Chili Pepper Cultivars Research Articles

Comunicación molecular en el patosistema Capsicum spp. – Phytophthora capsici

<em>Phytophthora capsici</em> es un fitopatógeno que limita la producción de hortalizas en el mundo. Es reconocido como el agente causal de la marchitez del chile, que afecta a los cultivos del género <em>Capsicum</em> causando pérdidas casi totales. El patosistema <em>Capsicum</em> spp. – <em>P. capsici</em> ha sido ampliamente estudiado, pero se encuentra lejos de ser comprendido. Investigaciones sobre diferentes cultivares de chile resistentes al oomiceto, sugieren que la mayoría de los genotipos portan genes de defensa para afrontar al patógeno; sin embargo, la capacidad defensiva difiere en intensidad y velocidad. La Resistencia Especifica de algunas especies de <em>Capsicum</em> a <em>P. capsici</em> parece ser un fenómeno no relacionado a las proteínas R, sino mediado por un complejo diálogo molecular. En algunas especies de <em>Capsicum</em> los reguladores de crecimiento juegan un papel importante en este diálogo que lleva a la planta a expresar los genes relacionados con la defensa, primero de forma local, al limitar el avance del oomiceto, y después, de forma sistémica, al prevenir <em>nuevos</em> puntos de infección. En esta revisión, se hace un análisis crítico de la información disponible referente a la red de comunicación establecida entre las plantas de chile y <em>P. capsici</em>, misma que define el desenlace de la interacción entre la planta y <em>P. capsici</em> como resistente, tolerante o susceptible.

Changes in Dry Matter, Oleoresin and Bioactive Components during Ripening of Different Chilli Pepper Cultivars of Nepal

Abstract available with the full text.

Response of Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Cultivars Cultivated in Benin to Salt Stress at Germination Stage

Response of Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Cultivars Cultivated in Benin to Salt Stress at Germination Stage

Comparative Mechanical Harvest Efficiency of Six New Mexico Pod–type Green Chile Pepper Cultivars

New mexico pod–type green chile (Capsicum annuum) is one of New Mexico’s leading horticultural commodities. Cultivated acreage of green chile in New Mexico is threatened because of the high cost and insufficiently available labor for hand harvest. Therefore, mechanization is necessary to sustain the industry. Successful mechanization depends on harvester design coupled with plant architecture that optimizes harvest yield and quality. Harvested green fruit must be whole, unbroken, and unblemished for fresh and processed markets, so harvester design and plant architecture must maximize yield while minimizing fruit damage. In two trials conducted at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center in Los Lunas, six cultivars (AZ-1904, Machete, PHB-205, E9, PDJ.7, and RK3-35) were evaluated for plant architecture and harvest efficiency with a double, open-helix mechanical harvester with two counter-rotating heads. Cultivars were direct seeded on 17 Apr. 2015 and 14 Apr. 2016 and managed according to standard production practices. Plant architecture traits, plant width, plant height, height to first primary branch, distance between first primary branch and first node, basal stem diameter, and number of basal branches were measured before harvest. Mechanical harvest yield components, which included marketable fruit, broken fruit, ground fall losses, unharvested fruit remaining on branches, and nonpod plant material, were assessed after once-over destructive harvests on 2 Sept. 2015 and 31 Aug. 2016. Fruit width, fruit length, and pericarp thickness were measured from a representative sample of 10 marketable fruit. In 2015, ‘AZ-1904’ and ‘PDJ.7’ had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more marketable yield than ‘Machete’ that had the least marketable yield. No statistically significant differences were found in marketable yield in 2016. When both years were combined, ‘PDJ.7’ had significantly more nonpod plant material harvested and the plants were taller than all other cultivars. We found mechanical harvest performance to be significantly affected by plant height, with shorter plants yielding less marketable fruit. Despite differences in fruit wall thickness, no significant differences were measured in broken fruit. In 2015, ‘AZ-1904’ had significantly less basal branches per plant, reducing obstruction for the picking mechanism. Harvest efficiencies (marketable harvested fruit yield as a percentage of total plot yields) ranged from 64.6% to 39.3% during this 2-year trial, with the highest harvesting cultivars PDJ.7 and AZ-1904. In the future, all new mexico pod–type green chile breeding efforts for mechanical harvest must incorporate desirable plant architecture traits to increase harvest efficiencies.

