Chinese Academy Of Sciences Research Articles

Evolutionary and Pan-genome Analysis of Three Important Black-pigmented Periodontal Pathogens.

To analyse the pan-genome of three black-pigmented periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Pan-genome analyses of 66, 33 and 5 publicly available whole-genome sequences of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens, respectively, were performed using Pan-genome Analysis Pipeline software (version 1.2.1; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China). Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the entire pan-genome and single nucleotide polymorphisms within the core genome. The distribution and abundance of virulence genes in the core and dispensable genomes were also compared in the three species. All three species possess an open pan-genome. The core genome of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens included 1001, 1514 and 1745 orthologous groups, respectively, which were mainly related to basic cellular functions such as metabolism. The dispensable genome of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens was composed of 2814, 2689 and 906 orthologous groups, respectively, and it was enriched in genes involved in pathogenicity or with unknown functions. Phylogenetic trees presented a clear separation of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens, verifying the reclassification of the black-pigmented species. Furthermore, the three species shared almost the same virulence factors involved in adhesion, proteolysis and evasion of host defences. Some of these virulence genes were conserved across species whereas others belonged to the dispensable genome, which might be acquired through horizontal gene transfer. This study highlighted the usefulness of pan-genome analysis to infer evolutionary cues for black-pigmented species, indicating their homology and phylogenomic diversity.

Visualization of the relationship between fungi and cancer from the perspective of bibliometric analysis

The relationship between cancer and microorganisms has been extensively studied, with bacteria receiving more attention than fungi. However, fungi have been shown to play a significant role in cancer development and progression. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for identifying new avenues in prevention and treatment. To evaluate the current state of research on fungi and cancer, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, we searched for English-language articles published between 1998 and 2022. Analyzing the resulting publication data, we identified trends, patterns, and research gaps. Our analysis encompassed co-authorship networks, citation analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. With 8283 publications identified, averaging 331.32 publications per year, our findings highlight China, the United States, India, Japan, and Germany as the top contributing countries. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, and University of São Paulo emerged as the most productive institutions. Key themes in the literature included “cancer,” “cytotoxicity,” “apoptosis,” “metabolites,” and “fungus.” Recent trends indicate increased interest in keywords such as “green synthesis,” “molecular docking,” “anticancer activity,” “antibacterial,” “anticancer,” and “silver nanoparticles.” Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current research landscape in the field of fungi and cancer, offering insights into collaborative networks, research directions, and emerging hotspots. The growing publication rate demonstrates the rising interest in the topic, while identifying leading countries, institutions, and research themes serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and funders interested in supporting investigations on fungi-derived compounds as potential anti-cancer agents.

Quantitatively mapping the research status and trends of vegetation responses to climate change with bibliometric analysis

PurposeVegetation is a typical sensitive indicator of climate change, and therefore provides theoretical and valuable information for addressing issues arising from climate change including improving soil ecosystem services. Exploring how vegetation responses to climate change has become one of major hotspots of research. However, few scholars have performed bibliometric analyses of this field. This study investigated the current research activities and the trend developments of vegetation responses to climate change.Materials and methodsWe conducted a quantitative bibliometric analysis of 2,310 publications on vegetation responses to climate change from 1991 to 2021 retrieved in the Web of Science Core Collection. The analysis comprised significant journals, disciplines, and scholars, as well as partnerships between countries and institutions, keyword co-occurrence and burst analysis. The bibliometric analysis tools, Histcite, Vosviewer, CiteSpace software, and R (Bibliometrix package), were applied.Results and discussionThe related publications on vegetation responses to climate change had been increasing exponentially in the past 30 years and its total global cited score reached its peak in 2010. The USA and China were the leading countries, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences having the highest number of publications and citations. The scholars who had the most citations were Allen CD, Bresears DD, and Running SW. Six research clusters were generated by keywords co-occurrence analysis, including impact, response, CO2, growth, climate change, and vegetation. These clusters represented the current research topics that highlighted the responses of vegetation to climate change, the manifestation of its impact, and coping strategies. In future research on vegetation, the emphasis is expected to be placed on “human activities” and “N2O emission”.ConclusionThis study has performed a comprehensive and systematic and quantitative analysis of the publications on the responses of vegetation to climate change. The results reveal the characteristics, development patterns, and research trends of studies on vegetation activity in response to climate change, which sheds new insights into understanding the relationship between soil and climate.

