Inbound Tourism In China Research Articles

Environmental, Geographical, and Economic Impacts of Inbound Tourism in China: A Mixed-Effects Gravity Model Approach

This study examines the dynamics of inbound tourism in China, utilizing a mixed-effects gravity model to analyze data from urban clusters around China’s three major airports. The research methodology of the study includes applying advanced econometric techniques, such as the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation, to ensure robust and accurate results. The study focuses on international tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings, identifying key drivers such as tourism resources, transportation safety, and service quality. Our findings indicate a 10% increase in per capita GDP correlates with a 0.88% rise in inbound tourist numbers. Additionally, proximity to major urban centers like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou significantly influences tourist arrivals, with every 100 km increase in distance resulting in a 5.56% decrease in tourist numbers. The study also explores the impact of environmental factors on tourism, suggesting that improvements in green coverage and reductions in industrial waste and traffic fatalities could enhance tourist arrivals. Conversely, environmental protection measures can both positively and negatively impact tourism. This research provides a strategic blueprint for policymakers and professionals in tourism and environmental sustainability, emphasizing the importance of integrated environmental sustainability in tourism development strategies. The model accounts for up to 79% of the variability in inbound tourism flows, offering robust evidence that economic and policy dimensions impact tourism.

A study on the influence of perceived distance on China's inbound Tourism and the interaction of non-economic distance: An analysis of dynamic extended gravity model based on 61 countries' entry data (2004-2018).

In the post-epidemic era, the restart of China's inbound tourism is imminent. However, there are gaps in our current understanding of how distance perception dynamically affects inbound tourism in China. In order to understand the past patterns of inbound tourism in China, we mapped the data of 61 countries of origin from 2004 to 2018 into a dynamic expanding gravity model to understand the effects of cultural distance, institutional distance, geographical distance, and economic distance on inbound tourism in China and revealed the dynamic interaction mechanism of non-economic distance perception on inbound tourism in China. Our research results show that cultural distance has a positive impact on China's inbound tourism, while institutional distance has a negative impact. The significant finding is that the dynamic interaction of the above two kinds of perceived distance can still have a positive impact on China's inbound tourism. Its practical significance is that it can counteract the influence of institutional distance by strengthening the cultural distance. Generally speaking, geographical distance and institutional distance restrict China's inbound tourism flow, while cultural distance, economic distance, and interactive perceptual distance promote China's inbound tourism flow.

Short-term and long-term effects of Chinese and global economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risks on Chinese tourism

This paper focuses on the short-term and long-term effects of Chinese and global economic policy uncertainties (CNEPU and GEPU) and geopolitical risks (CNGPR and GGPR) on the growth of inbound tourism in China. Using the ARDL and NARDL models as well as a monthly series of Chinese inbound tourism revenue and arrivals, we observed several interesting empirical findings. We find significant effects of CNGPR, GGPR and GEPU on the growth of inbound tourism in Hainan Province and even in China nationwide, while the impact of CNEPU is limited. Among these influencing variables, GEPU always has a significant long-term negative impact on inbound tourism growth (both revenue and arrivals). CNGPR has a significant short-term negative impact on inbound tourism growth in China nationwide; however, it has a significant long-term negative impact on inbound tourism growth in Hainan Province. In addition, the estimation results of the NARDL model further reveal the significant short-term effects of GEPU and GGPR on the growth of inbound tourism arrivals in Hainan Province and even in China nationwide, and these short-term effects are always significantly asymmetric. Specifically, the negative components of GGPR always influence the growth of inbound tourism arrivals more strongly. However, the positive components of GEPU influence inbound tourism arrivals more strongly in Hainan Province, but the negative components of GEPU influence the growth of inbound tourism arrivals more broadly in China.

The changing performance of inbound tourism under the fluctuation of the Renminbi exchange rate

In the context of the information age in the post epidemic period, China's inbound tourism is increasingly recovering, and related tourism products are gradually coming into the view of foreign consumers. The development of tourism is an important way to promote international relations and improve international influence, while the exchange rate plays an irreplaceable role as one of the important influencing factors of international trade. In addition, the exchange rate reflects the price conversion index between the two countries can effectively explain the international economic situation and the continuous reform of the exchange rate system on China's foreign exchange market has caused different impacts, the exchange rate fluctuations of the RMB may be outside the part of the population with the intention of coming to China to cause a certain impact. In order to explore the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism industry, this paper combines the background of the post-epidemic period with a view to empirically analysing the issue through macro data, and then exploring the changes in China's inbound tourism market under the fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate from multiple perspectives, as well as the transmission mechanism of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism market. Ultimately, it will provide certain reference value for the Chinese government and the related tourism industry, so as to effectively promote the development of China's tourism industry and improve China's international influence.