Heterosis and combining ability for ornamental chili pepper

ABSTRACT Ornamental use of Capsicum genus chili peppers has expanded due to easy seed propagation, short germination period, diversified fruit colors and harmony of potted plants. The ornamental plant sector requires cultivars adapted to different cultivation conditions in pots and gardens. Breeding programs can use heterosis and combining ability information, aiming to commercially explore hybrids or develop populations for lineage selection with desirable characteristics. However, the ornamental chili pepper field lacks studies with this data. In this study, combining ability of C. annuum accessions was determined for ornamental purposes and hybrid combinations were identified based on heterosis values. Fifteen hybrids were obtained from diallel crosses of six genotypes of C. annuum, from March to September 2014, under greenhouse conditions, grown in five-liter pots in experimental design of randomized blocks with 10 repetitions and one plant per plot. Morpho-agronomic characterization was conducted based on eight quantitative descriptors: plant height (before and after fruiting); canopy diameter; days to flourishing; days to fruiting; fruit length and diameter, and number of fruits per plant. Both additive and dominance effects play important role in controlling the studied characters, indicating hybrid exploitation as well as development of superior lineages from the progress of segregating generations. Negative heterosis values resulted in reduction in height, time for flourishing and fruiting, as well as fruit diameter and length, which are desirable for ornamental Capsicum breeding program. Considering an ideotype for ornamental chili pepper cultivars, the hybrids UENF 1626 x UENF 1750, UENF 1750 x UENF 2030 and UENF 1626 x UENF 2030 can be recommended for cultivation with ornamental purposes.

Capsicum spp in vitro liquid cell suspensions: A useful system for the production of capsaicinoids and polyphenols

Capsicum are among the most extensively cultivated and consumed plant species in the world, because of their unique pungency, aroma and colour. The typical burning sensation caused by chili peppers is due to the occurrence of a group of alkaloids named capsaicinoids. In the present study, the production of solid callus and cell suspensions from hypocotyl explants of three different chili pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Mazzolino, Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv. Naga Morich and Pimenta de Neyde), was optimised. In addition, C. chinense cv. Naga Morich cell suspensions were supplemented with biotic elicitors (methyl-jasmonate and chitosan) and with precursors and intermediates of capsaicin biosynthesis (vanillin, phenylalanine and valine), and both cells and media were analysed for capsaicinoid, polyphenol, flavonoid contents and for antioxidant activity. This is the first report regarding capsaicinoid elicitation with pure chitosan and with a combination of precursors of both phenylpropanoid and valine pathways. Overall, the highest capsaicinoid levels were detected in cell extracts from cultures treated with 10 μM methyl-jasmonate and with a combination of phenylalanine and valine amino acids (100 μM each). The present results confirm the possibility of using hypocotyl chili pepper cell suspensions to produce high amounts of health beneficial metabolites.

Evaluation of Dwarf Ornamental Chile Pepper Cultivars for Commercial Greenhouse Production

In the past, many ornamental chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars had to be pinched or sprayed with a uniconazole foliar application to achieve a dwarf, semidwarf, or compact plant habit. This study compares 12 currently available commercial ornamental pepper cultivars considered to be compact, and introduces 13 new ornamental pepper cultivars that do not require pinching or a uniconazole foliar spray to accomplish the desired dwarf or semidwarf plant habit. All 25 cultivars evaluated in this study were given either a dwarf or semidwarf classification based on industry standards. Of the 25 cultivars evaluated, 12 originate from and are commercially available and bred by various breeding programs, whereas 13 are new cultivars bred by the New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Breeding Program with the goal of having dwarf or semidwarf growth habits. Data indicate that the 13 new ornamental chile pepper cultivars did not require pinching or a chemical foliar spray to develop a dwarf or semidwarf plant habit and have the potential for commercial container production in the greenhouse and nursery industries.