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 DCPP Experiment

The outputs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS-f3-L) model for the decadal climate prediction project (DCPP) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) are described in this paper. The FGOALS-f3-L was initialized through the upgraded, weakly coupled data assimilation scheme, referred to as EnOI-IAU, which assimilates observational anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) and upper-level (0–1000-m) ocean temperature and salinity profiles into the coupled model. Then, nine ensemble members of 10-year hindcast/forecast experiments were conducted for each initial year over the period of 1960–2021, based on initial conditions produced by three initialization experiments. The hindcast and forecast experiments follow the experiment designs of the Component-A and Component-B of the DCPP, respectively. The decadal prediction output datasets contain a total of 44 monthly mean atmospheric and oceanic variables. The preliminary evaluation indicates that the hindcast experiments show significant predictive skill for the interannual variations of SST in the north Pacific and multi-year variations of SST in the subtropical Pacific and the southern Indian Ocean.

Nonexcessive-ΔV and Low Complexity Model Predictive Control Based on Finite-State Machine for Three-Level Three-Phase Inverters

For three-level three-phase inverters, a novel finite-state machine based model predictive control (FSM-MPC) is proposed. The state transition diagram of FSM is regarded as the operation guideline to avoid excessive voltage jumps (Δ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> ). No more than five voltage vectors (VVs) are selected as FSM-MPC's candidates VVs, based on the VV reference and the previous optimal VV. And the cost function is simplified in terms of time duration. Thus, evaluating a candidate VV requires a very low computation cost. Without losing control performance, the proposed FSM-MPC's execution time is decreased to 50% of the MPC algorithm, which enumerates all basic VVs to get global optimal VV and performance. Compared to the existing simplified algorithms, the proposed FSM-MPC makes current harmonics lower, and its average switching frequency is 33% less, which means much less switching loss. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is robust when the electric-circuit parameters are mismatched in the control system. Experimental results are provided to validate the advantages of the proposed algorithm. <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52177204, and in part by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2021JJ30875. (Corresponding author: Jian Yang) H. Zhou, J. Yang, D. Song and M. Dong are with the school of Automation, Central South University, Hunan 410083, People's Re-public of China (e-mail: ; ; ; ). L. Huang and X. Chen are in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China (e-mail: ; ). </fn>

Liquefaction proneness of stratified sand-silt layers based on cyclic triaxial tests

Most studies on liquefaction have addressed homogeneous soil strata using sand or sand with fine content without considering soil stratification. In this study, cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the stratified sand specimens embedded with the silt layers to investigate the liquefaction failures and void-redistribution at confining stress of 100 kPa under stress-controlled mode. The loosening of underlying sand mass and hindrance to pore-water flow caused localized bulging at the sand-silt interface. It is observed that at a silt thickness of 0.2 H ( H is the height of the specimen), nearly 187 load cycles were required to attain liquefaction, which was the highest among all the silt thicknesses with a single silt layer. Therefore, 0.2 H is assumed as the optimum silt thickness ( t opt ). The silt was placed at the top, middle and bottom of the specimen to understand the effect of silt layer location. Due to the increase in depth of the silt layer from the top position (capped soil state) to the bottom, the cycles to reach liquefaction ( N cyc,L ) increased 2.18 times. Also, when the number of silt layers increased from single to triple, there was an increase of about 880% in N cyc,L . The micro-characterization analysis of the soil specimens indicated silty materials transported in upper sections of the specimen due to the dissipated pore pressure. The main parameters, including thickness ( t ), location ( z ), cyclic stress ratio (CSR), number of silt layers ( n ) and modified relative density ( D r,m ), performed significantly in governing the liquefaction resistance. For this, a multilinear regression model is developed based on critical parameters for prediction of N cyc,L . Furthermore, the developed constitutive model has been validated using the data from the present study and earlier findings. ©2022 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

