Chinese Economic Reform Research Articles

The Great Exodus

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the process of rural labor reallocation and unfolds its growth effect through sufficiently supplying human resources, preventing diminishing return to capital, and increasing labor productivity.Design/methodology/approachThe author surveys literature and statistics related to the subject to comprehensively picture the 40-year course of the shift and reallocation of agricultural surplus labor.FindingsIn the past 40 years, reforms in relevant areas have eliminated institutional barriers deterring labor mobility and allowed agricultural laborers to exit from low-productivity farming employment, migrate beyond rural-urban boundary and across regions, sectors, and ownerships, and enter higher productivity employment in non-agricultural sectors. As a result, resources allocative efficiency has been substantially improved, contributing a significant part to labor productivity growth and thus economic growth of the Chinese economy as a whole.Social implicationsTo sustain this source of economic growth as far as China completes its transition from upper-middle income status to high-income status, deepening reforms is urgently needed. The author provides policy suggestions for further reform.Originality/valueThis paper enhances people’s understanding of the Chinese economic reform and its nature of efficiency and inclusion.

Micro-level experiences of macro-level change: A cohort perspective on China’s shift away from state-sector employment

Abstract An expanding and more lucrative private sector characterizes China’s economic transition over the last four decades. But have these labor market opportunities been equally distributed, or does historical timing of labor force entries matter? Drawing on a life-course, cohort perspective and nationally representative occupational histories (2003 and 2008 Chinese General Social Surveys), we examine the odds of a private-sector first job and of shifts from state- to private-sector jobs for two reform cohorts entering the labor market between 1978 and 2008. We find cohort variations in the impact of structural location (education and party affiliation) in predicting sector of first job and sector shifts. The least educated (high school dropouts) from the Late Reform cohort are most impacted by the expanding private sector, in terms of their first job (in private/hybrid firms and self-employment). Party membership takes on a different meaning over time, promoting Early Reform cohort members’ private-sector entry, but being a deterrent for Late Reform cohort members. A key potential consequence of Chinese economic reform based on our cohort comparisons: increasing transfer of those with less educational and political credentials from the state to the private sector, either through first-job availability or through (forced) self-employment following layoffs. The China case demonstrates the value of a cohort and life-course perspective grounded in careful institutional and historical analysis for capturing the impact of historical timing in shifting opportunity structures shaping individuals’ work lives and for understanding social change.

A Hungarian model for China? Sino-Hungarian relations in the era of economic reforms, 1979–89

In the wake of the introduction of the Chinese reform and opening up policy in 1978, the Beijing leadership paid special attention to the Hungarian experience with its reform of the economic management system. This article argues that although it is hard to identify single measures within the complex system of Chinese economic reforms that can be labelled as Hungarian in their origins, reference to a reform community proved to be an effective tool for Beijing’s leaders to emerge from isolation in the socialist bloc, rally international support, and strengthen domestic legitimacy for their reform agendas throughout the 1980s.

한한(韓寒), 문화영웅인가 공공지식인인가 : 그의 소설과 블로그 분석을 중심으로

More than 30 years have elapsed since China initiated its economic reform policies. Han Han, a critic of Chinese economic reform policy, and the Balinghou’s (people born Post- 1980’s, 八零后) leading author, was born in a post-Socialist China. Han Han is also a race car driver, a power blogger, a movie film director, and a creative writer.BR So this begs the questions, why are nearly 6 million Chinese, mostly Balinghou’s, born after1980’s and 90’s, so wildly excited about Han Han? What traces does his literature leave? What is it about Han Han’s socially critical blogs that attracts so many young readers? What about his first film? What meaning and influence does each these leave?BR The purpose of this research is to examine the transformation of Han Han’s literary work and blog from its role as a post-Socialist producer to becoming a leading agent in its cultural industry. Utilizing Critical Cultural Studies, this research will probe the following topics through the lens of literature and cultural production mechanism:BR How does cultural policy of Socialist Chinese Administration affect the writer’s work?BR How does a publishing company’s success affect the book’s publication longevity?BR How does the readers and writers relationship result in such a major fan following?BR Han Han brought forth the “Han Han phenomenon” in post-Socialist China, and he now is called a “cultural hero”. Also, through societal criticisms discussed in his blog, he’s also considered a master of social commentary for many young, working professionals.BR Han Han’s literature works and blog show a very clear understanding of both the literary and cultural mechanisms for the Balinghou in post-Socialist China. Han Han is able to use his extensive knowledge of these Chinese ideologies to probe the country’s culture, political leanings, and the position of the Balinghou in this rapidly changing nation.BR