High-speed rail connectivity, space-time distance compression, and trans-regional tourism flows: Evidence from China's inbound tourism

High-speed rail connectivity, space-time distance compression, and trans-regional tourism flows: Evidence from China's inbound tourism

The impact of air quality on China's inbound tourism based on the heterogeneity of tourists' risk perception

AbstractThis study employs a panel econometric model to assess and examine the relationship between inbound tourism to China and air quality, using data on air quality and inbound tourism at the provincial level in China from 2013 to 2017. It also considers how travelers perceive risk. According to the findings, there has been an increase in foreign tourists visiting China since 2013. However, the air quality index's representation of domestic air quality is not encouraging. Our studies using the fixed effect model demonstrate that domestic air quality has a considerable beneficial impact on the number of inbound tourists, which is still strong when utilizing the mixed effect and random effect models; in comparison to northern China, the impact of air quality in southern China is more clear. Our studies demonstrate that the ongoing decline in China's inbound tourism scale in recent years is strongly correlated with the quality of the country's air, which is influenced by each visitor's personal preferences. In order to improve China's reputation in the global tourism market, the report concludes by outlining solutions to address this impact. These methods include maintaining the promotion of environmental governance while also tightly integrating tourism marketing.

Haze and inbound tourism: Empirical evidence from China.

The impact of climate change on tourism has always been an important topic for research in the field of international tourism, and haze has been widely recognized as the primary negative factor affecting the development of inbound tourism in China. In this study, we first conduct a theoretical analysis of the mechanism through which haze influences the tourism industry, and then we empirically analyze the impact on China's inbound tourism using surface particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations as a proxy for haze, based on provincial panel data from 1998 to 2016. The empirical results show that haze not only has an inhibitory effect on inbound tourism, but also significantly reduces the average length of stay of international tourists. In addition, while there are significant regional differences in the crowding-out effect of haze pollution on inbound tourism, the effect varies depending on the origin of inbound tourists, exhibiting the greatest negative impact on inbound tourism from Taiwan and the smallest from foreign countries. Our research highlights that haze pollution can led to the change of human tourism behavior which enrich the literature on tourism and haze.

Where Have Carbon Emissions Gone? Evidence of Inbound Tourism in China

Tourism is emerging as an important contributor sector to carbon emissions. As inbound tourism is the main component of tourism activities, measuring and evaluating the carbon footprint of inbound tourism can help achieve low-carbon development of the global tourism industry. Based on the carbon footprint theory, this study describes the distribution and transfer path of China’s inbound tourism carbon footprint by using the China multi regional input-output model embedded in the inbound tourism satellite account. The results reveal that embodied carbon emissions (ECE) of inbound tourism is higher than direct carbon emissions, and carbon emissions intensity is close to the average economic. Therefore, it is difficult for inbound tourism to achieve the dual goals of stimulating economic growth and emission mitigation. The ECE of inbound tourism has obvious inter-provincial transfer characteristics. Inner Mongolia and Guangdong are the largest provinces with net outflows/inflows of ECE, with net outflows of 1.47 million tons and inflows of 2.66 million tons. Besides, the ECE mainly flows from the northeast and northwest regions to the southern and eastern regions. From the perspective of industry transfer, 72.2% of ECE of inbound tourism comes from the power sector.