Irrigation water salinity influences at various growth stages of Capsicum annuum

Availability of fresh surface water for irrigation is declining in southern New Mexico, and saline groundwater is increasingly used for irrigation. This study evaluates the effects of irrigation using saline water on the chile pepper plants. The chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars selected include, AZ 1904, NuMex Joe E. Parker, NuMex Sandia Select, LB 25, and 3441. Salt tolerance of these five cultivars was studied at various growth stages including germination, emergence, vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting stages in a greenhouse set up. The five saline treatments included for germination were tap water of EC 0.6 (control), well water of EC 3 and 6, and RO concentrate of EC 8 and 10dS/m. During plant emergence and growth, natural water ECs for irrigation were 0.6 (control), 3, 5 and 8dS/m. Increasing irrigation water salinity increased mean germination time but did not affect the final germination percentage. Increasing irrigation water salinity increased mean emergence time but the final percentage emergence was affected significantly only after EC ≥3dS/m. Plant growth was significantly affected after several weeks of continuous exposure to saline water application (EC ≥3dS/m). Increasing salinity decreased days to flowering, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative fresh shoot and fruit weights, and water use efficiency. Results show that the selected chile pepper cultivars can be irrigated up to an irrigation water salinity level of ≤3ds/m. Among all the cultivars, 3441 was found to be the most tolerant to salinity. Environmentally sound reuse of RO concentrate will encourage desalination in water scarce areas and greenhouse chile cultivation.

Exogenous applications of capsaicin inhibits seed germination of Capsicum annuum

Secondary metabolites, for example capsaicin, are substances with no known direct function in basic metabolism, but can provide some important adaptive significance in protection against herbivory and/or microbial infection. Capsaicin, responsible for the heat sensation in chile pepper fruit, is only found in the genus Capsicum (chile peppers). Like the accumulation of capsaicinoids, germination of chile pepper seed has been observed to vary among genotypes. To test whether capsaicin could be a contributor to reduced seed germination, two no-heat cultivars, Keystone Resistant Giant and Pimiento L, were treated with capsaicin to determine its effect on germination. Seeds were treated with 0, 500, or 1500ppm capsaicin. Capsaicin treatment resulted not only in reduced but also delayed germination. We determined that capsaicin can decrease chile pepper seed germination, and may be the cause of slow germination in some chile pepper cultivars.

Resistance of Chili Pepper Cultivars to Isolates of Phytophthora capsici

Resistance of one hundred commercialized cultivars of chili pepper to four isolates of Phytophthora capsici was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars are commercialized as resistant (59%) and susceptible (41%) to Phytophthora blight in Korea. Mean disease severities of the cultivars on P. capsici MY-1, KPC-1, JHAI1-7, and KPC-7 isolates were 37, 55, 60, and 74%, respectively. In addition, 38 for MY-1, 48 for KPC-1, 56 for JHAI1-7, and 76 cultivars for KPC-7 showed susceptibility. To P. capsici MY-1, the weakest pathogenicity isolate among them, 59 cultivars represented high resistance. By contrast, only six cultivars showed high resistance to P. capsici KPC-7, the strongest isolate. Furthermore, resistance of most cultivars except for three cultivars was negatively correlated with the virulence of P. capsici isolates. And isolate-specific resistance of the chili pepper cultivars could not be found. Among them, six cultivars showing resistance to all the tested isolates were selected for further study. The development of Phytophthora blight on the six cultivars according to inoculum density ( to sporangia/pot) and incubation temperature (25 to ) after inoculation of P. capsici was tested. Resistance of the cultivars to P. capsici KPC-1 and JHAI1-7, moderately pathogenic isolates, was hardly affected. But to KPC-7 isolate, the highly resistant cultivars showed susceptiblility or moderate resistance when the seedlings were inoculated with inoculum density of sporangia/pot and incubated at 28 to . From these results, it is likely that resistance of chili pepper cultivars to Phytophthora blight is affected by the virulence of P. capsici isolate.

