Chinese Cabbage Seeds Research Articles

Rhizonin A from Burkholderia sp. KCTC11096 and its growth promoting role in lettuce seed germination.

We isolated and identified a gibberellin-producing Burkholderia sp. KCTC 11096 from agricultural field soils. The culture filtrate of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) significantly increased the germination and growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage seeds. The ethyl acetate extract of the PGPR culture showed significantly higher rate of lettuce seed germination and growth as compared to the distilled water treated control. The ethyl acetate fraction of the Burkholderia sp. was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation and we obtained for the first time from a Burkholderia sp. the plant growth promoting compound rhizonin A (1), which was characterized through NMR and MS techniques. Application of various concentrations of 1 significantly promoted the lettuce seed germination as compared to control.

Isolation and characterization of Bradh1 gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa)

Alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1) is an enzyme present in higher plants involved in the anaerobic fermentation pathway that catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol, resulting in continuous <TEX>$NAD^+$</TEX> regeneration. It also plays an important role in many plant developments including tolerance to anoxia condition. Here, a cDNA clone encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) seedlings. The gene named Bradh1 had a total length of 1,326 bp that contains a single open reading frame of 1,140 bp. The predicted protein consists of 379 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 41.17 kDa. Expression pattern analysis revealed a tissue-specific expressing gene in different tissues and strongly expressed in the shoot, roots and seeds of Chinese cabbage. Agrobacterium transformation of full-length cDNA Bradh1 into rice Gopumbyeo showed high efficiency. Furthermore, induction of ADH in transgenic rice enhanced tolerance to anaerobiosis stresses and elevated mRNA transcripts. The overexpression of Bradh1 in rice increases germination under anaerobiosis stresses, implying the possibility of developing new varieties suited for direct seeding or flood-prone rice field.

The effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) germination and development

Seeds of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) were treated with serial concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) for observation of germination and development. Germination rate, growth process and various physiological indicators of the seedlings were analyzed. Inhibition of germinability rate (by 10.0 percentages), germination rate (by 8.3 percentages), and growth (by seedling falling or death) by 85mg/L PFOS were observed. Chlorophyll content, dissolvable protein content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves were inhibited by PFOS dose ≥ 51mg/L (P<0.05). PFOS also resulted in an increasing of free proline content in the leaves of seedlings (P<0.05).

Elucidating the process of co-composting of biosolids and spent activated clay

This study elucidates the co-composting of biosolids and spent activated clay (SAC) using physio-chemical, bioassay, and spectroscopic methods. A pilot-scale pile of blended limed biosolids, SAC, and rice husk was composted for 15 weeks. The changes in temperature, pH, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, C/N, and germination index (GI) of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis) seeds with time support the goal of producing a mature compost with a decline in the SAC acidity of associated with biosolids. Cadmium, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in the initial biosolids were converted from labile fractions into relatively immobile phases upon maturation. Temperature, moisture, pH, C/N, and GI were used to separate the composting process into three phases – initial, thermophilic, and cooling, based on a score plot of principal component analysis (PCA). The values of the parameters of interest reveal that the compost fulfills the requirements of compost maturity in the literature.

When seed fails: The contested nature of neoliberalism in South Korea

In recent years, many geographers have examined the ways that the production of nature has changed as a result of neoliberal practices. In this paper we examine a conflict in South Korea that started when some Chinese-cabbage seeds were affected by a virus, causing crop failure. This failure came shortly after liberalization in the Korean seed industry led to foreign ownership of the firm that sold the seed. We focus in particular on the farmers’ creative political responses – and their subsequent defeat in court. Drawing on Antonio Gramsci’s insights on politics, science, and law, we examine how the seed failure came to be evaluated through scientific and legal practices. We argue that the adjudication of the truth of the seed failure through science and law reveals how socionatures are contested under prevailing hegemonic conditions. These conditions are both general and specific: although law and science are relatively hegemonic spheres of truth-production in all capitalist societies, the ways that the seeds were disputed and evaluated were distinctly Korean.

