Chilli Fruits Research Articles

Odorants of Capsicum spp. Dried Fruits as Candidate Attractants for Lasioderma serricorne F. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae).

Simple SummaryThe cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne F. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), is an important pest of stored products. It can be monitored using pheromone traps with or without a food source as a synergistic attractant. The study objective was to assess the response of L. serricorne to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from different chili fruit powders to identify semiochemicals involved in this attraction which could be used as synthetic co-attractants in pheromone traps. Olfactometer results indicated that Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens VOCs elicit attraction toward L. serricorne adults, while C. chinense VOCs elicit no attraction. Chemical analysis and behavioral assays indicated a primary role for polar compounds in the attraction toward these sources. α-Ionone and β-ionone, compounds abundant in the attractive species and which elicited positive results in the olfactometer bioassays, may be promising candidates as attractant and/or pheromone synergist in monitoring traps for L. serricorne.The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne F. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is an important food storage pest affecting the tobacco industry and is increasingly impacting museums and herbaria. Monitoring methods make use of pheromone traps which can be implemented using chili fruit powder. The objective of this study was to assess the response of L. serricorne to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from different chili powders in order to identify the main semiochemicals involved in this attraction. Volatiles emitted by Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, and C. chinense dried fruit powders were tested in an olfactometer and collected and analyzed using SPME and GC-MS. Results indicated that C. annuum and C. frutescens VOCs elicit attraction toward L. serricorne adults in olfactometer, while C. chinense VOCs elicit no attraction. Chemicals analysis showed a higher presence of polar compounds in the VOCs of C. annuum and C. frutescens compared to C. chinense, with α-ionone and β-ionone being more abundant in the attractive species. Further olfactometer bioassays indicated that both α-ionone and β-ionone elicit attraction, suggesting that these compounds are candidates as synergistic attractants in pheromone monitoring traps for L. serricorne.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTAGONISTIC FUNGI Gliocladium sp. AND Trichoderma harzianum TO CONTROL Colletotrichum spp. on chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

The productivity of chili in terms of both quality and quantity is suppressed by the attacks of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. Pesticides is commonly used to control the disease. Researched was conducted to determine the antagonistic fungi and the effective dose in inhibiting the growth of the Colletotrichum spp. Antagonistic tests were performed in vivo using the direct method with three replicates. Inhibition test was arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with 7 treatments: Control, Gliocladium sp (150, 250, and 350 mL/plant) and T. harzianum (150, 250, and 350 mL/plant) with four replicates and three samples out of 20 plants per treatment. The results showed that the percentage of inhibition of T. harzianum against Colletotrichum sp. is 55% while Gliocladium sp. is 70.33% in antagonistic test. The mean of disease intensity at 11 up to 32 DAI on control is 5.61 ± 0.71% up to 20.30 ± 1.35 % respectively. It is significantly higher than Gliocladium sp. 350 mL/Plant (1.94 ± 0.45 % up to 11.15 ± 0.87 %), T. harzianum 350 mL/Plant (1.10 ± 0.58 % up to 8.68 ± 0.91 %), and T. harzianum 250 mL/Plant (2.28 ± 0.43 % up to 8.75 ± 0.79 %). No significant different is observed on mean of fresh weight of red chili fruit yield per plant. T. harzianum and Gliocladium sp. fungi are effective in controlling the attack of anthracnose disease in chili. The most efficient dose to control anthracnose disease is the application of T. Harzianum or Gliocladium sp at the dose of 250 mL/plant.Key Words: Chilli, Anthracnose, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Colletotrichum.

Using biochemical properties as quality indicators for analyzing chilly varieties

Chili is one of the important spice crops. Chili is a fruit of the plant ‘Capsicum annuum and capsicum frutecens’ that come from the genus capsicum belonging to the family of Solanaceae. Mundu Chili is a round shaped Chili which is grown in ramnad district in tamilnadu, India. It is also called as ramnad S9 red mundu Chili. Ramnad red mundu S9 Chili has a good flavor and aroma, exported worldwide. Also, Used for food coloring. CO2 Chili fruits are thick and red in color. They are used for both green and dry pod Chilies. They have high seed content and high pungency level. This paper clearly explains the difference in ramnad mundu Chilies and its hybrid variety PMK 1 which is a cross of ramnad mundu and CO2. The results taken were ph, total soluble solids and titratable acidity. The result was taken for every 10 days till it deteriorates. The total soluble solids of ramnad S9 red mundu, CO2, PMK 1 ranges from 1-4 degree brix,1-5 degree brix , 1-5 degree brix. The titratable acidity of ramnad S9 red mundu, CO2, PMK 1 1.3%-0.73%, 1.2%-0.70%, 1.2%-0.75%. The pH value of ramnad S9 red mundu, CO2, PMK 1 ranges from 5.4-4.5, 5.2-4.3, 5.4-4.6.

