Chinese Power Plants Research Articles

Establishment of a database of emission factors for atmospheric pollutants from Chinese coal-fired power plants

Field measurements and data investigations were conducted for developing an emission factor database for inventories of atmospheric pollutants from Chinese coal-fired power plants. Gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) of different size fractions were measured using a gas analyzer and an electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI), respectively, for ten units in eight coal-fired power plants across the country. Combining results of field tests and literature surveys, emission factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by boiler type, fuel quality, and emission control devices using bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulations. The emission factor of uncontrolled SO 2 from pulverized combustion (PC) boilers burning bituminous or anthracite coal was estimated to be 18.0S kg t −1 (i.e., 18.0 × the percentage sulfur content of coal, S) with a 95% CI of 17.2S–18.5S. NO X emission factors for pulverized-coal boilers ranged from 4.0 to 11.2 kg t −1, with uncertainties of 14–45% for different unit types. The emission factors of uncontrolled PM 2.5, PM 10, and total PM emitted by PC boilers were estimated to be 0.4A (where A is the percentage ash content of coal), 1.5A and 6.9A kg t −1, respectively, with 95% CIs of 0.3A–0.5A, 1.1A–1.9A and 5.8A–7.9A. The analogous PM values for emissions with electrostatic precipitator (ESP) controls were 0.032A (95% CI: 0.021A–0.046A), 0.065A (0.039A–0.092A) and 0.094A (0.0656A–0.132A) kg t −1, and 0.0147A (0.0092–0.0225A), 0.0210A (0.0129A–0.0317A), and 0.0231A (0.0142A–0.0348A) for those with both ESP and wet flue-gas desulfurization (wet-FGD). SO 2 and NO X emission factors for Chinese power plants were smaller than those of U.S. EPA AP-42 database, due mainly to lower heating values of coals in China. PM emission factors for units with ESP, however, were generally larger than AP-42 values, because of poorer removal efficiencies of Chinese dust collectors. For units with advanced emission control technologies, more field measurements are needed to reduce emission factor uncertainties.

Conceptual design study of fusion DEMO plant at SWIP

The basic definition and development strategy of the DEMO plant based on the Chinese fusion power plant (FPP) program are presented briefly. A conceptual design study of fusion HCSB-DEMO reactor with a fusion power of 2550 MW and a neutron wall loading of 2.3 MW/m 2 is performed recently. Three sets parameters of core plasma for different DEMO design objectives are proposed. A helium-cooled blanket system with ceramic breeder (Li 4SiO 4), the structure material of low-activation ferritic steel (LAF/M) and Be neutron multiplier based on Chinese ITER HCSB-TBM design foundation are considered. The design parameters, preliminary analyses and the basic structure as well as development strategy of HCSB-DEMO reactor are introduced.

Ultrasupercritical power plant development and high temperature materials applications in China

The rapid development of Chinese economy demands sustainable growth of power generation to meet industrial and domestic demand. The total installed capacity of electricity and annual overall electricity generation are now both the second highest in the world, close to those of the USA. Forecasts of China's electricity demand over the period 2010–20 are presented. Chinese power plants, like those worldwide, are facing demands to increase thermal efficiency and to decrease the emission of CO2, SOX and NOX. In light of the national resource of coal and electricity market requirements in the next 15 years, power generation – especially ultrasupercritical (USC) power plants with the steam temperature over 600°C – will undergo rapid development. The first 1000 MW USC power unit, with steam parameters 600°C, 26·25 MPa, entered service in November 2006. It is estimated that more than 350 USC power units will be installed in China by 2020. USC power plant designs will adopt a variety of qualified high temperature materials for boiler and turbine manufacturing applications. Among these materials, the modified 9–12%Cr ferritic steels, Ni–Cr austenitic steels and certain nickel base superalloys have received special attention in the Chinese materials market.

ICONE15-10471 A TONUS Code Application : Hydrogen Mitigation Analysis on CNP300

The TONUS code incorporates both Lumped Parameter (LP) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) formulations, is jointly developed by the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) for hydrogen risk safety analysis. During the cooperation between CEA and Chinese Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA) for severe accident management associated laboratory, the incorporation of a Chinese recombiner model into the TONUS code was carried out and an analysis was performed with this new recombiner model for the Chinese 300MWe Nuclear Power Plant (CNP300). The analysis of hydrogen issue for the CNP300 was performed with two recombiner models, the standard TONUS and Chinese one using several hypothetical accident scenarios. The obtained results show that the Chinese recombiner model results in a lower hydrogen concentration in CNP300 than the standard TONUS one due to its geometrical structure and high efficiency.