A new choice for marketing mode of medical devices: mobile phone media

Abstract: Since the release of Chinese economic reform, the industry of medical devices has gained a rapid development in China and has been one of the important supports for national economy. The marketing of medical devices is facing problems such as white hot market competition, large amount of medical device products, severe blind marketing, single marketing mode and incomplete marketing network. Limited by the traditional marketing mode, the advertisements input by the medical device enterprises produce low economic benefits, suggesting the traditional marketing mode for medical devices has not been able to keep pace with the rapidly developed digital age. The emergence of mobile phone media solves the deficiencies of the traditional marketing mode in the aspects of creativity, interactivity, accuracy, service and marketing network and becomes a new marketing mode for medical devices. Mobile phone media based marketing improves the popularity of medical device enterprises, help establish good corporate image, enhances the sales volume of medical device products, and increase profits, which attributes to its advantages that is distinguished it with traditional media. Moreover, it also improves the grade and intangible value of commodities and brings about more economic benefits to enterprises.

Urban and rural stroke mortality rates in China between 1988 and 2013: An age-period-cohort analysis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate effects attributable to age, time period and birth cohort, on stroke mortality data from urban and rural regions in China between 1988 and 2013.MethodsMortality data were obtained from the Chinese Health Statistics Annual Report (1987–2001) and Chinese Health Statistics Yearbooks (2003–2014). Population data were obtained from population censuses (i.e. 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010). Data were analysed using an age-period-cohort (APC) model and intrinsic estimation (IE) method.ResultsThe age effect suggested that all older residents had higher stroke mortality risk than younger residents. Period effect showed that compared with figures for 1988, stroke mortality in 2013 was 1.8 times higher for urban regions and 2.4 times higher for rural regions. After controlling for age and period effects, cohorts born before the Chinese economic reform had a steady decline in stroke mortality. However, mortality rates increased and fluctuated in post-reform cohorts.ConclusionsThis APC-IE analysis identified a modest period effect with large age and cohort contributions to both the overall mortality and the disparity between urban and rural stroke mortality. Identifying early life and cumulative risk factors for stroke, improving equality in stroke prevention and care are needed to reduce the stroke mortality in China.

Conservative culture à la mode: contemporary Chinese Buddhism facing globalization

ABSTRACTFollowing Chinese economic reform, Chinese Buddhism, having regained its energy, shook off the title of ‘superstition’ or ‘opium’ and became a new fashion for Chinese society overnight. Contemporary Chinese Buddhism (mainly referring to the Han Chinese Buddhism in Mainland China in this article), by means of modern communication technologies such as websites, Weibo and Wechat, keeps expanding its influence, gaining rich social resources and, on advocating ‘Humanistic Buddhism,’ engaging itself actively in various areas such as education, charity and health care, which allows it to take an active part in the development of the Chinese economy. However, in the meantime, the revival of Contemporary Chinese Buddhism also maintains and restores the traditional Buddhist regime and monastic life. Facing the tendency towards the commercialization and secularization of monastic communities, Chinese Buddhism always brings up the principle of ‘taking precepts as mentor.’ Even among the younger generation of monks, who aspire to the re-establishment of the monastic regime of the Ming and Qing, we still find a clear presence of cultural conservatism. These all pushed Contemporary Chinese Buddhism into a slightly unfavorable position compared to Christianity.

Research on GF Company Training System

With economic globalization and the constant deepening of Chinese market economic reform, there occurs increasingly fierce competition among enterprises. Due to unique values, scarcity and inimitably organized classical characteristic, the human resources of modern enterprises become an integral component of modern enterprises’ competitiveness. How well human resources support the core capacity and competing advantages of an enterprise depends on employees’ core expertise and skills that create values for clients. The training system that is oriented on corporate strategies and core capacities is thus an important basis for cultivating and improving corporate employees’ core knowledge and skills. In this paper, we select GF company as the research object, making full use of human resource management related theory, literature research, case method, interview method to put forward an optimization design of GF company training system.