He-Ne激光照射白菜种子的生物学效应的研究

He-Ne激光照射白菜种子的生物学效应的研究

Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Chinese Cabbage Roots as Antagonists to Plasmodiophora brassicae

This study was conducted to select endophytic actinomycetes as biocontrol agents against Chinese cabbage clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. A total of 81 endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Chinese cabbage that was grown on paddy field and upland soils collected from various locations in Korea. By using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequencing, they were classified to 8 actinobacterial genera. The genus Microbispora (67%) was most frequently isolated, followed by Streptomyces (12%) and Micromonospora (11%). Three of the 81 isolates, when inoculated in germinated Chinese cabbage seeds and then transplanted to pots, effectively suppressed the occurrence of a post-inoculated strain of P. brassicae in the pots. They showed control values of 58% for strain A004, 33% for strain A004, and 42% for strain A018. Based on cell wall components, morphological characteristics, and phylogenetic analyses, the three antagonistic isolates were identified as Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea (A004 and A011) and Streptomyces olivochromogenes (A018). Further researches on the field efficacy and action modes of the three actinomycetes are in progress.

Single and joint toxicity of cypermethrin and copper on Chinese cabbage ( Pakchoi) seeds

The single and joint effects of Cu 2+ and cypermethrin (CPM) on the seed germination and the elongation of root and shoot of Pakchoi were investigated. The results showed that in solution low concentrations of Cu 2+ could accelerate the germination rate of Pakchoi, whereas high concentrations of Cu 2+ could inhibit it. CPM could strongly inhibit the germination of Pakchoi in solution. However, in the joint toxicity effect, CPM reduced the phytotoxicity of Cu 2+ on the germination of Pakchoi seeds under solution conditions. In the single-factor experiments and joint effect tests of CPM and copper on the seedling growth, it was found that there were significant liner relationships between concentrations of pollutants and root elongation ( P < 0.05). Copper and CPM had synergic effects on root elongation of Pakchoi in solution cultivation test. However, in soil culture test, these synergistic effects were not significant ( P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the joint toxicity was more dependent on the effect of copper than that of CPM. The toxicity of the pollutants to seed germination, shoot and root elongation is in the following sequence: root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate.

Variety Identification of Chinese Cabbage Seeds Using Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was applied to identify varieties of Chinese cabbage seeds. Chemometrics was used to establish the identification models from a total of 120 samples, 20 samples from each of the six varieties. Soft independent modeling of a class analogy (SIMCA) models were established based on principal component analysis, and a good identification result of about 94% was achieved based on the calibration set of 40 samples. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) were used to further improve the correct answer rate. A correct answer rate higher than 97% was reached by LS-SVM based on the calibration set of 40 samples, better than that of PLS-DA (81%). The generalization ability of the LS-SVM model was evaluated based on calibration sets with different numbers of samples. A correct answer rate of 100% was obtained when the number of samples for the calibration was 80. Based on the resulting coefficients and loading weights from PLS-DA, sensitive wavelength regions were screened, and five sensitive wavelengths (412, 421, 469, 681, and 717 nm) were proposed. LS-SVM identification models using these five wavelengths obtained a 98% correct answer rate based on a calibration set of 40 samples. The result shows that visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a fast and effective technique to identify the varieties of Chinese cabbage seeds.

Effect of granular porous media on the composting of swine manure

This study investigated the feasibility of a bulking agent of granular porous media (GPM) for the composting of swine manure. Two lab-scale composting reactors were operated to evaluate the general performances and maturity parameters using GPM made of wastes from the Portland cement manufacturing processes as an alternative bulking agent. The overall volatile solid (VS) removal was 38.5% (dry basis). During the experiments, moisture content ranged between 41% and 53%, ensuring feasibility of microbial activity in composting. Cured compost showed proper maturity and low phytotoxicity, despite the slight decreases of CO2 production and VS removal at the second batch operation. Various physico-chemical parameters of the cured compost met the regulatory standards reported elsewhere. The pH, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, ammonia nitrogen and soluble organic carbon (SOC) of the cured compost were significantly correlated to the germination index (GI) using the seeds of Chinese cabbage and lettuce, indicating the progressive biodegradation of phytotoxins as well as organic matter. Consequently, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that GPM could contribute to the environmentally friendly and economical composting of problematic swine manure as a recyclable bulking agent.

Nondestructive Detection of Nitrogen in Chinese Cabbage Leaves Using VIS–NIR Spectroscopy