Production of glass from coal fly ash

The coal fly ash from a Chinese thermal power plant was vitrified after the addition of ∼10 wt% Na 2O. The glass products have suitable viscosity at 1200 °C and displayed a good chemical durability. The heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn were successfully immobilized into the glass as determined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure method. Results indicate an interesting potential for the coal fly ash recycling to produce useful materials.

00/01406 Foreign direct investment in China's power sector: trends, benefits and barriers

In the early 1990s, hoping to reduce chronic electricity shortages and enhance the efficiency of Chinese power plants, China opened its doors to foreign direct investment (FDI) in electricity generation. Using data from an original survey of US private investors, official Chinese statistics, and other sources, we assess the volume and characteristics of FDI in China's power sector, its impact on energy efficiency, and the factors that limit this impact. Our five principal findings are as follows. First, the volume FDI in China's power sector will likely fall short of the government's 1995 - 2000 capacity expansion target by a substantial margin, most likely because of persistent institutional barriers to FDI. Second, to avoid the lengthy central government approval process for large plants and to minimize risk, early FDI tended to be in small-scale, gas- and oil-fired plants using imported equipment and located in coastal provinces. However, more recent FDI tends to be in larger coal-fired plants that use more Chinese equipment and tends to be located in the north as well as the east. Third, and perhaps most important, FDI is likely having a significant positive impact on energy efficiency. Almost a third of the 20 FDI plants in our survey sample use advanced efficiency-enhancing generating technologies, and a fifth are cogeneration plants. Fourth, the main factor that has hampered the contribution of FDI to energy efficiency is an institutional bias in favor of small-scale plants which are generally not as energy efficient as the large-scale plants. And finally, the most important barriers to FDI generally are uncertainty associated with the approval process of FDI projects, electricity sector regulation, and the risk of default on power purchase contracts.

Comparative leaching experiments for trace elements in raw coal, laboratory ash, fly ash and bottom ash

Samples of raw coal, fly ash and bottom ash have been collected from a Chinese power plant together with laboratory ash obtained by ashing of the coal under 850°C. Comparative-leaching experiments were carried out on each fraction under various pH conditions. A mathematical model for leaching of trace elements has been developed and leaching intensity ( I l) has been calculated for each element. The results show that pH of the solution, leaching time, and particularly, properties and occurrence of the elements, have a strong influence on leaching behavior.

Transient analysis of steam generator in PWR nuclear power plant

The water level control system of steam generator in a pressurized water reactor of nuchear power plant plays an important role which effects the water level control of the steam generator are due the reverse dynamics behavior, so the transient analysis of the steam generator should firstly solve their mathematical models. For determination of dynamic behavior and design and testing of the control system, a nonlinear math model is developed using one dimensional conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy of primary and secondary sides of the steam generator. The nonlinear model is verified with standard power plant data available in the references, then the steady-states and transient calculations are performed for full power to 5% power reactor operation of the steam generator of Chinese Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant.

A new creep lifetime prediction method: the C-project concept

Many mathematical models have been put forward to evaluate the creep remanent life of high temperature components in thermal power plants. Most of these older creep life assessment methods give evaluations by extrapolation of removal sample test. Uncertainties arise from: the theoretical basis which does not delineate the whole creep process; the removal sample test can not be representative of the whole component; stress state difference between the test specimen and the real component; and the data scatter of material properties. To avoid these uncertainties a new method, called the C-projection concept, is derived from the θ-projection concept, which describes the whole creep process. The method based on the C-projection concept gives a more accurate creep life estimation of the considered component by making direct use of the actual dimensional measurements of the component of interest. A life assessment of a steam pipe system in an old Chinese power plant is given as an example of application. Combining this C-projection concept, replica technique, and stress analysis, a software called Creep Life Predictor is being designed.

Economic analysis of a husk-fueled gasifier power plant at a rice mill in Africa

A Chinese-built gasifier power plant fueled with rice husks has been installed at the Molodo rice mill in Mali under a cooperative program of the governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Mali, and the People's Republic of China. A report by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) compared the cost of electric power for the Molodo rice mill from (a) a diesel power plant consisting of two 170 kVA generating sets and (b) the Chinese gasifier power plant. The total cost of energy from the gasifier plant was only slightly more than half that from the diesel plant. Despite the high capital cost of the gasifier system, GTZ concluded that the increased investment costs of the gasifier power plant could be recovered in less than four years.