Capsaicinoids content and proximate composition of Mexican chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) cultivated in the State of Chihuahua

Capsaicinoids content and proximate composition of Mexican chili peppers, widely used in the State of Chihuahua, México, were determined. Capsaicinoids content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Proximate composition was determined by official AOAC methods. Scoville Heat Units (SHU) were also calculated. Capsaicin content ranged between 22.8 mg/kg and 9097.3 mg/kg dry matter. Dihydrocapsaicin content ranged between 36.8 mg/kg and 4023.6 mg/kg dry matter. Scoville Heat Units ranged between 961 and 211,248. Moisture content was determined with differences (p < 0.05) among chili pepper types and cultivars ranging from 54.8 g/kg dry matter to 130.1 g/kg dry matter. Ash content (p < 0.05) ranged from 58.1 g/kg dry matter to 96.1 g/kg dry matter showing statistical differences. Protein content ranged from 120.5 g/kg dry matter to 152.2 g/kg dry matter showing no statistical differences. Fat content (p < 0.05) ranged from 22.6 g/kg dry matter to 137.6 g/kg dry matter showing statistical differences.

Management of chili pepper root rot and wilt (caused by Phytophthora nicotianae) by grafting onto resistant rootstock

Root rot and plant wilting caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a severe disease of chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in open fields and under greenhouse production in Tunisia. Chili pepper grafting for disease manage- ment is attracting increased interest in recent years. Using the tube grafting technique, different compatible scion/rootstock combinations were obtained with the wild-type pepper SCM334 and the local chili pepper cultivars ‘Beldi’ and ‘Baker’. SCM334 was resistant to P. nicotianae , while the cultivars Beldi and Baker were susceptible. Plant inoculations were performed with P. nicotianae zoospores, and severity of root rot was rated 30 days post- inoculation using a 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (dead plant) severity score. On SCM334 rootstock and with ‘Beldi’ or ‘Baker’ scions, the intensity of root rot was very low (mean score 0.1–0.2) and plants were healthy. However, with Baker or Beldi rootstocks and SCM334 scions, root rot was severe (mean score 3.1–4.6), leading to high numbers of wilting and dead plants. This severe root rot was similar to that observed on non-grafted plants of ‘Baker’ and ‘Beldi’ inoculated with the pathogen. Under greenhouse conditions, measurements of agronomic characters indicated non-consistent improvement of these features on the scion cultivar when SCM334 was the rootstock. Since plant foliage is not attacked by this pathogen, these results show that susceptible chili pepper scions grafted onto SCM334 rootstocks could be used for root rot management and improvement of pepper yields in P. nicotianae infested soils.

Inheritance of resistance to Pepper yellow mosaic virus in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum

We investigated inheritance of resistance to Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum accessions UENF 1616 (susceptible) crossed with UENF 1732 (resistant). Plants from generations P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1:1, and BC1:2 were inoculated and the symptoms were evaluated for 25 days. Subsequently, an area under the disease progress curve was calculated and subjected to generation means analysis. Only the average and epistatic effects were significant. The broad and narrow sense heritability estimates were 35.52 and 21.79%, respectively. The estimate of the minimum number of genes that control resistance was 7, indicating that resistance is polygenic and complex. Thus, methods to produce segregant populations that advocate selection in more advanced generations would be the most appropriate to produce chili pepper cultivars resistant to PepYMV.

The optimization of Regeneration tissue culture system of three chilli peppers cultivars based on the uniform design and the mathematical model equation

Using uniform random design optimization and the mathematical model equation we optimized the regeneration tissue culture system of the chilli pepper. An efficient and detailed plant reproducible protocol in vitro has been established using different explants and induction media for three chilli pepper cultivars. The result displayed that the seedlings at the curved hypocotyl stage were the best choice to prepare for explants, the genotype of explants affected shoot buds induction frequency and number of shoot buds per explant, and the cotyledon explant was more responsive than hypocotyl explant. The optimal media for maximum shoot initiation and regeneration and the optimal elongation medium were obtained. For Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Xinsu), Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Neimengchifeng) and Capsicum frutescens (cv. Xingfu), the induction rates were 99.17%, 97.50 and 96.11%, respectively; the elongation rates of shoot buds were 86.67%, 85.19% and 82.96%, respectively. The MS medium with 0.57 μM IAA and 0.69 μM NAA is the best choice for root induction. The frequency of their root emergence was 95.00-98.33%. Regenerated chilli peppers were successfully acclimatized and cultivated with 100% survival. This work will help to improve multiplication process and the genotype of chilli pepper, and may have commercial impact.