Cultural Differences in International Tourists’ Perceived Safety in China

ABSTRACT To improve inbound tourism in China, differences in international tourists’ perceived safety must be analyzed. Thus, this study attempts to investigate and categorize international tourists’ perceived safety and then evaluate the resulting differences. Findings reveal distinctions in demographic attributes based on safety incidents, attitudes of local service staff and residents toward tourists, safety information, and media coverage of safety incidents. Safety satisfaction, specific safety concerns, and broad safety concerns were classified on the basis of Plog’s psychological theory and tourists’ perceived safety. Significant differences in tourist nationalities were also identified and assessed using Hofstede’s index of uncertainty avoidance.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATE OF CHINESE REGIONS AS A KEY FACTOR OF THE DYNAMICS OF INCOMING INTERNATIONAL TOURISM (periods of formation and development of the tourism market in China)

Introduction. China is located in Central and East Asia. The vast territory of the state, covering the highest mountainous regions, vast deserts and coastal plains, determines the variety of natural conditions for tourism, as well as the border neighborhood with a large number of countries. China's seaside location is extremely advantageous in terms of tourism. At present, through the seas, China provides access to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the whole world. The sea and coastal areas are used to organize coastal tourism. Increasingly, China's maritime waters and ports are used for cruise tourism. China has an advantageous geographical position in relation to the segments of the world tourism market. It is surrounded by countries characterized by the active development of outbound tourism, which have a negative tourist balance - Japan, Taiwan, Republic of Korea. The article analyzes the differences in the development of inbound tourism in the cities of China, provides a theoretical basis for the development of inbound tourism in cities. The comparative method is used to analyze the current state of differences in the development of inbound tourism in the key tourist cities of China and a comparative study of the influence and role of regional and economic factors on the development of inbound tourism in cities of China. Methods. In the process of working on the article, first of all, such methods of scientific research as analysis and synthesis were used, which made it possible to determine the optimal balance of forces and means necessary for the development of international tourism in China. Through these methods, connections were established between individual events and facts. In addition, other general scientific methods were used: comparative analytical methods, methods of grouping and classification, general scientific methods of a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena. Results and discussions. Provided statistics show that the current development of inbound tourism in China is very different, and the regional concentration is very noticeable. The cities with the best development of inbound tourism are mainly located in the eastern region, external economic factors have the greatest impact on the development of inbound tourism in cities, followed by tourism products and the influence of the location distance is less. Conclusion. Tourism development is not only a matter of the tourism sector. The development of inbound tourism is inextricably linked with external economic and trade factors, therefore, in the practice of developing inbound tourism in cities, it is necessary not only to focus on the development of tourism products, but also to develop foreign economic and trade activities and business tourism. An important factor is also the fact that actively developing tourism contributes to an increase in the number of jobs

Airport subsidies and domestic inbound tourism in China

Since 2013, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) has subsidized small and medium-sized airports. The key objective of this study is to empirically validate the benefits and impacts of airport subsidies in facilitating domestic tourism development. This study contributes to the aviation and tourism literature and offers important insights to policymakers regarding airport subsidies and tourism promotion. The empirical results show that increases in airport subsidies increased airport passenger throughput and indirectly brought more tourists to the cities where airports are located. In addition, the airport subsidy scheme has had a stronger effect in boosting domestic tourist arrivals in inland regions compared with coastal regions. This study empirically finds that the government's airport subsidy scheme for small and medium-sized airports has been effective in supporting aviation and tourism development in ethnic minority areas, poor or remote regions with inconvenient land transportation.

Traditional Chinese medicine as a tourism recovery drawcard to boost China's inbound tourism after COVID-19

PurposeThis paper explores the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a tourism recovery drawcard to boost China's inbound tourism after COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employed a mixed method involving a cross-disciplinary literature review along with reflections from experts in TCM and health communication to inform tourism management. Specifically, this paper examines TCM and its potential benefits as a medical tourism drawcard to combat COVID-19. The selected literature focusses on the image and merits of TCM to frame how this medical philosophy can be used to position China as a tourist destination. Reflections on the use of TCM as a tourism marketing tool can guide promotional strategies from the Chinese government and destination managers during and after COVID-19.FindingsThe Chinese government, the tourism industry (e.g. destination managers), the media and tourists must focus on three aspects of the role of TCM: to provide medical benefits to travellers amid COVID-19 and beyond, elevate China as a destination for global medical tourists and be leveraged as a tool for economic recovery.Practical implicationsThe paper builds a tourism recovery framework for stakeholders to adopt tailored TCM communication strategies to boost its inbound tourism programme.Originality/valueThis paper is the first academic paper to review TCM comprehensively and critically in relation to China tourism and post-COVID-19 recovery measures.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Evolution of China's Inbound Tourism Carbon Footprint

Reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy are important propositions for human sustainability. Since it is closely related with high carbon emissions, international travel makes a substantial contribution to the global carbon emissions. To comprehensively explore the influence of international travel on carbon emissions and develop a sustainable development plan, this paper studies the temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of the carbon footprint of inbound tourism in China's 30 provinces between 2007 and 2017. In this study, comprehensive calculations and spatial models are adopted to reveal the temporal and spatial characteristics. The results show that the carbon footprint of inbound tourism in China has been increasing continuously from 2007 to 2017. While the carbon footprint increased by 1.94-fold, from 5.623 million tons to 10.8809 million tons, it presented obvious fluctuations by initially increasing rapidly and then dropping slightly. From the perspective of the contributions of various tourism components on the carbon footprint, transportation and post and telecommunications account for the largest proportions. In the past ten years, the variations in the carbon footprint of inbound tourism in most provinces and cities in China were not very extreme, but maintained a relatively stable state. In the spatial dimension, the carbon footprint of China's inbound tourism tends to decrease from the southeast to the northwest. The highest coefficient of variation is in Ningxia and the lowest is in Liaoning. Based on these results, recommendations are put forward for sustainable development plans in some major cities and provinces for the future.

Temporal-spatial measurement and prediction between air environment and inbound tourism: Case of China

Air environment and inbound tourism has intricate interactions so that exploring the relationship of coupling coordination between them is contributory to discover the mutual interaction mechanism. The study firstly constructs a correlation model and an aggregated evaluation system to illustrate the interaction mechanism between these two factors; secondly evaluates the development degrees of both air environment and inbound tourism in China with the combined methods of information entropy weight and the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution; thirdly analyzes the spatial-temporal differences of the coupling coordination situations between air environment and inbound tourism with the coupling coordination model; fourthly predicts the coupling coordination status of the regions in China with the gray prediction GM(1,1) model. The results show that the development degrees of air environment are more fluctuated than the ones of inbound tourism in China. The coupling coordination statuses are mildly fluctuating and the gaps among regions gradually narrow, while in the next four years the trend will be different: the spatial variations among regions will increase. The contributions include illustrating the interaction mechanism between the two subsystems theoretically, constructing the evaluation system and processing cross-regional spatial-temporal comparisons of the coupling coordination statuses, and predicting the trend of the coordination statuses, which helps to the proposal of more effective and efficient countermeasures.

The Spatial Distribution, Influencing Factors, and Development Path of Inbound Tourism in China—An Empirical Analysis of Market Segments Based on Travel Motivation

According to China’s tourism statistics, the inbound tourism market is composed of eight types of travel motivations (sightseeing, leisure, business meeting (business-m), visiting relatives and friends (visiting-rf), shopping, religious worship (religious-w), culture and sports (culture-s), and health care (health-c)), and the spatial distribution of each type of travel motivation is significantly different. Four inbound sub-markets (foreigners, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) were selected as our research object. Through empirical analysis of the variable elasticity of eight different inbound motive market segments, we found that the sensitivities (elasticity) of the influencing factors (traffic conditions (traffic-c), destination image (destination-i), industry structure (industry-s), infrastructure, consumer price index (CPI), resource endowment (resource-e), and dressing index (ICL)) are different. Therefore, investment options in the target market can have differential treatment based on the rate of marginal return on investment. In accordance with the characteristics of different market segments, we suggest more feasible development paths and countermeasures, providing a decision-making basis for the accurate development of the inbound tourism market.

Evaluating the Impact of Air Pollution on China’s Inbound Tourism: A Gravity Model Approach

China’s inbound tourism grew very slowly in recent years. This study modelled China’s inbound tourism based on a gravity model with province-level inbound tourist arrivals data from 13 countries of origin between 2010 and 2016. It was found that air pollution in tourist destinations and origin regions both had significant negative impacts on China’s inbound tourism. On average, if the concentration of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM 2.5 ) in China and foreign countries increased by 1 μ g/m 3 , inbound tourist arrivals would decline by approximately 1.7% and 3.8%, respectively. The effect of pollution in destination regions is explained by the importance of clean air as a favored characteristic of tourist attractions. The effect of pollution in tourist origin countries is explained by more awareness of and concern about air pollution by potential tourists if they live in more polluted countries. Further analysis showed that the impact of air pollution in destination regions was larger for tourists coming from more polluted and Asian countries, and visiting less polluted and more popular destinations. This study has a clear policy implication: improving air quality can be considered as a straightforward and effective way to promote inbound tourism in China. If air quality in China can be substantially improved in the future, inbound tourist arrivals have the potential to rise by at least tens of millions of person-times.