First Report of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum Causing Basal Stem Rot on Celery in China.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in China. In recent years, celery has been widely planted in Yuzhong county, Gansu province. From 11 April to 24 May, 2019-2021, basal stem rot of celery was observed with incidences up to 15% in the Yuzhong region (35°49'N, 104°16'E, 1865 m a.s.l.), which caused serious economic losses to local farmers. Typical symptoms of the disease included wilting and darkening of the basal stem, leading to plant death. To identify the cause of the disease, small pieces (5mm×5mm) of the margin of asymptomatic and rotting basal stem tissues were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s and 3% NaClO for 5 min, then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 25℃ (Zhao et al. 2021). Twenty-seven single-conidium isolates with morphological characteristics similar to Fusarium spp. were obtained (Ma et al. 2022), which displayed two kinds of colony morphology. On PDA, seven isolates developed white, fluffy aerial mycelium and twenty isolates developed light pink abundant aerial mycelium. Isolate F5 and F55 from each distinct morphological group were cultured on PDA and synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) for pathogenicity tests, morphological and molecular identification. The macroconidia (18.3 to 29.6 × 3.6 to 5.3 μm, n=50) with 1 to 2 septa and microconidia (7.5 to 11.6 × 2.6 to 3.5 μm, n=50) with 0 to 1 septum were observed in F5. For F55, the size of macroconidia was 14.2 to 19.5 × 3.3 to 4.2 μm (n = 50) with 1 to 2 septa; Microconidia were mostly 0 to 1 septum and measured 7.3 to 12.8 × 2.2 to 4.2 μm (n = 50). To confirm the identity of the isolates, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF-1α) gene were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and EF-1/EF-2 (Uwaremwe et al. 2020), respectively. The sequence similarities of isolate F5 (GenBank No. OL616048 and OP186480) and F55 (GenBank No. OL616049 and OP186481) with the corresponding sequences of F. solani (MT447508 and MN650097) and F. oxysporum (MG461555 and OQ632904) ranged from 99.22% to 100.00%, with matching base pairs of 531/532, 416/416, 511/515 and 394/395, respectively. The voucher samples were deposited in the sample center of Northwest Institute of Ecological Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Morphological and molecular results confirmed the species of F5 and F55 as F. solani and F. oxysporum, respectively. A pathogenicity test was conducted under greenhouse conditions (19-31°C, avg. 26°C). Conidial suspension (105 spores/mL) of isolates F5 and F55 were poured onto the basal stems of healthy celery seedlings at the age of 1 month and mock-inoculated control treatments with sterile water. Ten plants were inoculated for each treatment. After 21 days, all plants inoculated with both fungal isolates developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field, whereas the mock-inoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from the inoculated symptomatic plants onto PDA medium and had morphology as described above, confirming Koch's postulates. F. solani and F. oxysporum have been reported to infect many plant species, including carrot (Zhang et al. 2014) and Angelica sinensis (Liu et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report that F. solani and F. oxysporum cause basal stem rot on celery in China. The identification of pathogens of the observed basal stem rot on celery provides a clear target for the prevention and management of this disease.