Determining the yield and several quality parameters of 'Chili Jalapeno' in comparison to 'Pical' and 'Geyik Boynuzu' pepper cultivars under Mediterranean conditions

We studied yield and quality parameters of three hot Chili pepper cultivars under Antakya conditions. The cultivars tested were 'Chili Jalapeno', 'Pical' and 'Geyik Boynuzu', which is a local cultivar. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block design with three blocks in each treatment and conducted for two years. The variable measured in the experiment include total yield (kg/da), fruit number (number/plant), yield per plant (g/plant), fruit weight (g), fruit width (cm), fruit length (cm), skin + flesh width (mm) and soluble solids (%). The results indicated that 'Chili Jalapeno' and 'Pical' cultivars gave significantly higher total yield than 'Geyik Boynuzu' with 1951 and 1818 kg/da, respectively while 1593 kg/da yield was recovered from 'Geyik Boynuzu'. Similarly, for yield per plant, 'Chili Jalapeno' and 'Pical' cultivars gave significantly higher yield than 'Geyik Boynuzu'. The highest soluble solid was found on 'Pical' while the lowest from 'Geyik Boynuzu'. Moreover, 'Pical' was determined as the thinnest skin + flesh width. For these reasons, 'Pical' could be recommended for dry pepper production. We suggest 'Chili Jalapeno' cultivar for pickling. 'Geyik Boynuzu' is a local cultivar that is commonly grown in the region. For this cultivar, we suggest breeding studies should be initiated to further improve this cultivar. Key words: Pepper, cultivar, pepper production, Antakya, Capsicum annuum L.

In Vitro Shoot Bud Differentiation from Hypocotyl Explants of Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important spice crop in tropical and subtropical countries. In vitro plant regeneration was obtained from 15 th day old hypocotyl explants of three chili pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L., var. ‘X-235’, var. ‘PC-1’ and var. ‘Pusa Jwala’). Among the genotypes of Capsicum L. var. ‘X-235’ responded better than the var. ‘PC-1’ and var. ‘Pusa Jwala’. MS medium containing BAP (4.0 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l) was found to be the best medium for the production of maximum number of shoot buds in all the genotypes of chili pepper i.e., 6.80±0.16 (var. ‘X-235’), 5.00±0.19 (var. ‘PC-1’) and 4.80±0.12 (var. ‘Pusa Jwala’). The shoots were rooted on MS medium fortified with IBA (0.5 mg/l). Rooted plants were hardened and transplanted to the soil. The plants showed 80-90% survival during transplantation.

Heat Level in Chile Pepper in Relation to Root and Fruit Infection by Phytophthora capsici

Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici Leon., is a major plant disease that limits chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in New Mexico. Chile pepper producers in New Mexico report that Phytophthora blight symptoms appear to develop slower and its incidence is lower in hot than in nonhot chile pepper cultivars. There has been no previous systematic assessment of the relationship of chile pepper heat level to chile pepper response to P. capsici. Three hot (‘TAM-Jalapeño’, ‘Cayenne’, and ‘XX-Hot’) and two low-heat (‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘New Mexico 6-4’) chile pepper cultivars were inoculated at the six- to eight-leaf stage with zoospores of P. capsici under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, detached mature green fruit from three hot (‘TAM-Jalapeño’, ‘Cayenne’, and ‘XX-Hot’) and one low-heat (‘AZ-20’) chile pepper cultivars were inoculated with mycelium plugs of P. capsici under laboratory conditions. When plant roots were inoculated, Phytophthora blight was slowest to develop on ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ in contrast to all other cultivars. All ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ plants showed wilting symptoms or were dead ≈22 days after inoculation compared with 18, 15, 14, and 11 days for ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’, ‘New Mexico 6-4’, ‘XX-Hot’, and ‘Cayenne’, respectively. When fruit were inoculated, lesion length ratio was significantly higher for ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than for ‘Cayenne’, ‘XX-Hot’, and ‘AZ-20’ fruit. Similarly, lesion diameter ratio was higher for ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than for fruit of other cultivars. Furthermore, mycelial growth on lesion surfaces was more extensive on ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than on fruit of other cultivars. Results from this study indicate that there is little or no relationship between heat level and chile pepper root and fruit infection by P. capsici.

