2022 in provinces of Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang to attain the statistics and assessing the insights of the executives of the SOs participating in this study with respect to organizational performance, social and organizational innovations. The technique used to select the sample is a non-probabilistic sampling and multiple linear regression model is applied to determine the partial impact of organizational innovations and social innovations on the organizational performance. The grouping of the variables is carried out through main components analysis. The empirical findings of the study highlight that Chinese SOs are innovative because they adopt management strategies to address the social issues associated with their institutional mission. There are four groups of derived components from organizational and social innovations based on the empirical evidence: SO's innovative activities to modify the environment; inside innovative measures to enhance SO's performance; innovative activities of SO's to enhance their relationships with outside actors; innovative measures to improve the management of SOs related to their mission and institutional projects. The findings of this study offer an efficient solution to government and policy makers for involving SOs in terms of planning of social development in China. The social and organizational innovations are very necessary to overcome the social issues so government should encourage the establishment and sustainability of social organizations.

Content comparison of long-term care instruments based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)

BackgroundAgeing poses a huge challenge to the Chinese social welfare system. However, a national long-term care (LTC) instrument has not been established yet. This study aimed to analyse and compare the content of six selected LTC instruments based on the linkage of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to provide a content reference from a functioning perspective for the development of a Chinese national LTC instrument.MethodsTwo trained health professionals performed the linkage analysis according to the refined ICF linking rules. The main concepts included in the items of three international LTC instruments, namely Minimum Data Set 3.0 (MDS 3.0), Initial Assessment Instrument (IAI), and New Assessment Tool for Determining Dependency on Nursing Care (NBA), as well as three Chinese instruments, namely Disability Assessment of Long-Term Care (DA-LTC), Specification for Elderly Care Unified Need Assessment in Shanghai Version 2.0 (SEC-UNA 2.0), and pictorial-based Longshi Scale (LS), were selected and linked to the ICF categories. The six selected LTC instruments were analysed and compared at the levels of ICF components, chapters, and categories.ResultsThe main concepts of 340 items of the six LTC instruments were linked to 112 different ICF categories. Within the ICF framework, the ‘Activities and Participation’ component was most frequently addressed in the LTC instruments, followed by ‘Body functions’, at 52% and 38%, respectively. At the chapter level, ‘b1 mental functions’, ‘d4 mobility’, and ‘d5 self-care’ were addressed by the majority of LTC instruments.ConclusionThe ICF provides a general reference for the analysis and comparison of different LTC instruments. The findings indicate that all LTC instruments focused on older adults’ physical needs; however, various important issues regarding their psychological and social participation needs were not addressed. Specific for China, the core elements of LTC instruments varied, and the ICF chapters ‘b1’, ‘d4’, and ‘d5’ are recommended to develop a national uniform one.

Integrating familial care and extra‐familial care into a new long‐term care policy for China: Examples from Germany's long‐term care insurance

AbstractRapid demographic ageing constitutes a significant challenge for the Chinese social system. As China has only recently begun developing a long‐term care (LTC) policy, care provision is currently based on family care. However, the prevalence of such care is declining due to low social recognition and conflicts between family members' care and work responsibilities. Thus, a comprehensive LTC policy should expand extra‐familial care services and make family care attractive. Germany's LTC insurance is an example of a policy that integrates extra‐familial and family care. This study analyses whether China's LTC policy can gain insights from Germany's LTC policy in view of the findings from Chinese LTC pilot projects. We argue that a policy that supports extra‐familial and family care would facilitate the LTC provision preferred by older people, while also supporting relatives who wish to provide care according to their values of intergenerational solidarity.

Investigation on the Regional Distribution of the Development of Chinese Social Organization Standards and the Promotion of Quality Improvement in Related Industries

Based on the query data of the national social organization standard information platform, the registration of Chinese social organizations on the national social organization standard information platform and the publication of social organization standards in recent six years are counted, and the correlation is compared with the population of provinces and cities in China, the innovation ability index, GDP, and the national invention patents. The experience of social organization standardization management in the United States and Germany is briefly analyzed. This paper discusses the current situation of the development of Chinese social organization standards and the problems existing in the development process and puts forward suggestions on the management of social organization standardization, in order to provide management suggestions for the high‐quality development of China’s industry.

