Chinese Imports Research Articles

An Empirical Study on the Effects of GSCM Building Factors of Chinese Import and Export Manufacturing Companies on Customer Satisfaction

본 연구에서는 중국 수출입 기업들이 다각적으로 변하는 국제환경 하에서 GSCM을 구축하는 요인이 고객만족 성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. GSCM구축요인에 관해서 중국 찻잎(茶叶)생산기업을 연구대상으로 하였으며 중국 차(茶)산업 현황, 산업 발전가능성 등을 함께 고찰하였다. 연구표본은 China Import and Export Fair 참여기업과 중국유통체인경영협회(中国连锁经营协会) 등을 통해 광저우, 상하이, 허난성, 관동성 등에 분포한 200여개 기업을 대상으로 하였으며 연구결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, 기업 간 신뢰성 요인은 기업 표준화, 외부환경 대응성 요인에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 기업의 업무 표준화가 향상될수록 외부환경에 대한 대응성이 높아지고 고객만족에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 기업들이 외부환경에 대한 대응성을 향상시키게 되면 고객만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 중국 수출입 제조 기업들의 GSCM구축배경에 대한 다양한 연구와 전략적 구축요인을 살펴볼 수 있었으며, 기업 간 신뢰성, 업무 표준화, 외부환경 대응성을 주요한 요인으로 고려해야 한다는 점을 살펴볼 수 있다.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 5 Neighboring Limited-Resource Countries: A Financial and Health Threat

Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 5 Neighboring Limited-Resource Countries: A Financial and Health Threat

Friends like this: The impact of the US–China trade war on global value chains

AbstractThis paper considers the indirect impact the recent tariff increases between the United States and China can have on third countries through links in global supply chains. We combine data from input–output relationships, imports and tariffs, to calculate the impact of the tariff increases by both the United States and China on cumulative tariffs paid by third countries. We show that the tariff hikes increase cumulative tariffs for other countries and thus hurt trade partners further downstream in global supply chains. We also show that this is particularly important for tariff increases on Chinese imports in the United States. These are likely to be used as intermediates in production in the United States, which are then re‐exported to third countries. The most heavily hit third countries are the closest trade partners, namely the EU, Canada and Mexico. We estimate that the tariffs impose an additional burden of around 500 million to 1 billion US dollars on these countries. China's tariffs on US imports have less of an effect.

Import competition, fast-track authority and U.S. policy toward China

Has the rise of China influenced U.S. legislation? China’s economic rise in the past 30 years has largely been driven by its exports of labor intensive products. Taking advantage of this supply shock in the United States and cross-district variation in the composition of industries, we investigate the potential role of Chinese imports in U.S. legislators’ decision on granting Fast-Track Authority to the president. Consistent with Conconi et al. (2012), our empirical analyses indicate that in districts with more industries that are exposed to Chinese import competition, legislators are less likely to give up the power to amend international trade agreements. Interestingly, Chinese imports may distort the view of constituents toward China which render legislators in districts subject to large Chinese import competition to take an affirmative position on foreign policy that may hurt China.

The Impact of Chinese Imports on Indian Wage Inequality

The paper seeks to address the growing inequality in wages between skilled and unskilled workers and between male and female workers in India due to a growing import surge from China. The study on wage movements of skilled versus unskilled workers helps us to understand how imports from India’s largest trade partner have contributed to relative factor returns in the country’s most abundant factor of production. The consideration of wage divergence between male and female workers helps us in determining how significant China’s trade is in addressing gender inequality in India’s labour market. Our analysis reveals that the import surge from China has minor effects on the growing wage difference between skilled and unskilled workers. However, the effect of the Chinese import surge on wage divergence between male and female workers is significant. The existing literature on the effects of international trade on India labour market is largely silent on the considered aspects.

Trade Conflict Between the U.S. and China: What Are the Impacts on the Chinese Economy?

Growth in trade has slowed since the global financial crisis in 2008. It seemed to recover in 2017 but declined again after the Trump administration in the U.S. imposed protectionist measures in 2018 which led to conflicts with its major trading partners, including Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, Korea and the EU. Among these partners, the U.S. negotiated amendments to its FTAs with Canada, Mexico and Korea. It is still negotiating with Japan. However, the U.S. government took a different, hard line approach to China in terms of trade based on setting high tariffs on Chinese imports to which China responded by placing high tariffs on U.S. imports. The trade conflict began with criticisms directed at each other, with the U.S. putting its national interest first and China touting a global system of free trade as a key issue. The trade conflict has negatively impacted not only the U.S. and Chinese economies but also the global economy, given that the two economies together as the G2 account for nearly 40% of global output. Therefore, one of the most important challenges for global economic growth is how the conflict might further affect the global economy. This paper analyzes why the trade conflict emerged and how to resolve it. It also focuses on the economic impacts of the trade conflict on the global economy in general, and the Chinese economy in particular. Further, it analyzes how the Chinese government strategically deals with trade negotiations with the United States.

