Chinese Crude Drug Research Articles

Pharmacognostical Studies on the Sino-Japanese CrudeDrugs “Huajiao（花椒）” and “Sansho（山椒）” (Part 4) Determination of Botanical Origin of Chinese Crude Drug “Jiaomu（椒目）” by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Pharmacognostical Studies on the Sino-Japanese CrudeDrugs “Huajiao（花椒）” and “Sansho（山椒）” (Part 4) Determination of Botanical Origin of Chinese Crude Drug “Jiaomu（椒目）” by Scanning Electron Microscopy

ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Chinese Crude Drug “Shoma.” Part 10. Three New Trinor‐9, 19‐cyclolanostanol Xylosides, Cimicifugosides H‐3, H‐4, and H‐6, from Cimicifuga Rhizome and Transformation of Cimicifugoside H‐1 into Cimicifugosides H‐2, H‐3, and H‐4.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Studies on the Chinese crude drug "shoma." IX. Three novel cyclolanostanol xylosides, cimicifugosides H-1, H-2 and H-5, from cimicifuga rhizome.

Three new cyclolanostanol xylosides were isolated from a batch of commercial Cimicifuga Rhizome, cimicifugoside H-1 (1), C35H52O9, mp 260-262 degrees C, [alpha]D -43.5 degrees, cimicifugoside H-2 (2), C35H54O10, mp 227-229 degrees C, [alpha]D -38.8 degrees, and cimicifugoside H-5 (3), C35H52O10, mp 262-264 degrees C, [alpha]D -22.9 degrees, together with known glycosides, actein and 27-deoxyactein. Their structures were determined on the basis of chemical and spectrometric evidence including an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structure of cimicifugoside H-1 (1) was established as (20R,24R)-24,25-epoxy-11 beta-hydroxy-3-beta-(beta-D- xylopyranosyloxy)-9,19-cyclolanost-7-ene-16,23-dione. Cimicifugoside H-5 (3) is the 15-hydroxylated derivative of 1. Since 1 changed into cimicifugoside H-2 (2) on treatment with p-toluenesulfonic acid, 2 has a 24R,25-diol structure derived from 1 by opening its epoxy ring.

Studies on the Chinese Crude Drug "Shoma". X. Three New Trinor-9,19-cyclolanostanol Xylosides, Cimicifugosides H-3, H-4 and H-6, from Cimicifuga Rhizome and Transformation of Cimicifugoside H-1 into Cimicifugosides H-2, H-3 and H-4.

Three trinor-triterpenol glycosides were isolated from a batch of commercial Cimicifuga Rhizome : cimicifugoside H-3 (1), C32H48O9, mp 249-251 °C, [α]D -22.3°, cimicifugoside H-4 (2), C32H48O9, mp 265-267 °C, [α]D -75.0°, and cimicifugoside H-6 (3), C32H O10, mp 275-276 °C, [α]D -64.3°, On the basis of chemical and spectral data, the structure of 1 was proposed to be 11β, 24-dihydroxy-3β-(β-D-xylopyranosyloxy)-25, 26, 27-trinor-9, 19-cyclolanost-7-ene-16, 23-dione. Cimicifugoside H-4 (2), 11β, 16α, 24α-trihydroxy-3β-(β-D-xylopyranosyloxy)-25, 26, 27-trinor-9, 19 : 16, 24-dicyclolanost-7-en-23-one, seems to be generated from intramolecular aldol condensation between C-16 and C-24 of 1. Cimicifugoside H-6 (3) is the 15α-hydroxy derivative of 2. Cimicifugoside H-2 (5), which has already been obtained from cimicifugoside H-1 (4) under an acidic condition, was found to give 1, 2 and an α-hydroxy enone (2a) under an alkaline condition.

Sanggenons R, S, and T, Three New Isoprentylated Phenoles from the Chinese Crude Drug "Sang-Bai-Pi" (Morus Root Bark)

Sanggenons R, S, and T, Three New Isoprentylated Phenoles from the Chinese Crude Drug "Sang-Bai-Pi" (Morus Root Bark)

中国に生育するシナオケラAtractylodes chinensisの精油成分の変異

In a previous paper, we reported the variation of essential oil components comtained in a rhizome of Atractylodes lancea that is a botanical origin of Chinese crude drug"Cangzhu( ?? ?? )."In this paper, A. chinensis, an another botanical origin of this drug, was investigated in the same manner. The plant (179 individuals) growing wild was collected in Hebei, Shangdong and the North of Jiangsu provinces, China at flowering time. A. koreana that has been an origin of the drug was also obtained at the Shangdong peninsula. Six essential oil components, that is elemol (1), atractylon (2), hinesol (3), β-eudesmol (4), selina-4 (14), 7 (11)-dien-8-one (5) and atractylodin (6) contained in their rhizomes were determined with GC. Two types were recognized for a species A. chinensis according to the statistical analysis of essential oil components. One type is characterized by containing 3 and 4 as main components, and the plants belonging to this type are distributed in the North of the Huang-He river. Another type is characterized by containing 2 or 6 as main components, and the plants belonging to this type are distributed in the South of this river. Deposition of a white cotton like crystal was not observed from examined the plants. Compound 2 was detected in all the populations of A. chinensis including A. koreana. Especially, 6 was contained in all examined the plants. These results were compared with those of A. lancea.