High-frequency adventitious shoot bud induction and shoot elongation of Chile pepper (Capsicúm annuum L.)

Abstract In vitro plantlet regeneration was obtained from cultured cotyledon and young leaf explants of five Indian chile pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L. cvs. Gujarat-1, Gujarat-2, Guntur-4, Selection-49, and Jwala). Adventitious shoot buds (ASB) were regenerated directly from cotyledon and young leaf explants in all the five cultivars on media containing benzyladenine (BA) alone or in combination with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Regeneration frequency was highly influenced by cultivar explant type, media combination and their interactions, except the interaction between cultivar and explant, for number of ASB per explant. Percent contribution of individual source suggested that selection of explant type followed by medium combination and cultivars was essential for obtaining high-frequency ASB induction. Across different cultivars the young leaf explant was found to be the most responsive explant, while Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing BA alone (17.8, 26.6, and 35.5 μM) was found to be...

Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeño Production

Chile pepper (Capsicum spp.) hybrids are normally produced by hand-emasculating the female parent and then pollinating the emasculated flower by hand. Increased yield has occurred with F1 hybrid seed, but the seed is considered too expensive by growers to be direct-seeded, a common production practice in the southwestern U.S. chile pepper industry. In ornamental flowers, when F2 hybrid seed is available, it is cheaper than F1 hybrid seed. If F2 hybrid chile pepper cultivars could manifest heterosis, and produce fruit quality acceptable to the chile pepper industry, then a less-costly alternative would be available to growers. A series of field trials with jalapeños was conducted to test F1 hybrid cultivars to their F2 progeny for yield and fruit quality. The results indicated that in some instances the F2 progeny can yield as well as the F1 hybrid parent. Therefore, F2 hybrid cultivars can be used in a commercial production system. However, if a male-sterility system is used to produce the F1 hybrid cultivar, the F2 progeny will have significantly lower yield than the F1 hybrid parent, as was the case in one accession in this trial. Nevertheless, F2 hybrid cultivars are an additional way to supply high yielding hybrid cultivars to growers.

Ultrastructural Characteristics of Necrosis and Stunt Disease in Red Pepper by the Mixed Infections of Tobacco mosaic virus-U1 or Pepper mild mottle virus and Pepper mottle virus

In single infection of Tobacco mosaic virus-U1 (TMV­U1) or Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), mosaic symptoms were produced on the chili pepper cultivars of 'Cheongyang' and 'Wangshilgun'. However, in cultivars of 'Manitta' and 'Bugang', no symptoms were occurred. In single infection of Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), symptoms of mottle and malformation were produced on the tested cultivars of 'Manitta', 'Bugang', 'Cheongyang', and 'Wangshilgun'. In the cultivars of 'Cheongyang' and 'Wangshilgun', synergistic symptoms of stunt and lethal death were induced by mixed infections in the two combinations of TMV-U1 + PepMoV and PMMoV+PepMoV. However, in cultivars of 'Manitta' and 'Bugang', synergistic symptoms were not noted, but mottling which was milder than that of single infection was produced. Cells infected singly with TMV-U1 and PMMoV in the cultivars of 'Cheongyang' and 'Wangshilgun', respectively, had the typical ultra-structures of tobamovirus as the stacked-band structure and multiple spiral aggregate (SA). In the cells and tissues infected with PepMoV on the cultivars of 'Cheongyang', 'Wangshilgun', 'Manitta' and 'Bugang', the potyvirus inclusions of pinwheels, scrolls, lamminated aggregates and amorphous inclusion were observed. In the cells infected mixedly with combinations of TMV­U1+PepMoV and PMMoV+PepMoV, the virus particles and inclusions of the two different viruses were found simultaneously in the same cytoplasm. The amounts of virus particles in mixed infections were more abundant than in single infection. The angled-layer aggregates (ALA) were observed only in the cells infected with both TMV-U1 and PepMoV.