Promoting Sexuality Education for Children and Adolescents on a Large Scale: Program Design, Organizational Cooperation Network and Administrative Mobilization.

In China, the promotion of sexuality education for children and adolescents is hindered by a relatively conservative culture and insufficient drive from the government. With the government and the market failing to deliver in this area, social organizations, such as the third sector, are playing an important role. This paper mainly discusses how Chinese social organizations promote sexuality education for children and adolescents on a large scale. This paper studied NW, the largest sexuality education support platform in China at present, and 16 frontline implementing organizations in its cooperation network. This research collects empirical data through participatory observation and semi-structured interviews, involving a total of 37 interviewees, plus relevant text data. The study follows the analytical method of process tracking, trying to extract the key mechanisms of how social organizations promote sexuality education from the processes demonstrated by the specific cases. This paper focuses on the key phases of a standardized sexuality education program, from its design to promotion and then to implementation. It is found that, based on the large-scale operation strategy, the operation process of the sexuality education program exhibited three core mechanisms: standardized program design, organizational cooperation network and administrative mobilization. These three mechanisms have become the key force to break through many of the cultural and institutional obstacles and achieve large-scale implementation of sexuality education. Finally, this paper discusses the challenges of operationalizing the sexuality education program, with compromised teaching quality as a major one, and points to the direction for future research.

The Return of the Chinese Tribute System? Re-viewing the Belt and Road Initiative

Abstract This piece moves beyond orthodox international relations conceptions of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by re-viewing it as a neo-tribute system that shares some of the key properties of the historical Chinese tribute system (CTS). We argue that neither of these projects embody imperialist properties but are based rather on relatively harmonious and peaceful relations between China and the members of these respective systems. The principal reason why we think a case can be made for viewing the BRI as a kind of neo-tribute system lies in its entwined economic and symbolic dimensions. While the historical CTS was ultimately designed to enhance the legitimacy of the Chinese emperor and the Chinese social system by attracting tribute states through the carrot of economic access to China's lucrative economy, the neo-tribute system today seeks to enhance the domestic legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by forging strong economic links with BRI states. More specifically, we argue that China's rulers gained legitimacy during the era of the tribute system through the symbolic practice of tribute state envoys demonstrating their status (although not political) inferiority by kowtowing in front of the emperor in the Chinese capital as a condition that is required in order to gain economically and politically. Likewise, BRI states today, in joining the system, provide tacit legitimacy to the Chinese state while also performing the symbolic practice of withholding public criticism of the CCP as the core condition of gaining economically from membership.

Who supports expanding surveillance? Exploring public opinion of Chinese social credit systems

Pervasive surveillance in modern society has raised mounting debates, which are largely concentrated on the ethical dimension and lack sociological examination. Drawing on innovative national survey data, this study analyzes public opinion about social credit systems, an emerging infrastructure that expands the depth and breadth of surveillance in China. I find a general high support for expanding surveillance and punishment yet key variations among different social groups. Counterintuitively, people with higher political capital do not wholly embrace the expanding surveillance and punishment. For example, Chinese Communist Party members are less likely to support state-centered social credit systems compared with the general public. Higher political trust in the regime and socioeconomic status is consistently correlated with higher support, while different media consumption showed limited correlations. This study proposes an alternative theorization of surveillance and enriches our understanding of the heterogeneity and dynamic of the state and public in the authoritarian regime.

Evolution of the social relief system in late Qing and its impacts

ABSTRACT The Chinese social relief system, first established in the eighteenth century, had already faced enormous pressure during the late Qing period. Impacted by the West and galvanized by China’s domestic social transformation, however, the Chinese social relief system embarked on some new development unseen before, including diversified famine relief mechanisms, socialization of famine relief granaries, and the development of inclusive philanthropy. The above development is a testament to the fact that the social relief system of late Qing gradually moved away from the old, state-dominated model and became an integral part of the social transformation in modern China.