Empirical Analysis of Chinese Natural Gas Importing Power Effect

Through the monthly data from 2016 to 2018, this paper studies the Chinese import volume of natural gas and international gas prices, and finds that the change of Chinese natural gas import volume has a great impact on the change of international gas price, and the increase of Chinese natural gas import will promote the growth of international gas price, there is a negative import “big country effect”.

Trade Policy and the China Syndrome

The recent backlash against free trade is partially motivated by the decline in manufacturing employment due to rising import competition from China. Previous studies about the “China syndrome” neglect the role of trade policy. This is surprising, given that politicians in high income countries have extensively used antidumping (AD) measures to protect their economies from rising Chinese imports. In this paper, I estimate the causal effect of trade protection on imports and employment, by constructing a new instrument for AD measures based on industries’ importance in swing states and experience in filing AD petitions. I show that AD duties have reduced import competition, decreasing the annual growth rate of US imports from China by 0.40 percentage points on average. They have also helped contain the China syndrome, by increasing the annual growth rate of employment in protected industries by 0.07 percentage points. These results show that protectionist instruments allowed under GATT/WTO rules can be used to attenuate the effects of import competition on employment.

Corrigendum to ‘‘Webs of Fiesta-related Trade Chinese Imports, Investment and Reciprocity in La Paz, Bolivia’’

Corrigendum to ‘‘Webs of Fiesta-related Trade Chinese Imports, Investment and Reciprocity in La Paz, Bolivia’’

THE IMPACT OF CHINA SHOCK ON DEINDUSTRIALISATION OVER TIME

<p><em>This paper analyses the impact of Chinese import competition on deindustrialization measured by real value added and employment share in 61 developed and developing countries over 1970-2010 period. By employing quantile regression with instrumental variables to correct potential endogeneity bias, the results suggest that the main driver of deindustrialization in employment in developed countries is technological change. There is heterogeneous effect of China shock. In developed countries, the effect is destructive in term of both employment and real value added in the lower quantile of distribution, with the higher magnitude for the former. In the higher quantile, complementary effect outweighs detrimental impact. In developing countries, the negative effect of China’s shock on real value-added rises as the increase in the proportion of manufacturing value-added in countries. The destructive effect on employment in developing countries seems to be harder after 1990 period.</em></p><p><strong><em>K</em></strong><strong><em>eywords</em></strong><em>: China, competition, deindustrialization</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Import Competition and Worsening Labour Relations: Evidence from China's WTO Accession

I study the effect of Chinese import competition on unions in the United States, whose decline has mirrored that of manufacturing. I examine two channels through which unions might have been affected: 1) differences in the extent to which the China shock negatively impacted firms in unionized industries relative to firms in non-unionized industries and 2) the formation of new unions and dissolution of existing unions. I exploit the US’s granting of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status to China upon its entry into the WTO, which increased Chinese import exposure by removing significant amounts of trade policy uncertainty that varied across industries. I find evidence that firms in unionized industries reacted more negatively than firms in non-unionized industries, conditional on receiving the same trade uncertainty reduction shock. Interestingly, I do not find that there is a significant effect of the China shock on the incidence of union representation cases. I do find that the incidence of work stoppages initiated both by employers and workers increases, suggesting that both sides increase pressure on the other in a bid to increase bargaining power under the shadow of increased import exposure.

Learning to import from neighbors

This study examines the impact of learning from neighboring firms on new importers' behaviors. We first develop a learning model in which firms update their beliefs concerning import prices in foreign markets. These beliefs are based on the number of neighboring firms that import from that market and the level and heterogeneity of import prices. The updating proceeds according to the Bayesian rule. The model predicts that a positive signal regarding import prices revealed by neighboring importers encourages importing entry from the same country. Such signals play a stronger role when revealed by a greater number of neighbors. In addition, the model predicts that a positive signal increases firm-level initial imports and survival rates, but decreases post-entry import growth. Using a transaction-level dataset of Chinese importers during 2000–2006, we find supporting evidence for the model's predictions. Furthermore, importer learning displays heterogeneous effects on different firms and exhibits a spatial decay structure. Our robustness checks include controlling for various fixed effects, employing an alternative entry definition, and using subsamples comprising ordinary trade firms and direct importers.

