China In 1990s Research Articles

Research on Chinese Lifelong Learning and Improving Ways

The naissance of lifelong learning thoughts was early in Spring and Autumn Period in China, but it was formed as completed system after western countries’ relevant theories spread into China in 1980s. With economy developing dramatically and global environment changing rapidly, people need to spend less time to learn more knowledge than before. However, Chinese lifelong learning theory and practices developed slower than west countries until now. Therefore, this article will introduce Chinese ancient lifelong learning thoughts, and analysis current situation of lifelong learning. Finally, this article will conclude ways to improve lifelong learning.

Phylodynamic Analysis Revealed That Epidemic of CRF07_BC Strain in Men Who Have Sex with Men Drove Its Second Spreading Wave in China.

CRF07_BC was originally formed in Yunnan province of China in 1980s and spread quickly in injecting drug users (IDUs). In recent years, it has been introduced into men who have sex with men (MSM) and become the most dominant strain in China. In this study, we performed a comprehensively phylodynamic analysis of CRF07_BC sequences from China. All CRF07_BC sequences identified in China were retrieved from database. More sequences obtained in our laboratory were added to make the dataset more representative. A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree was constructed with PhyML3.0. Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree and effective population size were predicted by using Markov Chains Monte Carlo sampling method with Beast software. A total of 610 CRF07_BC sequences coving 1,473 bp of the gag gene (from 817 to 2,289 according to HXB2 calculator) were included into the dataset. Three epidemic clusters were identified; two clusters comprised sequences from IDUs, while one cluster mainly contained sequences from MSMs. The time of the most recent common ancestor of clusters that composed of sequences from MSMs was estimated to be in 2000. Two rapid spreading waves of effective population size of CRF07_BC infections were identified in the skyline plot. The second wave coincided with the expanding of MSM cluster. The results indicated that the control of CRF07_BC infections in MSMs would help to decrease its epidemic in China.

“National studies” in China and Japan

‘National studies’ (guoxue 国学) became a hot topic in China in the 1990s. Since then, national studies masters, national studies academies and national studies classes have mushroomed all over China. The craze for reading ancient classics has become an interesting social phenomenon. China’s economic growth has resulted in stronger cultural and political confidence. Beyond this, at least three different questions are pertinent for the discussion about national studies in China: Do national studies in China pre-suppose a nation-state? Is the scope of national studies in China limited to Confucianism? What kind of spirit or faith does national studies in China try to foster? These are questions that are not easy to answer, but to ignore them would raise even more questions. In order to facilitate a rational understanding of the discussion about national studies in China, this paper will focus on the origin of the notion of national studies in China and its relationship to similar studies, including national studies in Japan (kokugaku 国学). Analyzing their characteristics, this paper will also reflect on the kinds of problems national studies in China are likely to face.

Analysis of population genetic differences of the invasive plant Solidago canadensis

Invasive plant have caused serious harm to crop production, orchards, lawns, natural environments and biodiversity in China. Solidago canadensis, a perennial plant originating from North America, was introduced into China in the 1970s. Studies on the genetic diversity of invasive plant are of practical significance in the predication of their potential distribution areas and their habitats.Three methods were adopted to extract genomic DNA from the invasive plant Solidago canadensis. Population genetic differences of Solidago canadensis from Shanghai and Zhejiang province were analysised using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).The results showed: (1) the method of 2×CTAB had better effects than that of the improved high-salt method and the SDS method to extract genomic DNA from Solidago canadensis. The DNA samples extracted by the 2×CTAB method had better integrality and lower content of protein, phenol and polysaccharide; (2) Genetic polymorphism of Solidago canadensis populations was high. Amplification of 13 random primers revealed 102 amplified fragments of which 84 ( 82.35% ) were polymorphic and 41 ( 40.20% ) unique. polymorphic percentage among 4 populations followed as Shanghai(SH)( 73.13% )Jiaxing(JX)( 68.97% )Hangzhou(HZ)( 68.42% )Jinhua(JH)( 57.14% ); (3) The average homozygosity(J) ( 0.38 ) and average heterozygosity(H) ( 0.62 ) were computed; (4) Based on the presence/absence bands, Nei’s genotypessimilary, cluster and principal components analysis(PCA) were analyzed. The results showed that higher genetic diversity existed within Solidago canadensis populations, and the population genetic differentiation had corresponding relation with the geographical position; (5)The adaptive evolution of Solidago canadensis population was closely linked with the characteristic of the weeds.

Managerial behavior and financial performance of China's state-owned forest enterprises

SUMMARY The economic reform in China in the early 1980s brought changes to the governance mechanism of its state owned forestry enterprises (SOFEs) whose managers gained autonomy and additional control rights of the enterprises while being asked to handle some social burdens. In this paper a principal-agent model is used to explain why these changes weakened governmental regulatory and resource constraints and led to financial and forest resource crises in these enterprises between the late 1980s and early 2000s. Further, empirical evidences show that information asymmetry and political tasks have negative impacts on the financial performance of timber-dependent SOFEs. These results may have policy implications on reforming the governance mechanism of SOFEs in China and elsewhere.