Research on Governance System of Sports Social Organizations in China from the Perspective of Social Governance Community

Since the proposition of social governance community of the 19th National Congress was put forward, China's governance structure and governance model have been reshaped accordingly. Multi-subject collaborative governance is the main way in the process of China's governance development. The high participation of sports social organizations in the new era also reflects the reconstruction of China's sports governance system. This paper mainly uses the method of literature and comparative analysis to sort out the research results in recent years, starting from the context of the formation of social governance community and the development trend of the current Chinese sports social organizations, and systematically summarizes the basic situation and goal vision of the current Chinese sports social organization governance system.

Интеллектуальная экономика как форма ноономики и ее социально-экономические последствия

the article defines intellectual economy as an economic activity based on artificial intelligence technologies and explores its specifics in the field of economic relations. It is noted that even seemingly equal relations of participants in intellectual activity to capitalist firms-customers conceal exploitation, since workers receive nothing but wages, and the effect of using intellectual products is appropriated by capital. The process of displacement of living labor by artificial intelligence does not mean the disappearance of value creation by labor, because in the process of value creation, capital compensates for the reduction of living labor in sectors with a high organic composition of capital by constantly creating new industries with a low organic composition of capital. The article emphasizes that only by returning to Marx’s system of political economy will we be able to understand the dialectical relationship between intangible labor, intellectual technologies and capital and provide a theoretical basis for the qualitative and effective development of the intellectual economy. The intellectual economy arises and develops in a certain social context and is limited by the existing social system. For the Chinese social system, the discussion of the intellectual economy and its social impact should take into account the requirements of the socialist system, for example, the ownership platform in the form of state capital, the coordination of relations between capital and labor, the free and comprehensive development of people, the direct unification of people and means of production

The Buddhist Interpretation of the Confucianist Concept of Family

Filial piety is one of the cardinal moral values in Confucianism, and has become a keystone in the Chinese social value system, describing and prescribing the proper functioning of human communities at micro (family) and macro (state) levels. The introduction of Buddhism, which advocates that only those who live in celibacy pursuing the career of a monk can easily have access to the highest truth, challenged the uniformly accepted moral obligations of Confucianism, and initiated a dialogue, sometimes a debate, with the Chinese literati on the differences and similarities of Buddhist and Confucianist ethics. This article offers an insight on how Chinese adepts of Buddhism made efforts to prove not only that filial piety is a requirement for all practitioners of Buddhism as a kind of concession in a social environment where filial piety is a representation of virtuous human existence, but also, by forging Indian scriptures on filial piety and visualisation and commenting on Indian scriptures, that this lies at the centre of Buddhist practice.

The Perspective of External political strategy of Administration of Joe Biden in Asia-Pacific Region

The article analyses the main actions of Washington in Asia-Pacific region in a first year of the presidency of Joe Biden. This analyses allows to formulate several conclusions about conception and concrete approaches of a new administration to strategy of the USA in APR as well as to relations with main countries of the region and conclusion about differences from asia-pacific policy of previous administration. First, when president D. Trump did not take into account opinion of experts on asia-pacific problems, Joe Biden organized a team of an experienced and authoritative specialists on regional problems, as well as on relations with the most important regional states. Second, while sharing in general the course of the predecessor concerning policy towards China and regard China as a main threat to political, economic and military interests of the USA, Joe Biden shifted and accent from pressure on Beijung on trade-economic problems toward creation of the «containment ring» around China using formation of alliances and unions of countries, which are sharing the position of Washington about growing chinese threat. Third, White house unleashed active ideological counteraction against chinese political, social and economic system, against attempts of Beijing to export its model of «socialism under leadership of communist party», first of all, to developing countries. Finally, through administration of Joe Biden is revealing growing concern about rise of military might of China and about possibility using force against Taiwan, in the end of 2021 year there are started to appear signs of departure from originally determination to secure a containment of Beijing by using making pressure and intentions to lower the degree of tension in american-chinese relations by attempts to reach an agreement about «rules of behavior», about «management of intense competition».

Who Supports Expanding Surveillance? Exploring Public Opinion of Chinese Social Credit Systems

Who Supports Expanding Surveillance? Exploring Public Opinion of Chinese Social Credit Systems