Comments on Trump's Trade War: An Indian Perspective

Noor Aini Khalifah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: With the backdrop of the decreasing hegemony of the United States and the emerging of two Asian giants, China and India, the article “Trump's Trade War: An Indian Perspective” succinctly captures the current scenario with references to history and the possibilities that the future may hold. From the perspective of leaders and domestic politics, it is always “better” to blame foreigners (“others”) for one's lack of competitiveness.The article highlights Trump's trade war and India's protectionist sentiment via the “Make in India” strategy, which does not bode well for either a liberalized world trading system or a liberalized FDI environment. The asymmetry of capital flows and labor flows between developed and developing countries is another source of contention in Trump's trade war. Both India and China's trade surplus with the United States led Trump to think that there exists “unfair trade practices” in these relationships. The U.S. trade deficit with China is about 20 times that of India in 2018.This article also addresses concern about China's growing geopolitical ambitions whereby both the United States and India aligned their interests in combatting the rise of China. Prior to Trump's tariffs, the strategic partnership between the United States and India was in tandem with Trump's vision of a “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” region. India's prior concern of “cheap” Chinese imports has gained momentum following Trump's trade war against China. India's allegation of “unfair competition” from “cheap” Chinese imports led India to resort to antidumping provisions under the auspices of WTO with the recent imposition of antidumping duties on imports of Chinese steel products. China in turn was the sole or one of the complainants of over two-thirds of the Indian antidumping cases (839 cases) brought to the WTO during 1995–2016, out of a total of 5,286 cases reported to the WTO.The United States is an important export destination for India with about double the amount of exports (US$ 42.2 billion) compared to source of imports (US$ 22.3). On the other hand, India's imports from China were US$ 62.3 billion and exports were US$ 10.2 billion, making India's trading relation with China more significant than that with the United States. It is difficult, however, to estimate the amount of China's trade with India that is conducted by U.S. affiliates domiciled in China.The chronology of events relating to U.S.–India trade by Prema-chandra Athukorala was quoted from many sources including Prime Minister Modi's article in the Wall Street Journal (2017), U.S. Department of State, U.S. Trade Representative (2018; 2019) as well as WTO reports. Data exhibited in the tables were mainly from USITC databases. The commodity composition of U.S. imports from India include semiprecious stones and jewellery (20.5 percent), chemical products (18.28 percent), cut and polished diamonds (16.48 percent), textiles and textile products (15.05 percent), machinery and mechanical appliances (9.31 percent), and mineral products (6.04 percent) amounting to 86 percent of imports in 2018. Overall, U.S. imports from India are based on India's comparative advantage in the production of final goods portraying minimal involvement in production networks. However, Foxconn Technologies’ and Wistron's plans of opening plants in Chennai amid Trump's trade war with China could help India regain missed opportunities from global production sharing. Hence, Trump's trade war with one Asian giant has a spillover effect on another Asian giant.

The Effect of Chinese Imports on European Innovation Activities in the Medium-Long Term Period

Studies have been conducted about the role of foreign trade-driven technology transfer in the achievement of the Chinese miracle; however, when focusing on the opposite direction, the literature is not uniform: how are Western businesses affected by trade dealings which China? To what extent does this impact apply to the innovation cycle? In this research we focused on the linear correlation between innovation in European countries (proxied by patent applications) and imports from China, over the 15-year time period following China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Patent applications are used as a measure of innovation, integrated in an economic model inspired by the "Trapped Factors" model, that makes it possible to account for escape-competition effects. The model analyzes the 2002-2016 period across 22 European countries. Apart from evaluating the impact of Chinese imports on European innovation, our study provides a review of the major contributions that have characterized this research area in the most recent years, trying to categorize and to present them from a proactive and comprehensive point of view. Keywords: innovation, import, China, Europe, patent applications DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-12-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

A Empirical Study on the Effect of Green SCM Construction Capacity on Corporate Performance of Chinese Export-Import Manufacturers

최근 국제무역과 관련된 환경보호 기준이 중국 수출입 제조기업들로 하여금 친환경적인 공급체인 관리를 실시하게끔 강요하고 있다. 본 연구는 Green SCM을 구축하려는 의지가 부족한 중국 수출입 제조기업들을 대상으로 Green SCM 구축역량과 기업성과와의 관계를 실증 분석하였다. 그 결과, Green SCM 구축역량이 높을수록 기업성과인 고객만족과 재무성과가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 파트너십과 재무성과와의 관계에 있어서는 기업규모에 따른 결과차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 중국 수출입 제조기업들은 환경규제라는 비관세 장벽을 극복하고 기업의 성과를 높이기 위해 Green SCM 구축역량을 높이는 데 힘써야 할 것이다.Recently, environmental protection standards related to international trade have forced Chinese exporters and importers to implement eco-friendly supply chain management. This study demonstrated and analyzed the relationship between Green SCM implementation capacity and corporate performance of Chinese import and export manufacturing companies who lack the will to establish Green SCM. The results showed that the higher the capacity to deploy the Green SCM, the higher the customer satisfaction and financial performance of the business performance, and that there was a difference in the outcome of the relationship between the partnership and the financial performance. In the future, Chinese exporters and importers will have to work to overcome the non-tariff barriers of environmental regulation and increase their capacity to build Green SCM to enhance corporate performance.