The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Chinese Crude Drug Prescriptions on Experimental Arthritis

San-Miao-Warn (SMW), Tuhwo-Jih-Shen-Tang (TJS) and Dang-Quei-Nian-Tong-Tang (DGT) are Chinese traditional prescriptions. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of these crude drug prescriptions in carrageenan-induced acute arthritis and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic arthritis in rats. It was found that pretreatment with SMW, TJS or DGT at a dosage of 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced acute arthritis. Moreover, these crude drugs also significantly suppressed the development of chronic arthritis induced by CFA. These results suggest that SMW, TJS and DGT are potential anti-inflammatory agents and may be considered as alternatives for non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).

Histological Study on Crude, Drugs Pai-wei, Pai-chein and Indigenous Species of Cynanchum in Taiwan

The botanical origins of Cynanchum species (Cynanchum spp.) on the Taiwan market have been established by histological studies in the present paper. The results showed that the Chinese crude drug Pai-wei on the Taiwan market was derived from the dried roots of Cynanchum atratum Bunge; that of Pai-chein was derived from the dried roots of C. stauntonii (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz; and the Wanling-shu used locally in Taiwan was derived from the dried roots of C. taiwanianum Yamazaki.

Hypotensive activity of ovatodiolides isolated from a Chinese crude drug ‘Fáng Féng Cáo’

AbstractMacrocyclic diterpenoids, ovatodiolides, showed a transient hypotensive activity in the anaesthetized dog. The effects of ovatodiolides on the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), contactile activity in isolated frog heart by the Yagi‐Hartung method and the Ca2+ current measured with the voltage clamp method in single bullfrog atrial cells were examined. Ovatodiolide (1) showed inhibitory activity of myocardial contraction and an antagonistic effect on Ca2+ current. These results suggest that the hypotensive activity by ovatodiolides at least, partly, may be due to inhibition of myocardial contraction.

Foetidinol, a new trinor-triterpenoid with a novel carbon skeleton, from a Chinese crude drug “Shengma” ( Cimicifuga foetida L.)

Foetidinol ( 1a), trinor-triterpenoid with a novel carbon skeleton, has been isolated from the rhizoma of Cimicifuga foetida L., and its structure was determined based on the 2D NMR spectroscopy including HMBC.

Three Novel Diarylheptanoids, Calyxin A, Calyxin B, and 3-EPI-Calyxin B from a Chinese Crude Drug"Yunnan Cao Kou"(Alpinia blepharocalyx K. SCHUM.).

Three novel diarylheptanoids, calyxin A (1), calyxin B (2) and 3-epi-calyxin B (3), have been isolated from ethanolic extract of seeds of Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. and their structures determined by the use of 2D NMR spectroscopy including NOE and HMBC experiments and chemical analyses.

Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effects of the extract from Salviae Miltiorrhizae radix. A study on the identification of lithospermic acid B in the extracts

1. 1. The aqueous extract of Salviae Miltiorrhizae radix (Chinese crude drug named “dan-shen”) relaxed the noradrenaline-precontracted aorta with endothelium. 2. 2. Vasodilation by the extract disappeared in aorta without endothelium, and was inhibited by pretreatment with 10 −4 M N G-monomethyl- l-arginine ( l-NMMA) or 10 −5 M methylene blue. 3. 3. The inhibition of the extract-induced vasodilation by l-NMMA was reversed by l-arginine (3 × 10 −4 M). 4. 4. The component of the extract was analyzed by chromatography, fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS) and 1H-NMR. 5. 5. An active component of the extract, which showed endothelium-dependent vasodilation, was found to be identical with lithospermic acid B.

Isolation and structure of clematine, a new flavanone glycoside from Clematis armandii franch

A novel flavanone glycoside has been isolated from the Chinese crude drug “ mu tong” which is used in Hunan province, China. The structure of this new natural product is identified as 5,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavanone-7-(6″- o-β- l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β- d-glucopyranoside by 1H, 13C NMR, COSY, 1H, 13C HETCOR, LOCOR and 1D NOE-difference spectra.

Constituents of Ephemerantha fimbriata. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Two New Phenanthrenes, Fimbriol-A and Fimbriol-B, and a New Dihydrophenanthrene, Ephemeranthol-C.

Constituents of Ephemerantha fimbriata (BL.) P. F. HUNT et SUMMERH, which is used as a source plant of the Chinese crude drug "Shi-Hu", were examined and two new phenanthrenes, fimbriol-A (2) and fimbriol-B (8), a new dihydrophenanthrene, ephemeranthol-C (6), and dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate (5) were isolated together with denbinobin (1), (+)-pinoresinol (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (7), lusianthridin (9), and dihydro-p-coumaric acid (10). Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the use of spectroscopic methods including two-dimensional NMR techniques.