Preface

The 2nd International Conference on Advances in Modern Physics Sciences and Engineering Technology - PSET 2023 has been held on April 29th-30th, 2023, in Wuhan, China. This conference is organized by the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), China, and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), in collaboration with Wuhan University, China, University of Huddersfield, UK, University of Messina, Italy, and University of Ferrara, Italy.The primary goal of this conference is to provide a platform for presenting the latest advancements and research findings in engineering technology and applied physics from around the world. We aspire to foster research opportunities and collaborations that will help to advance the fields of modern physics sciences and technologies, particularly for young scientists and engineers.This volume of proceedings comprises comprehensive research papers, experience reports, and empirical studies contributed by scholars from around the world. In total, 75 papers submitted to PSET2023 and 50 papers underwent a meticulous peer-review process, with each paper being evaluated by at least one expert in the relevant field. Following rigorous assessment for quality and originality, finally, 31 papers were chosen for inclusion in this volume for publication. These papers include research and development in various areas such as mechanical and materials science, industrial engineering technology and applications, simulation, modelling and optimization technologies. The conference showcased numerous informative technical papers, including groundbreaking research presented by participants from various institutions. It was a platform for state-of-the-art research, lively discussions, and friendly exchanges.We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all keynote speakers: Prof. Dr. Osman Adiguzel, Firat University, Turkey, Prof. Alexander G. Ramm, Kansas State University, USA and Prof. Shuifa Shen, Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Thank the international reviewers and program committee members for their valuable contributions and dedication in making this conference a success.We look forward to meeting you next year!Sergei KopeikinUniversity of Missouri, USARoberto ZivieriNational Institute of High Mathematics (INdAM), Rome, ItalyList of Internationals Committee Members are available in the pdf

Tensile and tear-type fracture toughness of gypsum material: Direct and indirect testing methods

In this context, four specimens, i.e. (i) circumferentially notched cylindrical torsion (CNCT), (ii) circumferentially notched cylindrical direct tension (CNCDT), (iii) edge notch disc bend (ENDB) and (iv) three-point bend beam (3PBB), were utilized to measure the modes I and III fracture toughness values of gypsum. While the CNCT specimen provides pure mode III loading in a direct manner, this pure mode condition is indirectly produced by the ENDB specimen. The ENDB specimen provided lower KIIIc and a non-coplanar (i.e. twisted) fracture surface compared with the CNCT specimen, which showed a planar mode III fracture surface. The ENDB specimen is also employed for conducting pure mode I (with different crack depths) and mixed mode I/III tests. KIc value was independent of the notch depth, and it was consistent with the RILEM and ASTM standard methods. But the mode III fracture results were highly sensitive to the notch depth. While the fracture resistance against mode III was significantly lower than that of mode I, the greater work of fracture under mode III was noticeable. ©2022 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Assessing the influence of differential code bias and satellite geometry on GNSS ambiguity resolution through MANS-PPP software package

Abstract Ambiguity resolution (AR) is essential for quick and accurate Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS location and navigation. In addition to location parameters, there are various additional GNSS characteristics that are relevant for a wide range of applications such as instrumental calibrations, atmospheric sounding, and time transfer. We offer differential code bias and satellite geometry for the GNSS estimable parameters using MANS-PPP software backage. In this research, we used the MANS-PPP software package to execute the processing method and generate the PPP GNSS solution. We demonstrated how differential code bias and satellite geometry can effectively enhance initial time and positioning error for multi-GNSS satellites. PPP Processing observation data in static mode was used by the different DCB files the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), and the Centre for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), for the 12 stations from IGS, and we analyzed the impact of errors from the satellite geometry. The results illustration that the correction of DCB significantly improves the PPP ambiguity resolution success rate and quality, which have higher DCB values. The satellite geometry also has a substantial influence on the PPP ambiguity resolution, with a better geometry leading to a higher success rate and quality. Furthermore, the use of multiple GNSS constellations and the optimization of the satellite selection and weighting algorithms can further improve the PPP ambiguity resolution and the resulting positioning accuracy.

Progress of carbon sequestration in urban green space based on bibliometric analysis

To understand the development progress and relevant Frontier research of urban green space carbon sequestration, based on the core databases such as Web of Science, CiteSpace software, and bibliometric analysis methods were used to analyze the research status. The results showed that the number of papers on urban green space carbon sequestration research was on the rise. China and the United States had closer cooperation from the perspective of international cooperation institutions. Peking University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the US Forest Service made the greatest contributions to this research field. Analyzing the keywords and the literature co-citation map, it was inferred that the hot keywords of future urban green space carbon sequestration research include carbon sequestration, ecosystem services, and climate change. It was found that carbon sequestration of urban green space ecosystems research primarily focuses on the correlation between urban green space and ecosystem services, and UGS carbon sequestration accounting and urban green space management. Finally, two perspectives were proposed: 1) Urban green spaces diversified ecological benefits are achieved through the function of carbon sequestration, and 2) Urban green space carbon sequestration accounting and urban green space management promote the development of urban green space. An overview of the international progress and basic state of urban green spaces and carbon sequestration theme research is presented in this paper, Additionally, it provides valuable references for future research and helps gain a comprehensive understanding of this field of research.

