Inbound Tourism In China Research Articles

Beyond the stereotypes: Opportunities in China inbound tourism for second‐tier European destinations

AbstractThe existing literature has often represented Chinese tourists in broad and stereotypical ways, as a new generation of bumbling camera‐waving tourists showing minimal regard for the local environments that they encounter. However, as Chinese have become more experienced travellers, they have diversified and changed their behaviours. Among these various changes, an increasing number of Chinese tourists have begun exploring second‐tier destinations. By focussing on Chinese travellers to less visited second‐tier destinations, this paper goes beyond the stereotypical representations of this fast‐maturing market. It illustrates the heterogeneity of Chinese tourism, and its advantages for second‐tier European destinations.

Air Quality and Inbound Tourism in China

The issue of air quality in China has gotten great attention worldwide. This study makes the first effort to investigate the impact of air pollution on China's inbound tourism, using panel data at city level and the technique of corrected least square dummy variable (CLSDV). This study demonstrates how air pollution in China adversely impacts inbound tourism demand as well as the lagged effect of air pollution. Furthermore, this study reveals that for cities with different degrees of air pollution, the impact differs. Accordingly, we provide suggestions for governments and tourism firms on how to respond to the air pollution concern of international tourists.

Difficulties and Countermeasures to Improving of Inbound Tourism in China

The number of outbound tourists in China exceeded the number of inbound tourists in 2009, and the tourism service trade disappeared a deficit. For the first time in 2015 the number of outbound tourists exceeded the number of domestic tourism in the Spring Festival. That means that the three major market patterns of China's tourism service trade has been changed. The paper analyzed that present situation and facing difficulties of China's inbound tourism development, put forward to ways to improving from inbound tourism more natural, innovating the national cultural tourism creative products.

The spatial evolution pattern of inbound tourism in China and its impact factors

The spatial evolution pattern of inbound tourism in China and its impact factors was studied over several years (2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014). First, based on GIS descriptions, the spatial evolution and distribution of inbound tourism were explored. Lagrange multiplier test and the Akaike and Schwarz information criteria were then used to select the appropriate spatial econometric models for different years. The results indicated that the gap between local spatial autocorrelations was huge. The degree of openness, regional economic level, tourism resource endowment, and transportation had obvious effects on inbound tourism.

A Provincial Panel Data Analysis on Export Effect of China’s Inbound Tourism

Based on China’s provincial panel data of the export, GDP, trade distance and inbound tourism income from 1997 to 2014, this study examines the export effect of inbound tourism in China, using dynamic panel data models and system GMM estimators. The empirical results for the estimations of the gravity equation demonstrate that inbound tourism promoted China's export through expanding the degree of opening to the outside world, shortening the cultural distance, "advertising effect" and "Marco Polo effect" of business tourism. Inbound tourism has a significant positive export effect, export will increase by 0.135 % when inbound tourism increases by 1%.

Analysis on Factors in Competitiveness of Tianjin Inbound Tourism Service Trade

In recent years, the tertiary industry becomes more and more vibrant. Tourism, especially inbound tourism service trade has developed to a new stage. However, the research of China inbound tourism is at its primary stage with little research on competitiveness of Tianjin inbound tourism service trade. In this thesis, inbound tourism trade in Tianjin is researched using questionnaire survey to explore its competitiveness and find out related factors affecting the competitiveness from the perspective of visitors. By using SPSS to make factor analysis, three great influencing factors, namely service infrastructure, labor and capital are found out, and the degree of their influence are figured out by factor analysis and multiple regression analysis in the hope of finding out core influencing factor in its competitiveness. Facing Bohai on the east, Tianjin has Tianjin Port, the No.6 port in China, which has a cargo handling capacity of 0.5 trillion and becomes the sea portal of Beijing. Binhai New District and the No.3 growth pole of China’s economy. It is the core shipping area of northern part of China. Tianjin, one of the four municipalities directly under the central government, has the name of ‘state-list famous historical and culture city’, ‘first batch of excellent tourism cities’, etc.

Perceived pollution and inbound tourism in China

Pollution inherently conjures negative thoughts; particularly when that pollution can be hazardous to your health. However, the extent to which pollution discourages tourism has yet to be studied empirically. In this research letter, we examine the interaction between perceived pollution and inbound tourism in China through a VAR model. Concerns about pollution are measured by Google Trends data. We find that perceived pollution lowers inbound tourism. Our results show that the rising unease about pollution could hurt the tourism sector in an economy.