Proper nutrient management is essential to increase yield, quality and profit. This study was conducted to estimate the N concentrations of chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis `Norangbom') plug seedlings using visible and near infrared spectroscopy for nondestructive N detection. Chinese cabbage seeds were sown and raised in three 200-cell plug trays filled with growing mixture in a plant growth chamber with three different levels (40%, 80%, and 100%) of required N. Reflectance for leaves of chinese cabbage seedlings was measured with a spectrophotometer 15 days after the experiment started. Reflectance was measured in the 400 to 2500 nm wavelength range at 1.1-nm increments. The leaves were dried afterwards to measure their water content and were analyzed for their actual N contents. The experiment was repeated twice (group I and II). Correlation coefficient spectrum, standard deviation spectrum, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), and partial least squares (PLS) regression were used to determine wavelengths for N prediction models. Performances of SMLR and PLS were similar. For the validation data set (group II), SMLR produced an r2 of 0.846 and PLS yielded r2 of 0.840. The most significant wavelength 710 nm, which was identified by all methods, was correlated to chlorophyll. Water content positively correlated with N concentration (r = 0.76). Wavelengths of 1467, 1910, and 1938 nm selected by SMLR from both groups also showed that water had a strong effect on N prediction. Wavelengths near 2136 nm indicated that protein had potential use in N prediction. Wavelengths near 550 and 840 nm could also contribute to N prediction.

Possible Involvement of K+/Na+ in Assessing the Seed Vigor Index

Abstract: More substances leaked from a higher-vigor seed sample than from a lower-vigor sample. This indicates that, in some cases, electric conductivity does not represent seed vigor level very well, especially for high-vigor seeds. Results from germination, germination index, leachate conductivity, and the ratio of K+/Na+ from three-seed lots of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Louv.) Rupr) showed that K+/Na+ correlated well with germination and germination index. The ability of K+/Na+ to indicate well changes in vigor was further supported by investigation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds and another cultivar of Chinese cabbage seeds. Thus, seed leakage of K+/Na+ can accurately indicate seed vigor, whereas the conductivity test failed to do so. Furthermore, K+/Na+ showed up bigger quantitative differences in vigor level than did the conductivity test. This findings provide a more sensitive and accurate index for the assessment of seed vigor. The mechanisms of Na+ and K+ ion transport are also discussed. (Managing editor: Ping HE)

Joint effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of crop seeds

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in common use, joint toxic effects of acetochlor and urea on germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Pekinensis Rupr) seeds were investigated using the water-culture method and the soil-culture method. The results indicated that excessive application of acetochlor and urea, when the concentrations were higher than 31.3 mg x kg(-1) for acetochlor and 500 mg x kg(-1) for urea, had strong inhibitory effects on the rate of seed germination, root elongation and hypocotyl length of Chinese cabbage. The inhibitory rate of the germinating characteristics of Chinese cabbage seeds was significantly increased with an increase in the concentration of acetochlor or urea. The two agrochemicals in water had a stronger toxicity than these in the soil at the same concentration. Among the three indexes, hypocotyl length was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor and urea.

A napin-like polypeptide from dwarf Chinese white cabbage seeds with translation-inhibitory, trypsin-inhibitory, and antibacterial activities

Napins are 1:1 disulfide-linked complexes of a smaller (ca. 4 kDa) subunit and a larger (ca. 10 kDa) subunit. The intent of the present study was to ascertain the production of napin by the seeds of a Brassica species that has not been examined previously, and also to explore new biological activities of the napin. A heterodimeric 11-kDa napin-like polypeptide has been isolated from Chinese white cabbage ( Brassica chinensis cv dwarf) seeds with a protocol comprising ion exchange chromatography on DEAE–cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)-ion exchange chromatography on Mono S and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The N-terminal sequence of the 7-kDa subunit manifests striking similarity to napin large chain, albumin and trypsin inhibitor. The N-terminal sequence of the 4-kDa subunit is homologous to napin large chain and an antimicrobial peptide. The napin-like polypeptide inhibited translation in the rabbit reticulocyte system with an IC 50 of 18.5 nM. This translation-inhibitory activity was stable between pH 4 and 11, and between 10 and 40 °C. The polypeptide inhibited trypsin with a higher potency (IC 50=8.5 μM) than it inhibited chymotrypsin (IC 50=220 μM), but was devoid of ribonuclease and antifungal activities. It manifested antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosia, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus megaterium. The results revealed that the napin-like polypeptide from Chinese white cabbage seeds exhibited some potentially exploitable activities.

The trypsin‐inhibitory, immunostimulatory and antiproliferative activities of a napin‐like polypeptide from Chinese cabbage seeds

A heterodimeric 13.8 kDa napin-like polypeptide has previously been isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica parachinensis) seeds with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, FPLC-ion exchange chromatography on Mono S and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. In the present study the N-terminal sequence of the 8.8 kDa subunit of the polypeptide (PQGPQQRPPKLLQQQTNEEHE) was found to have pronounced homology to napins, albumins and trypsin inhibitors, but demonstrated little similarity to the 5 kDa subunit. The polypeptide stimulated nitrite production by mouse peritoneal macrophages and reduced the viability of leukaemia (L1210) cells. It inhibited trypsin with a higher potency than it inhibited chymotrypsin, but was devoid of ribonuclease and antifungal activities.