Effects of extracts of Zanthoxylum fruit and their constituents on spontaneous beating rate of myocardial cell sheets in culture

AbstractIn the course of our studies on naturally occurring cardioactive agents, we investigated the effects of water and methanol extracts of a Chinese crude drug “Huajiao” the dried fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, on the spontaneous beating rate (BR) of embryonic mouse myocardial cell sheets in culture. Both extracts significantly increased the BR. Through bioassay directed fractionation of the extracts, hydroxy‐β‐sanshool (1b), xanthoxylin (2) and two quercetin glycosides, hyperin (4) and quercitrin (6), were found to increase the BR in a standard medium (2.1 mM Ca2+). In a low Ca2+ medium (0.5 mM Ca2+), these compounds suppressed the decrease of BR, which was induced by low Ca2+. Of 16 flavonoids related in structure with hyperin (4) and quercitrin (6), quercetin, isoquercitrin, rutin, myricetin and myricitrin also increased the BR in the standard medium, while kaempferol and luteorin decreased the BR in the standard medium. When compared with control, hydroxy‐β‐sanshool (1b) and xanthoxylin (2) stimulated 13–15 fold calcium uptake of the cultured myocardial cells, which might have caused the positive chronotropic effect. Hyperin (4) and quercitrin (6) did not affect calcium uptake of the myocardial cells, Na+–K+ ATPase activity or Ca2+‐ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Development of natural crude drug resources from Taiwan (X). Pharmacognostical studies on the Chinese crude drug "han-lian-cao".

In a previous paper(1), it was reported that the drug "Han-lian-cao", in Taiwan was derived from the entire plant or aerial part of Eclipta prostrata L. and Alternanthera sessilis R. Brown. In this paper, the histological studies of "Han-lian-cao" derived from Wedelia and Hypericum plants, and of 3 species of Wedelia related plants distributed in Taiwan were made. The results showed that it was possible to classify these species by their external and internal characteristics. In addition, a key to the characteristics of the whole plants of Eclipta, Alternanthera, Wedelia and Hypericum plants are hereby given.

Isolation and Characterization of Eight 1-O-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines from the Crude Drug "Jiryu," the Earthworm, Pheretima asiatica.

Eight 1-O-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (lyso platelet-activating factor; lyso PAF) were isolated from the Chinese crude drug Jiryu, dried body walls of the earthworm, Pheretima asiatica MICHAELSEN (Megascolecidae). They were identified by 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry as 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1), 1-O-pentadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2), 1-O-tetradecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (3), 1-O-13-methyltetradecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (4), 1-O-14-methylpentadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (5), 1-O-15-methylhexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (6), 1-O-heptadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (7) and 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (8).

Two New Glycosides from the Roots ofCynanchum versicolor

Two new glycosides named cynanversicoside-A and -B, together with glaucogenin-C as the aglycone, were isolated from the Chinese crude drug "Pai-Wei", CYNANCHUM VERSICOLOR Bunge (Asclepiadaceae). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence as glaucogenin-C 3- O-beta- D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha- L-diginopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta- D-thevetopyranoside and glaucogenin-C 3- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta- D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha- L-diginopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta- D-thevetopyranoside.

A New Enzyme Immunoassay for a Solid Chinese Crude Drug, Pinellia Tuber.

A new immunoassay for a solid Chinese crude drug was studied. An antiserum specific for Pinellia tuber was elicited in two rabbits. Using the antiserum and powdered Pinellia tuber-coated microtiter plate as the immunological reagents, and beta-D-galactosidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) as the tracer, a new enzyme immunoassay for a solid Pinellia tuber with a working range between 0.1 and 1000 micrograms/ml was developed. The assay was specific for a solid Pinellia tuber and showed low cross-reaction values on other Chinese crude drugs and the extract of Pinellia tuber. The specificity of the assay was compared with the selected antibody enzyme immunoassay (SAEIA) for the extract of Pinellia tuber recently developed. Both methods utilized the same immunological reagents such as the serum and the enzyme-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG, and the only difference between them was the solid-phase antigen used. The assay results of several antigens determined by them were quite different, showing that selective measurements of different antigens, either solid or the extract of Pinellia tuber, were possible using the same antiserum, when the tracing reaction in the immunoassay was adequately selected.

Studies on the constituents of orchidaceous plants. Part X. Constituents of Ephemerantha lonchophylla; Isolation and structure elucidation of new phenolic compounds, ephemeranthol-A, ephemeranthol-B, and ephemeranthoquinone, and of a new diterpene glucoside, ephemeranthoside.

Constituents of Ephemerantha lonchophylla (HOOK. f.) P. F. HUNT et SUMMERH, which is used as a source plant of the Chinese crude drug "Shi-Hu", were examined and four new phenolic compounds, 3-O-methylgigantol (2), ephemeranthoquinone (3), ephemeranthol-A (5), and ephemeranthol-B (7), and a new diterpene glucoside named ephemeranthoside (9) were isolated along with four known compounds, denbinobin (1), 4, 7-dihydroxy-2, 3-dimethoxyphenanthrene (4), erianthridin (6), and gigantol (8). The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data.