Using impervious surfaces to detect urban expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area (ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil (V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.

Building Goodwill through Soft Power: An Analysis of China’s Reputation in Sri Lanka

Many researchers find out that impacted the types of Chinese foreign policy starting in the mid-1990s. However, Chinese foreign policymakers presented "New Grand Strategy" for the 21st century in the mid-1990s. This strategy exceptionally intended to advance and keep up China's image in the abroad. On the other hand, Policy observers contend introducing of the South Asian region that deliberately essential to emerging China. In addition, Chinese vicinity in Sri Lanka that verbalized by policy observers numerous ways. These contentions express that China's soft power in Sri Lanka that ought to be an extraordinary choice in Chinese policy arrangement. This article investigates current appearance of China's goodwill agenda inspecting two strains of Chinese policy in Sri Lanka that breaking point to observe foreign aid and the Confucius institute that lead the Peoples' Republic of China in 2000s. The paper additionally assesses the achievement of this alleged soft power crusade in Sri Lanka utilizing a worldwide overview to figure out whether the new introduction associates with changed Sri Lankan conclusions about China. This article assesses the adequacy of these endeavors by breaking down public opinion survey accumulated by the Gallup surveying in 2011. Information utilized for this article has been gathered from a substantial number of books, periodicals, magazines, journals. My findings demonstrate that the goodwill agenda has been fruitful at enhancing China's reputation in Sri Lanka.

GENOMIC DIVERSITY OF PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. ACTINIDIAE (PSA) IN CHINA

Multiple outbreaks of a severe disease of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) have occurred in Italy, New Zealand and Chile in the last few years. The disease was first reported in China and Japan in the 1980s, regions where the genus Actinidia is endemic. We have investigated the likely origin of the global pandemic using data from the whole genome sequencing of multiple strains from Italy, New Zealand and Chile. The genomes of these strains are very similar, although it was possible to distinguish Psa strains from Italy, New Zealand or Chile on the basis of shared base substitutions. The Chinese strains in our present analysis show a high level of genome sequence variation, with at least four distinct lineages being present in China. One of these lineages has genome sequences closely similar to those of the outbreak strains.

Development of surgical treatment for obesity and metabolic diseases

Obesity has been seriously endangering the human health, and it is one of the most serious chronic diseases in the modern society. Losing excess weight can decrease the incidence of obesity-related diseases and mortality. Currently, surgical treatment is the most successful and durable therapy for obesity. Since 1952, when the first metabolic surgery was re-ported, there has been a variety of metabolic surgeries appearing, which got confirmation and innovation continually worldwide. The metabolic surgery started in China in 1980s, until now closing to the world level gradually from a relative disadvantage. Metabolic surgery transformed from open surgery to laparoscopic surgery, and then it has been changing from the extensive mode to the precision mode. Surgical treatment for obesity and metabolic diseases has great potential and vast development prospects in China. Key words: Obesity; Metabolic surgery; Bariatric surgery; Laparoscopy

Research Status and Development Trend of Remote Sensing in China Using Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract. Remote sensing was introduced into China in 1970s and then began to flourish. At present, China has developed into a big remote sensing country, and remote sensing is increasingly playing an important role in various fields of national economic construction and social development. Based on China Academic Journals Full-text Database and China Citation Database published by China National Knowledge Infrastructure, this paper analyzed academic characteristics of 963 highly cited papers published by 16 professional and academic journals in the field of surveying and mapping from January 2010 to December 2014 in China, which include hot topics, literature authors, research institutions, and fundations. At the same time, it studied a total of 51,149 keywords published by these 16 journals during the same period. Firstly by keyword selection, keyword normalization, keyword consistency and keyword incorporation, and then by analysis of high frequency keywords, the progress and prospect of China's remote sensing technology in data acquisition, data processing and applications during the past five years were further explored and revealed. It can be seen that: highly cited paper analysis and word frequency analysis is complementary on subject progress analysis; in data acquisition phase, research focus is new civilian remote sensing satellite systems and UAV remote sensing system; research focus of data processing and analysis is multi-source information extraction and classification, laser point cloud data processing, objectoriented high resolution image analysis, SAR data and hyper-spectral image processing, etc.; development trend of remote sensing data processing is quantitative, intelligent, automated, and real-time, and the breadth and depth of remote sensing application is gradually increased; parallel computing, cloud computing and geographic conditions monitoring and census are the new research focuses to be paid attention to.