Urea Electrooxidation in Alkaline Environment: Fundamentals and Applications

AbstractInvited for this issue's Front Cover is the group of Dr. Shun Lu of Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China). The cover picture shows the electrochemical urea oxidation reaction has been a key reaction among urea‐assisted hydrogen production, direct urea fuel cell, urea‐containing wastewater urea removal and urea sensors. Read the full text of the Concept at 10.1002/celc.202300138.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Urban Digital Level on Regional Innovation Ecology in the Yangtze River Delta

This paper conducts an empirical analysis based on the regional innovation ecological index and digital index of cities from 2020 to 2022 in the Yangtze River Delta jointly issued by the Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other research institutes. The research finds that the digital level has significantly improved the regional innovation ecological level. The promotion effect of digital level on different indicators to measure regional innovation ecology is different, and the promotion effect on innovation resources is the best. The multiple regression results show that the financial environment, social security environment, and ecological environment will affect the ecological level of regional innovation. Heterogeneity analysis shows that there are significant regional differences in the innovation ecological spillover effects at the digital level. The calculation results of the Moran’s I further verify that the digital level has a promoting effect on the regional innovation ecology. Based on the above research, this article suggests that the country should formulate relevant policies to effectively improve the digital level of cities, mobilize the enthusiasm of investors and financiers, increase environmental supervision, increase investment in social security environments, fully utilize the leading role of advanced cities to improve the ecological level of regional innovation.

The visualized knowledge map and hot topic analysis of glomalin-related soil proteins in the carbon field based on Citespace

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil have many positive effects on growth, nutrient acquisition, and stress tolerance of host plants, as well as soil fertility, soil structure, and soil ecology. Glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) are a mixture of humic substances and heat-stable glycoproteins, primarily of AMF origin. GRSP are as an important component of soil organic carbon (C) pools, which can stabilize and sequestrate C, thus reducing soil C emissions for slowing down global warming. Based on the CiteSpace software and the core collection of Web of Science as the database, this study made a visual analysis of GRSP’s literature in the C field published from 1999 to 2022, including the number of publications, countries, institutions, co-cited literature, keywords, top cited papers, etc. The study regarding the GRSP in the C field could be divided into the initial stage (1999–2009), the steady stage (2010–2018), and the explosive stage (2019–2022). The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the organization with the most publications, and the United States, China, and India are the three leading nations in the C field of GRSP. However, there was little collaboration among the participating countries and the study’s institutions. The focus of the research has shifted from the composition and content of GRSP in C to the question of whether C in GRSP affects soil properties. Future research was also prospected.Graphical

A study of the correlation between stroke and gut microbiota over the last 20years: a bibliometric analysis.

This study intends to uncover a more thorough knowledge structure, research hotspots, and future trends in the field by presenting an overview of the relationship between stroke and gut microbiota in the past two decades. Studies on stroke and gut microbiota correlations published between 1st January 2002 and 31st December 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and then visualized and scientometrically analyzed using CiteSpace V. A total of 660 papers were included in the study, among which the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany were the leading research centers. Cleveland Clinic, Southern Medical University, and Chinese Academy of Science were the top three institutions. The NATURE was the most frequently co-cited journal. STANLEY L HAZEN was the most published author, and Tang WHW was the most cited one. The co-occurrence analysis revealed eight clusters (i.e., brain-gut microbiota axis, fecal microbiome transplantation, gut microbiota, hypertension, TMAO, ischemic stroke, neuroinflammation, atopobiosis). "gut microbiota," "Escherichia coli," "cardiovascular disease," "risk," "disease," "ischemic stroke," "stroke," "metabolism," "inflammation," and "phosphatidylcholine" were the most recent keyword explosions. Findings suggest that in the next 10 years, the number of publications produced annually may increase significantly. Future research trends tend to concentrate on the mechanisms of stroke and gut microbiota, with the inflammation and immunological mechanisms, TMAO, and fecal transplantation as hotspots. And the relationship between these mechanisms and a particular cardiovascular illness may also be a future research trend.