Development of the banking system of Ukraine in the light of experience of chinese economic reforms

The article defines development trends and negative processes that determine the current state of the banking sector of the Ukrainian economy. The main indicators of the activity of the domestic banking system, including the volume of deposit funds, deductions to reserves, credit indebtedness and the dynamics of the growth of bank capital, are analyzed. In parallel with the analysis of the domestic banking system, the state of China's banking industry and the main results of reforming and developing of the Chinese economy were examined. The role of the banking system in overcoming crisis phenomena as the main factor in stabilizing the Chinese economy is disclosed. The directions of using the experience of China in the sphere of strengthening the domestic banking system and state stimulation of Ukraine's economic development are proposed. Priority ways of renewing the efficiency of the domestic banking sector have been formulated, which include overcoming macroeconomic imbalances, correcting monetary policy mistakes, introducing an effective risk management system against the loss and depreciation of investors' capital, adjusting credit policies to minimize risks, and strengthening the role of prudential supervision in Ukraine.

Design of Multi-Function Fashion Chair Based on Human Factors Engineering

Based on the current status of the development of the chair on the market, taking human engineering research as the starting point of design, existing defects and problems of existing chairs as a starting point, so as to design a multifunctional fashion chair. It not only has the function of chairs, but also increases the function of modern subsidiary, make it better and more convenient to be used by modern people. So which not only improves the comfort of the chair and more humane. Chinese Economic Reform, china's national economy has been developing fast, people's living standard has been gradually improved. Now people are longing for a better life, this is also evident in the choice of daily furniture and requirements. In this paper, the existing problems in the use of chairs are investigated and analyzed. We redesign chairs with the concept of practicability and functionality, research the structure of the chair to expand the function of chairs. When it is placed in the home or office, it will has lots of application and is easy to be used.

Putting the Chinese State in its Place: A March from Passive Revolution to Hegemony

ABSTRACTThe Chinese party-state has been depicted in three major forms by the existing studies – the authoritarian state, developmental state and corporatist state. These depictions, however, only offer a partial understanding of the Chinese party-state and have failed to grasp its totality. Drawing upon the theoretical insights of Antonio Gramsci, this article contends that Chinese economic reform inaugurated in 1978 has been a top-down passive revolution and that, after three decades of reform, the role of the Chinese state has been changing from steering the country’s passive revolution to establishing capitalist hegemony. However, it should be noted that although the Chinese state has been undergoing a hegemonic transformation, capitalist hegemony has not been unambiguously established in the country. Some workers have given consent to the ruling class’s leadership, but a segment of workers has been able to transgress hegemony to formulate a radical critique of capitalists and the state. The transition to hegemony in China is a chaotic and tumultuous process of class struggles between the ruling class and the working class.

Marginality of Rural Migrant Students in Eleven Chinese High Schools

Since Chinese economic reform in the 1980s that prompted increased urbanization, gap between rural and urban places continually widen, and obvious cultural differences are observed. Rural populations migrate to heterogeneous urban environments and meet problems of marginality. Most rural students enter the city when receiving senior high school education in urban high schools. Perceiving the differences in urban life, these students begin to acquire urbanite and urban cultural personalities. Meanwhile, because of their original lower socioeconomic status, they are caught between rural culture and urban culture, and experience marginality in different ways. Based on insights derived from visiting 11 urban high schools and talking to 55 students, this paper details their marginal experiences in study adaption, life experience, social interaction, relationships, and value are described.

The Chinese Economic System Under Mao

Abstract This paper attempts a character study of China’s economic system under Mao to uncover changes and continuities between Mao’s economy and post-Mao Chinese economic reforms. While some historical roots of China’s market transformation can be readily traced back to Mao’s era, it remains open to debate how Mao’s legacies were actually translated into institutional forces facilitating China’s transition to a market economy. In addition, the presence of such linkage leads us to ponder why Mao’s economy failed so miserably, particularly in comparison with the rapid rise of the Chinese economy in the post-Mao era.