Regionality of record-breaking low temperature events in China and its associated circulation

Extreme cold events frequently occur around the world in recent several years and arouse widespread concern. In this study, 17 record-breaking event processes (RBEPs) of low temperature during 1981–2012 are identified by using daily minimum temperature at 1897 meteorological stations in China. These RBEPs are classified into two types based on the occurring area at northern or southern China to compositely examine the associated circulations. Although the correspondence between Arctic oscillation (AO) and RBEPs is not linearly stable, there still exist relationship between them, i.e. under AO negative phase the RBEPs tend to occur at northern China, nor the southern part, where the RBEPs prefer to happen under AO positive phase. In the RBEPs occurring at southern China, the continent high pressure over Mongolia area is extremely intensified and the East Asian polar front jet stream is enhanced accompanied with strong synoptic-scale eddy kinetic energy transports. Correspondingly, the cold air masses break out and unobstructed southward intrude to low latitudes, causing severe cooling effect in southern China. In the RBEPs occurring at northern China, however, the extremely intensified high pressure over northern Siberian area, combining with the northward enhanced subtropical jet stream, lead to the cold air mass accumulation and blockage at mid-latitudes and therefore RBEPs of low temperature at this area. Further study implies that interdecadal change of the AO phase and differences of synoptic-scale eddy activity might synthetically attribute to the different regional preference of those RBEPs of low temperature that are mostly located at southern China in 1990s but concentrated in northern China in 2000s.

Use Theory of Planned Behavior to Discuss Health Examination Intention in Foreign-Capital Medical Institutes - Evidence on Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital

Taiwanese health industry started to invest in China in 1990s. When the first Taiwanese hospital, Chang Gung Hospital, entered the China market, the territory of Taiwan-capital hospitals in the mainland market was opened. The healthcare expenses in China are so high that most citizens avoid seeking healthcare. In comparison with public hospitals, the charging standards of foreign-capital hospitals are much higher; however, the equipment and services are comparatively higher that some citizens would continuously seek healthcare at public hospitals. Theory of Planned Behavior is utilized in this study for discussing Xiamen citizens' intention of health examinations at Taiwan-capital hospitals. Total 533 valid copies of questionnaire are analyzed with Multiple Regression. The findings show that Chinese citizens with higher intention of health examinations at Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital appear stronger actual behaviors; and, the seniors would be more willing to visit the hospital for health examination.

Use Theory of Planned Behavior to Discuss Health Examination Intention in Foreign-Capital Medical Institutes - Evidence on Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital

Taiwanese health industry started to invest in China in 1990s. When the first Taiwanese hospital, Chang Gung Hospital, entered the China market, the territory of Taiwan-capital hospitals in the mai...

Brief history of interventional radiology

In 1923, angiography was first successively used for the human body. In 1953, a Swedish doctor Sven-Ivar Seldinger pioneered the Seldinger technique, which laid down the foundation of interventional radiology. In 1963, Charles Dotter first proposed the idea of interventional radiology. In 1964, Charles Dotter opened a new era of percutaneous angioplasty through accidental operation, marking the formation of interventional radiology. On this basis, the techniques of balloon catheter dilation and metal stent implantation was developed. Endovascular stent was proposed in 1969. In 1973, the percutaneous angioplasty has been a breakthrough with the emergence of soft double-lumen balloon catheter. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is applied in 1977. Since the 1990s, balloon angioplasty relegated to secondary status with the emergence of metal stent. Currently, endovascular stent have entered a new stage with the emergence of temporary stent and stent grafts and biological stent. Transcatheter arterial embolization had been one of the most important basic techniques for interventional radiology since 1965, it had also been a corresponding development with the improvement of embolic agents and catheter technology for the treatment of diseases now. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt is a comprehensive interventional radiology technology since 1967, in which the biliary system can be reached through a jugular vein, and the improvement appeared with balloon expandable stent in 1986.Since 1972, non-vascular interventional techniques was another important branch of interventional radiology. Currently, it is applied in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases of the internal organs like the pancreas, liver, kidney, spinal cord, Fallopian tubes, esophagus and other organs. In 1973, Chinese radiologist first conducted the angiography test. Interventional radiology was introduced into China in the 1980s, it was readily developed through the sponsoring of training class (1981) and academic conferences (1986). Along with the return of the overseas scholars, the gap in the interventional diagnosis and treatment technology between China and the world has been narrowing since the 1990s.

Analysis of GIS Higher Education on China

Abstract. The first GIS Bachelor's Program arose in China in 1980s. After more than 30 years of exploration and practice, it is now in the period of full-scale development. The paper collects the data of the number and spatial distribution of colleges and universities with GIS specialty in China. After that it makes comparative analysis of GIS curriculum of three typical universities. Then on the base of data of enrolment and employment in Wuhan University, it discusses the classification of enrolments and graduates and emphasis on the industrial and regional distribution of the graduates. Through the above investigation and analysis, the paper finally draws the conclusion on the features and problems in China's GIS higher education.