Molecular detection and beta-glucuronidase expression of gus-marked Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings.

To detect L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings. Stable Bacillus subtilis L-forms were genetically modified to express the gus gene (encoding beta-glucuronidase). Germinated seeds of Chinese cabbage were soaked in mannitol based suspensions of the L-form bacteria or with mannitol alone and after washing were grown in aseptic conditions on plant growth medium. Histochemical staining of beta-glucuronidase activity (X-gluc) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of the gus gene were achieved in the L-form associated seedlings. beta-Glucuronidase was localized in discrete spots, mainly in the roots with staining, and was also observed in the cotyledons and base of stems. Correlation was observed between PCR detection of the gus gene and histochemical staining with detection in similar tissues. Stable L-form bacteria were non-culturable after their association with plant material. The gus reporter gene system with its associated histological staining for enzyme activity was used successfully for detecting B. subtilis L-form bacteria in plant material. These molecular marked L-forms should provide a specific and sensitive technique for detecting L-form bacteria in planta and offer a method for further understanding the L-form/plant association.

Isolation of a napin-like polypeptide with potent translation-inhibitory activity from Chinese cabbage (Brassica parachinensis cv green-stalked) seeds.

A heterodimeric napin-like polypeptide was isolated from Brassica parachinensis seeds with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, FPLC-ion exchange chromatography on Mono S and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The N-terminal sequence of the 5 kDa subunit of the polypeptide (PAGPFRIPKKRKKEE) showed high homology with other 2S storage proteins like napins and albumins. The polypeptide potently inhibited translation in a cell free system with an IC50 of 6.2 nM. The translation-inhibiting activity of the polypeptide was relatively stable in the pH range 6-11 and in the temperature range 10-50 degrees C.

STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS AND DRYING EXPERIMENT OF SINGLE SEED

ABSTRACT Studies in the seeds drying field are presently aimed at macro heat and mass transfer of the whole seeds heap, but for drying of life materials, such as the seeds, the control of their internal temperature is essential. Therefore, the study of the heat transfer process of the internal single seed is pressed. This paper experimentally studied the measuring method of the thermal conductivity for the single broad bean seed, and then obtained an interrelated curve between the thermal conductivity and water contents for single seed. During the drying, the internal temperature could be derived from the surface temperature of the seeds and it contributed to deciding the safe drying temperature of the seeds. Then we derived the thermal conductivity of the seed coat and the cotyledon by testing and calculating the temperature fields of the inner cross section in the seed, which quantitatively indicated the difference of the thermal resistance between the seed coat and the cotyledon. In order to conquer the thermal resistance, appropriate drying conditions could increase the drying speed on the condition that the activity of seeds was maintained. In this paper, the Chinese cabbage seeds are selected to experimentally validate this method through the two-pass infrared radiation vibrated dryer and produces some satisfactory results. These results will contribute to the improvement of the drying quality and the efficiency of the life materials, such as the seeds.

The symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-forms with Chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea.

To establish whether germination of Botrytis cinerea was affected by the symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria with Chinese cabbage. Germinating seeds of Chinese cabbage were co-cultivated with either L-forms of Bacillus subtilis or 5% (w/v) mannitol by soaking for 3 h. Seeds were then washed in sterile water, sown on a minimal medium and incubated in controlled conditions. L-form symbiosis was detected over a time course by ELISA. Conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea was significantly reduced on cotyledonous leaves of L-form-treated plants compared with controls. Symbiosis of B. subtilis L-form bacteria during seed germination of Chinese cabbage inhibits conidial germination in plants on subsequent exposure to Botrytis cinerea. This is the first account of plant symbiosis with L-form bacteria showing antagonism to a fungal plant pathogen. This has promising implications for the use of this L-form as a biocontrol agent.

THE THERMO-IMAGE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SEEDS DRYING

Using the method of combining the two subjects of engineering thermophysics and physiology, this paper carried out the thermo-image experiments of drying Chinese cabbage seeds at both dynamic and static states in the infrared radiation vibrofluidized dryer that was made by us. Meanwhile the seed physiology experiments were also conducted. The results show that the critical drying temperature of seeds is the function of their drying time and moisture content. It is higher when the initial moisture is lower, or the drying time is shorter. This provided the theoretical basis for the optimization of heat and mass transfer of seeds drying.