A tale of two cities – the development and reform experiences of Shenzhen and Shanghai

Following gaige kaifang, the twin strategy of reform and opening up, Shenzhen has been designated as a Special Economic Zone. The city appeared to have bright future and would serve as the growth engine in China. Despite having an impressive record of economic development since 1979, the prestige of Shenzhen as a commercial centre has always been overshadowed by Shanghai and Hong Kong. A breakthrough finally came when the State Council of China decided to develop Qianhai, a town near Shenzhen, into an international commercial centre. However, shortly after, the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone representing an unprecedented degree of openness in relation to foreign investment and international trade was launched. No one seems to remember the once-hopeful Qianhai area. The aim of this paper is to examine the path of development of the two leading commercial centres in China amidst the wider context of Chinese economic reform. A common issue facing both cities is, although the state generally has no problem in outlining a vision of reform, a translation of this vision into actual credible measures that could be implemented is often problematic.

Financial Innovation and Chinese Economic Reform

The Chinese economy has gone through years of reform with much success in liberating the ownership structure, labor market, and the manufacturing industry. During the process of economic reform, th...

중국연변지역 조선족 농촌주택의 시기별 변천에 대한 조사연구 - 평면의 변화를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this paper is to analysis on periodical changes of rural houses of Korean-Chinese people residing in Yanbian area, China focused on periodical changes of floor plans according to Chinese government's policies and regulations influencing on rural houses. Changes of floor plans are classified into four periods; immigrating settled period, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and after 2000. Total number of 67 cases were analyzed that data was collected 48 cases of literature studies and 19 cases of field study in Yanbian, China. The results are as followings. In immigrating settled period, floor plans of the rural houses have tended to be continued the pattern of the Korean traditional rural houses. Nevertheless China was changed socialism system, rarely floor plans were influenced by the system during this period. From 1960s to 1970s, the livestock and rural mechanization are influenced by the "People's Commune" policy. The "Barn" and "Mill" were converted into "warehouse". The residential part consists of one Jeongji (space mixed dinning and kitchen) and one to three of Ondolbang (room). From 1980s to 1990s influenced by the policies of "Cultural Revolution", "Birth Control" and "Chinese Economic Reform", the Korean traditional customs like "elders first" and "distinction between the male and female have been gradually vanished. Meanwhile, spaces of the rural houses have consisted of Jeongji, big Utppang (room), and warehouse. Each space is opened and mutual. Since 2000, influenced by the policy of a "new Socialist Countryside Construction", the bathroom and kitchen are added in interior spaces, the life style in rural houses has been changed as for both the sedentary style and western style.

Comment on “The Social Protection System in Ageing China”

Comment on “The Social Protection System in Ageing <scp>C</scp>hina”

(A Study on State-Owned Enterprises Reform in China)

(A Study on State-Owned Enterprises Reform in China)

Reflections on Chinese Political Economy

The aim of this paper is to discuss the reasons for the rapid growth in the Chinese economy over the last three decades. China has been growing fastest in human history, which has an impact on the global economy and also various challenges that the country faces. It is seen as heralding a major shift in the international division of labour through changes in its output and employment pattern. China is described as becoming the “work-shop” of the world as a result of the expansion of its manufacturing production. Its impact on other Asian economies and also on the world economy has the potential to be enormous. Market reforms and opening up of the Chinese economy to trade and foreign capital since the early 1980s, have unleashed entrepreneurial energies. China’s development policies can be best understood if these are looked at from an institutional economic perspective. This article is based on a review of published papers in the field of economic policies, focusing on the debate concerning the respective roles of the state and the market. A wide range of data sources are presented, including statistics compiled and generated by wide range of organisations such as IMF, World Bank and WTO that are non-governmental agencies. Secondary data of this type provides greater potential for addressing the research questions than statistics produced by the national government. This study finds that corporate debt has risen in recent years in China, a large part of these loans having been financed with investment in trust products issued by the banks. In addition, a huge amount of credit has been channelled into the real estate sector, and seems to be heading towards the housing and estate sectors, meaning that most of this is speculative. Investments are financed by credit; which clearly needs to be repaid. If these levels of debt become unsustainable this could pose a major challenge for the Chinese economy. Keywords. Chinese economic reforms, state intervention, economic performance and trade. JEL. F11, F40, N10.

From the Founding to the Ruling Party: The Identity Crisis of Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China

Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China (CPC) underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country’s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the confusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao’s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party’s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader’s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti-Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.