Between Flexibility and Reliability

Between Flexibility and Reliability

JAPANS’S CHINA STRATEGY

The article deals with the transformation of Japan’s strategy vis-a-vis China. China and Japan are the most powerful states in East Asia in economic, political and military dimensions. They constitute two poles which shape the regional subsystem of international relations. China’s rise presents a considerable challenge for Japan’s foreign policy alongside with immense opportunity for the state’s development, with Japan’s and China’s positions, as well stability in East Asia resting upon Japan’s strategy towards China. Japan’s China strategy in the aftermath of World War II prior to 2010-2011 can be characterized as engagement with elements of containment. Japan has to a significant degree accommodated China’s rise by facilitating the successful implementation of its grand strategy, seen as the restoration of a great power status that China lost in the 19th century opium wars. The beginning of the 21st century saw a reassessment of Japan’s foreign policy and adopting a proactive stance. There is a divergence of opinion as to Japan’s strategy towards China in 2000s: while a number of scholars believe that there was a shift to balancing, others conclude that no such trend existed and “hedging” would be a more accurate definition, as it enables a state to protect from risks with regional coalitions. The early 2010s have seen Japan’s China strategy increasingly transforming into balancing and containment influenced by Japan’s growing perception of China’s maritime activities in the East China Sea as a threat to its security. However, there is growing possibility of adopting a “dual hedging” strategy, as China is first of all regarded as the key economic partner for Japan’s successful development.

Effectiveness of one dose of mumps vaccine against clinically diagnosed mumps in Guangzhou, China, 2006–2012

Although mumps-containing vaccines were introduced in China in 1990s, mumps continues to be a public health concern due to the lack of decline in reported mumps cases. To assess the mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE) in Guangzhou, China, we performed a 1:1 matched case-control study. Among children in Guangzhou aged 8 mo to 12 y during 2006 to 2012, we matched one healthy child to each child with clinically diagnosed mumps. Cases with clinically diagnosed mumps were identified from surveillance sites system and healthy controls were randomly sampled from the Children’s Expanded Programmed Immunization Administrative Computerized System in Guangzhou. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate VE. We analyzed the vaccination information for 1983 mumps case subjects and 1983 matched controls and found that the overall VE for 1 dose of mumps vaccine, irrespective of the manufacture, was 53.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.0–63.5%) to children aged 8 mo to 12 y. This post-marketing mumps VE study found that immunization with one dose of the mumps vaccine confers partial protection against mumps disease. Evaluation of the VE for the current mumps vaccines, introduction of a second dose of mumps vaccine, and assessment of modifications to childhood immunization schedules is essential.

P013 A preliminary analysis of the clinical pathways in China

BackgroundClinical pathway (CP) is an application of rational process and time management for specific disease and surgery in practice. The CP was firstly introduced into China in 1990s.ObjectiveTo find the...

Changes in health expenditures in China in 2000s: has the health system reform improved affordability

BackgroundChina's health system reform launched in early 2000s has achieved better coverage of health insurance and significantly increased the use of healthcare for vast majority of Chinese population. This study was to examine changes in the structure of total health expenditures in China in 2000–2011, and to investigate the financial burden of healthcare placed on its population, particularly between urban and rural areas and across different socio-economic development regions.MethodsHealth expenditures data came from the China National Health Accounts study in 1990–2011, and other data used to calculate the financial burden of healthcare were from China Statistical Yearbook and China Population Statistical Yearbook. Total health expenditures were divided into government and social expenditure, and out-of-pocket payment. The financial burden of healthcare was estimated as out-of-pocket payment per capita as a percentage of annual household living consumption expenditure per capita.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2011, total health expenditures in China increased from Chinese yuan 319 to 1888 (United States dollars 51 to 305), with average annual increase of 17.4%. Government and social health expenditure increased rapidly being 22.9% and 18.8% of average annual growth rate, respectively. The share of out-of-pocket payment in total health expenditure for the urban population declined from 53% in 2005 to 36% in 2011, but had only a slight decrease for the rural population from 53% to 50%. Out-of-pocket payment, as a percentage of annual household living consumption, has continued to rise, particularly in the rural population from the less developed region (6.1% in 2000 to 8.8% in 2011).ConclusionsThe rapid increase of public funding to subsidize health insurance in China, as part of the reform strategy, did not mitigate the out-of-pocket payment for healthcare over the past decade. Financial burden of healthcare on the rural population increased. Affordability among the rural households with sick members, particularly in the less developed region, is getting worse. It needs effective measures on cost control including healthcare provider payment reform and well developed health insurance schemes to offer better financial protection for the vulnerable Chinese seeking essential healthcare.