Research on the newest GaN-Based solid-state power amplifier for CiADS project

Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences is the first domestic institute to widely apply solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) to linear accelerator project from China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (C-ADS) project started since 2011. Until now, SSPA design has already been considered for two large-scale scientific facilities in Guangdong Province of southeast China: China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) and High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). The SSPA was developed rapidly due to the reliable technologies of LDMOS-based (laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor) power amplifiers.With the maturation of GaN (Gallium Nitride) technology, GaN-based amplifiers have been studied in the field of accelerators since 2020. Last year, IMP made new progress with GaN SSPA, measuring power modules at three fundamental frequency points of 162.5 MHz, 325 MHz, and 650 MHz. The first 50 kW rack with GaN SSPA was measured at 650 MHz in IMP, and its modules offer huge advantages of 40% output power and 8% efficiency compared to the newest LDMOS at the same frequency, which holds a fascination for our project.Until the beginning of 2023, the prototype power modules on three frequency points were completed and tested. This paper will detail the design development of GaN technology and its technical characteristics.

First Report of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infecting Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze in China.

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is a perennial erect herb that belongs to the genus Epimeredi, family Labiatae (Hsieh et al., 2008). This herb is distributed in several southern provinces such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou in China, and it is also exported to Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore and Malaysia (Li., 2010; Yao et al., 2019). Due to its market potential and broad development prospects, the herb has been cultivated in Yunnan. In August 2021, virus-like symptoms on leaves, including shrinking, mosaic, and yellow mottling(Fig S1. A) appeared on approximately 80% of A. indica in the experimental fields of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, in Kunming, Yunnan. To unveil the possible viral agents associated with the disease symptoms, leaf samples were collected from 5 plants for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis using negative staining (Zhang et al., 2016). Rhabditiform-shaped particles around 300 × 18 nm (Fig S1. C) were observed, which resemble those of tobamoviruses. To identify the exact virus, total RNA was extracted from the 20 leaf samples using the RNA-easy Isolation Reagent (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), followed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with a degenerate tobamovirus primer pair (Li et al., 2014). A 480-bp amplicon was obtained from each sample and cloned into the pMD18-T vector for Sanger sequencing (Takara, Dalian, China). BLASTn-analysis revealed that the 20 amplicons were identical and shared 100% nucleotide sequence identity with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolate Bei Cang Zhu from Atractylodes lancea (acc. no. KU198186) One sequence was deposited in the GenBank under the accession number OK489807. ELISA testing with TMV-specific antibody (Agdia, USA) produced positive results for all of the 20 leaf samples. In order to understand the difference between TMV isolates from A. indica and those form other host plants, the sequences of movement protein (MP, 807 bp) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, 3351 bp) of TMV were also obtained from one of the TMV infected samples using the target gene special primers (Tab. S1), and submitted to GenBank under the accession number OM3662406 (MP) and OM366242 (RdRp). BLASTn-analysis revealed that the amplicon of MP shared 97.75% nucleotide sequence identity with TMV isolate Henan 9-2-2017 from sweet potato (MN186255.1) and RdRp shared 97.43% nucleotide sequence identity with TMV isolate SXFQ from Solanum lycopersicum (JX993906.1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate of A. indica grouped with several TMV isolates (e.g., tomato, AF103779.1 and tobacco, HE818449.1) from Northern China. The virus was successfully transmitted onto healthy A.indica plants (n = 5) upon mechanical inoculation as the plants not only developed foliar distortion symptoms but also tested positive for TMV by RT-PCR with the CP-specific primers (Tab. S1). Taken together, our results demonstrated that the diseased A. indica plants were infected with TMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV infected A. indica (L.) Kuntze in China. Symptomatic phenotype-based field surveys on some plantations in Yunnan Province indicated that the disease incidence ranged from 70% to 90%, resulting in significant loss of production of A. indica. It is necessary to monitor the viruses in the fields and find effective methods to protect TMV in the A. indica (L.) Kuntze industry.