Economic rebalancing and geoeconomic challenges for China: the case of intra-BRICS and foreign direct investments

Este artigo investiga um importante desafio que a China enfrentará nos próximos anos: as consequências geoeconômicas do rebalanceamento de seu regime de crescimento. Do lado da demanda, o investimento e as exportações chinesas abrem espaço para o consumo, reduzindo as importações de bens de capital e aumentando as importações de bens de consumo. Do lado da produção, a indústria perde terreno para os serviços. Contudo, cada regime implica diferentes fluxos comerciais e de investimento e padrões de influência, cooperação e parceria. Assim, a distribuição espacial do comércio e do IED da China deve mudar, modificando os vínculos econômicos com seus parceiros, como os BRICS, e seus poderes de negociação na economia mundial. Este estudo avalia a trajetória das importações chinesas de bens e dos IEDs de outrosBRICS. Em termos de comércio, avaliamos a competitividade das exportações de cada país em relação à produção chinesa. Sobre os fluxos de IDE, consideramos a distribuição setorial do investimento realizado pelas maiores Empresas Multinacionais (EMN) do BRICS para avaliar as mudanças prováveis. Nossa pesquisa sugere que os impactos do rebalanceamento em cada BRICS são geralmente negativos e assimétricos, dependendo da posição destes últimos na divisão internacional do trabalho, moldada pela própria influência geoeconômica da China.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Permintaan Impor Tekstil dan produk Tekstil (TPT) China di Jawa Timur Terkait ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACAFTA) Tahun 2010-2013

ABSTRACT This study examines the factors that influence the demand for the imports of the textiles and textile products (TPT) from China in the East Java, Indonesia. This research is based on the implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), applied to the ASEAN members and China. The implementation of tariff exemption between ASEAN-6 and China under the ACFTA, entered into force in 2010. The tariff exemption is being imposed to some of the TPT products under the category of Normal Track that affected the demand for Chinese textile imports in the East Java. The main problems to be discussed on this study are the factors that influence the demand for Chinese textile imports in East Java in regards to the ACFTA. This study uses the theory of the Free Trade Area (FTA), consumption theory, the theory of aggregate demand, business strategy, pricing strategy, the strategy of imitation, and the concept of imports. Based on the findings of the research, this research concludes that the factors affecting the demand for Chinese textile imports in East Java are divided into the external factors and internal factors. The External factors is the impact of the tariff-free implementation of ACFTA and the business strategies of China. While the internal factors comes from the purchasing power of the East Java, which can be observed through factors such as the prices, consumption, and average incomes. Keywords: ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), business strategy, import demand, TPT East Java

Commodification of the Chinese language: investigating language ideology in the Irish media

ABSTRACT Despite the growing importance of Chinese in many contexts, the ideological orientations towards the Chinese language and its speakers embedded in the wider socio-political context remain under-researched. This study intends to bridge this gap by interpreting media representations of ‘Chinese’ in Irish print media. A combination of corpus linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis was employed in the study. Informed by Ruíz’s (1984) metaphorical representations of language, 85 valid news articles retrieved from the major Irish newspapers (2010-2018) were analysed. The results of analysis suggest that Irish media discourse focuses on highlighting the instrumental value of the Chinese language, promoting standard Chinese and marginalizing the Irish Chinese diaspora community. It can be argued that a community-oriented approach to promoting the learning and teaching of Chinese may help create a positive synergy between heritage language maintenance and recognition of the Chinese language as a valuable resource. This study will have implications for the wider discussion of language ideology and language planning with regard to modern language learning and heritage language maintenance.

Fringe Benefits and Chinese Import Competition

While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages.

Webs of fiesta-related trade: Chinese imports, investment and reciprocity in La Paz, Bolivia

The public display and lavish spending of wealth for other-than-economic ends has been a topic of vital importance in anthropology and sociology. Studies on the expansion of markets and transnational mobility in Latin American rely on the persistent idea that new economic riches are turned into recognition, prestige and power through feast sponsorship in home communities. In this article, I demonstrate that among Bolivian traders who regularly source in Chile and China, stewardship of a dance group for a patronal fiesta in La Paz has ceased to be a sponsorship and become an investment. Traders have integrated the advance of fiesta-related money into their loops of capital, but they also depend on social ties and reciprocal obligations to make a profit. A translocal perspective is deployed in order to understand the entanglement of trading and feasting: traders’ experiences with the global economy and the persistence of fiesta-specific forms of mutuality as well as the principle of rotation of the stewardship. I argue that as webs of fiesta-related trades and services change year after year, business opportunities are temporarily distributed.