The Determinant of Inbound Tourism in China

<p class="Normal1">We estimate the factors of inbound tourism in China by using a panel gravity model equation of 178 origin countries from 1995 to 2012. We find the cultural dummy variables like common language, common border and religion driving the tourism flows to China. Besides, the climate variables like annual average temperature and cloud cover play a significant factors in affecting the tourist arrivals in China. An interesting result we have found that, cloud has a positive and negative relationship in country of destination and origin respectively implying that, cloudy variable in the country of origin has a negative impact on international tourist flows in China. In the contrary, cloud variable is observed positive relation in China. </p>

Research Note: An Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Disparities of Inbound Tourism Development in China, 1991–2010

This paper explores the spatio-temporal trend structure of inbound tourism development levels in China from 1991 to 2010. The investigation is based on theories of unbalanced regional economic growth and uses econometric methods. Absolute and relative disparities at the provincial level of inbound tourism in China tended to decrease during the 1990s. From 2001 to 2010, the relative disparities gradually decreased, whereas the absolute difference slightly increased. The overall regional disparity in the tourism development level exhibits a non-polarized and unbalanced development tendency along with the emergence of new, secondary tourism economic growth centres. Moreover, gradient differences remain in the three economic zones of China. This paper proposes a paradigm framework for regulating regional disparities and for facilitating comprehensive and coordinated inbound tourism development.

Travel blogs on China as a destination image formation agent: A qualitative analysis using Leximancer

The Internet spreads tourism information around the world and specifically travel blogs function as an online version of word-of-mouth (eWOM). This research explored the role of blogs as a destination image formation agent for China's inbound tourism. Data were collected from 630 bloggers who wrote on two blog websites about their travels within China in 2011 and 2012. The bloggers on TravelBlog.org and TravelPod.com were mainly from English-speaking countries. Qualitative analysis using Leximancer software was applied and identified nine major textual themes and the relationships among these themes. In order of relative importance, the themes were place, Chinese, people, food, train, city, hotel, China, and students. The research indicated that international tourists tended to have positive images of China.

Modelling dependence between tourism demand and exchange rate using the copula-based GARCH model

This paper investigates dependence between tourism demand and exchange rate, using the case of China, and from a new perspective by using copula–GARCH models. The empirical results show that the volatility of exchange rate is not a determinant factor in fluctuation of China's inbound tourism demand from the countries being studied. Furthermore, only Russia exhibits risk-adverse behaviour with extreme SUR depreciation, or CNY appreciation associated with an extreme decline in arrivals. Third, introducing the tail dependence and dynamic dependence between growth rates of tourism demand and exchange rate add much to the explanatory ability of the model. The findings of this study have important implications for destination manager and travel agent as it helps to understand the impact of exchange rates on China inbound tourism demand and provide a complementary academic approach on evaluating the role of exchange rates in the international tourism demand model.

The influence of cultural distance on China inbound tourism flows: a panel data gravity model approach

This study focuses on the analysis of the determinants of China inbound tourism flows and seeks to determine the influence of cultural distance on tourism flows from a macro perspective. Three models were investigated including a traditional tourism demand model, a gravity model, and a mixed panel data gravity model with different sets of relevant variables. The result confirmed that cultural distance, measured by social axioms at the country level, had a significant negative effect on inbound tourism flows. In addition, the moderation effect of uncertainty avoidance on cultural distance is revealed in the findings. Differences in income elasticities and impacts of cultural and geographical distances between western and eastern countries of tourist origin are also found in this study.

Research Note: Long-Lasting Effects and Welfare Costs of Fluctuations

The tourism industry is growing rapidly but is also highly fluctuating. Using China's inbound tourism market as the object and based on the B–N data decomposition theory, this paper adopts the statistics of variance ratio to measure the long-lasting effects of stochastic fluctuations on China's inbound tourism industry. It also discusses the influences of stochastic fluctuations and the decreasing growth rate on the welfare of China's inbound tourism. The conclusion is that undoubtedly China's inbound tourism industry will continue to grow, but the impact of stochastic shocks will endure for a relatively long time. Twenty-four per cent of the long-term fluctuation of China's inbound tourism industry is the result of stochastic shocks, whose effect, in the short term, will continue to be reinforced. Though the elimination of fluctuations will increase welfare by 0.40%, lowering the growth rate will decrease welfare by a larger percentage. If the monthly growth rate decreases by 0.1%, welfare will fall by about 19.37%, 48 times the amount of welfare loss without fluctuation. Therefore, China's inbound tourism business should stick to the long-term policy of facilitating growth, while some administrative and legislative measures should be taken to address the negative impact of stochastic fluctuation appropriately.