Bibliometric Analysis of Magnesium and Bone

Background: In recent years, research on the association between magnesium and bone has gained widespread attention. Magnesium plays an important role in bone health, and magnesium alloys and magnesium nanoparticles have potential applications as biomaterials in the field of orthopedics. Methods: This study employed a comprehensive literature review and analysis to summarize the interactions and application areas of magnesium and bone. Through bibliometric analysis, the research trends and international landscape of zinc and bone studies were evaluated. Results: The results indicate a continuous growth in research related to zinc and bone, with China playing a key role in this field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was identified as the core institution for zinc and bone research, and Qin Ling emerged as a central author in this domain. The study also found that magnesium alloys hold potential for applications in orthopedic implant materials, while magnesium nanoparticles can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and interdisciplinary research in advancing global research on zinc and bone. However, bibliometric analysis has certain limitations and should be complemented with qualitative methods and expert knowledge for comprehensive evaluation. Future research directions include optimizing the degradation performance of magnesium alloys, gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying magnesium’s role in bone formation, and exploring innovative approaches such as functional coatings and material surface modification techniques. These findings provide valuable guidance and prospects for further exploration of the relationship between magnesium and bone and the development of innovative solutions for bone health.

Preprocessing of passive‐source ocean‐bottom seismometer data in the Mariana subduction zone

AbstractThe data collected by ocean‐bottom seismometers are unique compared to that of land seismic stations and require preprocessing before use. In this study, we focus on preprocessing seismic data obtained from a passive‐source experiment in the Mariana subduction zone conducted by the Institute of Deep‐Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2018 to 2019. We outline the steps involved in preprocessing the data, including time correction using the ocean background noise cross‐correlation function, tilt correction using a transfer function and orientation correction based on seismic wave polarization. Our results show that the maximum clock drifting was ∼4 s on two stations (K06 and K20), whereas the rest of the station waveforms have clock drifting of less than 2 s. Among stations, only the K06 station is tilted, and the tilt angle is 19.82°. We use the P‐wave and Rayleigh wave polarization methods to determine the orientation. Our results indicate that the error in the result obtained using the P‐wave polarization method is less than that of the Rayleigh wave polarization method. Additionally, we address the advantages and disadvantages of these preprocessing techniques. Our goal is to offer a comprehensive overview of the preprocessing process, to assist beginners in the field and to serve as a foundation for future research in passive‐source ocean‐bottom seismometers.

Absolute frequency measurements with a robust, transportable 40Ca+ optical clock

We constructed a transportable 40Ca+ optical clock (with an estimated minimum systematic shift uncertainty of and a stability of ) that can operate outside the laboratory. We transported it from the Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan to the National Institute of Metrology, Beijing. The absolute frequency of the 729 nm clock transition was measured for up to 35 d by tracing its frequency to the second of International System of Units. Some improvements were implemented in the measurement process, such as the increased effective up-time of 91.3% of the 40Ca+ optical clock over a 35-day-period, the reduced statistical uncertainty of the comparison between the optical clock and hydrogen maser, and the use of longer measurement times to reduce the uncertainty of the frequency traceability link. The absolute frequency measurement of the 40Ca+ optical clock yielded a value of 411 042 129 776 400.26 (13) Hz with an uncertainty of , which is reduced by a factor of 1.7 compared with our previous results. As a result of the increase in the operating rate of the optical clock, the accuracy of 35 d of absolute frequency measurement can be comparable to the best results of different institutions in the world based on different optical frequency measurements.