The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China.

Previous studies have reported that air pollution negatively affects the tourism industry. This paper attempted to answer the following question: among different air pollutants, which one acts as the most adverse factor? The study was based on a sample of panel data covering 337 Chinese cities for the period between 2007 and 2016. Four pollutant indicators were inspected: PM (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in size), PM (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in size), SO (sulfur dioxide), and NO (nitrogen dioxide). It was found that PM had a significantly negative impact on both domestic and inbound tourist arrivals. Regarding the other three pollutant indicators, except for the negative influence of NO on inbound tourist arrivals, no statistically significant impact was found. This study suggests that tourism policy makers should primarily focus on PM, when considering the nexus between air quality and tourism development. According to our estimates, the negative impact of PM on tourism is substantial. If the PM concentration in the ambient air increases by 1 g/m (= 0.001 mg/m), domestic and inbound tourist arrivals will decline by 0.482% and 1.227%, respectively. These numbers imply an average reduction of 81,855 person-times in annual domestic tourist arrivals and 12,269 in inbound tourist arrivals in each city.

Agent-based simulations of China inbound tourism network

Based on the results of a large-scale survey, we construct an agent-based network model for the China independent inbound tourism system and, by the approach of numerical simulation, investigate the responses of the tourist behaviors to perturbations in different scenarios, including the closure of a tourism city, the opening of a new port city in western China, and the increase of the tourism attractiveness of a specific city. Numerical results show that: (1) the closure of a single city in general will affect the tourist visitations of many other cities and, comparing to the non-port cities, the overall visitation volume of the system is more influenced by closing a port city; (2) the opening of a new port city in western China will attract more tourists to the western cities, but has a negligible impact on either the overall visitation volume or the imbalanced tourist distribution; and (3) the increase of the tourism attractiveness of a non-port (port) city normally increases (decreases) the overall visitation volume, yet there are exceptions due to the spillover effect. Furthermore, by increasing the tourism attractiveness of a few cities simultaneously, we investigate also the strategy of multiple-city-upgrade in tourism development. We find that the overall tourist volume is better improved by upgrading important non-port cities that are geographically distant from each other. The study reveals the rich dynamic inherent in complex tourism network, and the findings could be helpful to the development and management of China inbound tourism.

Research on China’s Inbound Tourism: A Comparative Review

ABSTRACTThis study explores the current status of research on inbound tourism to China, which ranks third globally among tourist receiving countries. The importance of inbound tourism as an indicator of national tourism competitiveness and the current slow growth of inbound tourism in China make this review timely. A bibliometric approach is used. Articles published with CSSCI (Chinese Social Science Indexed) journals and international studies published in English-language journals were identified. Analysis of over 700 domestic articles about inbound tourism indicates that the studies concentrate on macro issues, in particular the spatial and temporal distribution of the inbound tourists and their economic impacts. Few studies on Chinese inbound tourism have been published in English language journals. The most popular theme is tourists’ behaviors. A comparison between publications in two languages is made and implications are offered in the context of the Chinese government’s policies on inbound tourism and the current status of research.

The determinants of inbound tourism in China from different regions

This study analyses the determinants of inbound tourism in China while considering the influence of regional distribution and income groups of 44 origin countries during the period from the year of 2006 to 2015. The empirical results show that inbound tourism in China is not a luxury good for a majority of tourists. At the same time, tourists from relatively developed regions pay more attention to tourism infrastructure construction and quality of tourism in China. Furthermore, compared to tourists from other regions, African tourists have a stronger desire to travel to China than other regions. In addition, increasing income of both high-income and lower middle-income countries has a positive effect on the demand for inbound tourism in China, which is on the contrary to the upper middle-income countries. Policies that improve the construction of tourism facilities, reduce entry barriers for African tourists, and provide citizens of the origin countries with an enabling environment for learning Chinese would attract more tourists from different regions to China.