Study on Economic Disparities of Inbound Tourism in China Based on the Gravity Center Model

Study on Economic Disparities of Inbound Tourism in China Based on the Gravity Center Model

The Spatial Distribution of Tourism in China: Trends and Impacts

Economic inequality in China has increased since China began its economic reforms in 1978. Economic activity has become increasingly more skewed towards China's coastal areas and overall regional economic inequality has increased with economic growth in China. The paper utilizes statistical data over two decades, and tracks the growing regional inequality in terms of economic and tourism development. It confirms the concern that along with phenomenal growth of inbound tourism to China, considerable regional inequality has arisen in tourism in China. There is significant spatial inequality in the distribution of inbound tourism in China and its economic characteristics. International tourism in China is heavily concentrated in the coastal areas. This paper attempts to identify trends in the regional concentration of international tourism in China from 1986 to 2004. Gini coefficients for major tourist indicators are applied to test the characteristics of tourism distribution.

Spatial Distribution of Inbound Tourism in China: Determinants and Implications

This study sets up an integrative framework to analyse the determinants of a region's international inbound tourism. Meanwhile, the competition and complimentarity between regions are also examined in the same framework. This study concludes that development level, openness, tourism resources, tourism facilities and tourism organisation are all positively associated to a region's international tourism receipts. In addition, the spatial effects are highly significant in the spatial econometric models, which means that an increase in one region's international inbound tourism benefits its neighbours and the regions with which it has spatial connections in terms of tourists. Based on these findings, the study discusses the contribution of tourism toward the reduction of regional inequality in China.

China's Inbound Tourist Revenue and Beijing Olympic Games 2008

AbstractDuring the process of economic globalization, China's inbound tourism has developed strongly. The present paper deals with one of the core issues of the international tourism industry: inbound tourist revenue. With the aid of conventional theories and the use of empirical tests, our study identifies some decisive factors that have influenced China's inbound tourist revenue through an analysis of the global and local conditions at macro and micro levels. The findings were then linked to the Olympic Games, the mega event having impacted international tourism. The findings were also linked to further discussions and suggestions for the interactions between the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 and China's inbound tourism.

An evaluation of unethical business practices in Australia's China inbound tourism market

This paper examines the prevalence of unethical practices within the business sector operating in the China to Australia tourism market. The range and nature of the practices are outlined in the context of the structure of outbound operations in China and inbound operations in Australia, taking account of the roles of the respective governments. The prospective impact of the practices on the growth of the market is evaluated. An estimation is provided of the potentially negative impacts of word-of-mouth recommendations on future China to Australia tourism flows. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.

Foundation and application of background trend line of China’s inbound tourism

Modern inbound tourism in China has been developing for 20 years, a trend line of inbound tourists in statistical data began to show. This paper introduces the concept of tourism background trend line, and explores its two functions as a barometer in demonstrating fluctuation in the tourism economy and as a forecaster in forecasting tourism development. The tourism background trend line is a new concept, the word “background” derived from environment science, refers to the “trend line” which reflects the dynamic curve or dynamic equation of tourism development without considering the impact of unexpected incidents. The introduction of this concept was inspired by Karl Marx’s comments on the relation between value and price. Tourism background trend line reflects the summary of multiple factors involving tourism resources, tourism demand, population growth, the scale and speed of economic development, and the spatial interaction between tourism origins and destimations. It demonstrates the natural and stable trend and the temporal law of tourism development in a country or region. The tourism statistical curve is at random, susceptible to disruptions and disturbances from serious political, economic and environmental happenings, but it always fluctuates around the background line. Tourism background line can reveal the potential of a country’s tourism development. Compared with the statistical line, it can be used as a “barometer” indicating ups and downs of tourism industry in the past. When naturally extended, the background trend line also can be used for forecasting the trend of tourism development in future. In this paper, 4 tourism background trend lines of China’s inbound tourists, i. e. foreign tourists, Hong Kong/Macao/Taiwan tourists, overseas Chinese tourists and total tourists from abroad, were established with statistical data from 1978 to 1996. And the impacts of the Political Event in 1989 (or Tiananmen Square Incident) on China’s inbound tourism were evaluated. The result shows that the impact of the Event was not limited within one year, but it stretched over 3 years. The total loss was 20 million in tourist arrivals and $1620 million in foreign currency income. The paper also studied the trend of China’s inbound tourism in the next 4 years.