Efficacy of certain bio-pesticides against sucking pests of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

A field experiment was carried out at the Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India during2018-2019 to evaluate the efficacy of different biopesticides against sucking pests of okra. The treatments viz. neem oil @ 5%, karanj oil @ 5%, Melia azedarach leaf extract @ 5%, garlic extract @ 5%, chilli fruit extract @ 5%, Beauveria bassiana @ 5ml/l, Verticillium lecanii @ 5ml/l, deltamethrin @ 10 g a.i./ha were applied at 15 days interval starting from seedling stage when leafhopper and aphid infestation started. Results revealed that the overall best performance of insecticides against leafhoppers recorded in deltamethrin treated plots with the lowest mean population of leafhoppers(2.07 leaf hoppers/3 leaves) followed by neem oil (2.54 leaf hoppers/3 leaves), karanj oil (3.20 leaf hoppers/3 leaves) while the order of efficacy against aphids was deltamethrin (3.25 aphids/3 leaves), neem oil (5.87 aphids/3 leaves), karanj oil (6.82 aphids/3 leaves). Results revealed that deltamethrin, neem oil and karanj oil were very effective treatments against leafhoppers and aphids

First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose of Chili Pepper Fruit in Korea.

In October 2015, typical anthracnose symptoms were observed on approximately 15 to 20% of the chili fruits (cv. Manita) growing in Goesan County, Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Infection of fruits were characterized by the presence of circular, sunken lesions with concentric rings of orange conidial acervuli. Fresh samples were collected from the infected fruits and lesions from seven symptomatic fruits were cut into small pieces (5 mm2) and surface sterilized by soaking them in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, followed by rinsing thrice using sterilized water, and drying on sterilized filter paper. The tissue pieces were then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 2°C with 12hrs photoperiod. After 2 to 3 days, single hyphal tips were transferred to fresh PDA and a total of seven isolates were selected from typical single hyphae. The upper surfaces of the colonies formed on PDA were white to gray in color with cottony mycelia, in which salmon-colored acervuli were clearly visible (Supplementary 1). Thirty conidia were examined; all were hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, mainly cylindrical with round ends, 12 to 17 µm long, and 3 to 4.5 µm wide. Appressoria were oval to irregular inshape, dark brown in color, and range from 9.5 to 11.5 µm × 6.5 to 7.5 µm in sizes. Morphological characteristics of the seven isolates were identical and resembled those of C. siamense (Weir et al. 2012). To confirm the identification of the fungal isolates, DNA from seven isolates were extracted (Cenis et al. 1992) and the genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA regions, and β-Tublin-2 (TUB2) were partially amplified and sequenced. Sequences from all seven isolates were identical each other. Nucleotide sequences of ITS, GAPDH, and TUB2 from representative isolates CNU180002 and CNU180012 were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MH085103, MH085105, and MH085107 for CNU180002 and MK033503, MK033504, and MK033505 for CNU180012, respectively. The sequences for all three genes exhibited 99 to 100% identity with C. siamense, GenBank accession nos. FJ972613 (ITS), FJ972575 (GAPDH), and FJ907438 (TUB2) for both isolates. A multi-locus phylogenetic tree with closely related reference sequences downloaded from the GenBank database demonstrated that these two isolates were aligned with C. siamense. Pathogenicity of isolates CNU180002 and CNU180012 was confirmed on healthy fruits (Manita) by using a pin-pricked wound/drop (1 mm depth) and non-wound/drop inoculation method (Oo et al. 2017) and control fruits were mock-inoculated with sterilized distilled water. Three fruits were inoculated for each isolate and pathogenicity test were repeated thrice. After inoculation, the fruits were placed on a sterilized paper tissue in moistened clean boxes with a relative humidity of approximately 90% and incubated for 7 days at 25°C in the dark. Disease symptoms were appeared 5 to 7 days after inoculation on wounded fruits whereas non-wounded fruits were observed after 10 days. The two isolates showed identical symptoms and control fruits remained symptomless. Both isolates were re-isolated from infected fruits and were identical to the original isolates in morphology characteristics as well as on molecular sequences of ITS, GAPDH and TUB2 genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. siamense on chili pepper fruit in Korea.

The Effect Javanese Chili Extract (Piper Retrofractum Vahl) Administration On The Increase Of Albino Male Mice Libido

Libido is a sexual desire that is an important part of adult human life. The main active compound of Javanese chili is piperine. Javanese chili is reported to cause increased libido. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of administration Javanese chili extract (Piper retrofractum Vahl) to increase libido in albino male mice. The doses of Javanese chili extract used is 50 mg/kgbw; 100 mg/kgbw; and 200 mg/kg bw given as a single dose for 9 days. The parameters observed were kissing, mounting latency, and mounting frequency of albino male mice. The results showed that the administration of Javanese chili extract at doses of 50 mg/kgbw, 100 mg/kgbw, and 200 mg/kgbw showed faster kissing and mounting latency and higher mounting frequency and significantly different (p<0,05) compared to the control group. Increasing the dose of Javanese chili fruit extract gave a very strong correlation to the reduction in kissing and mounting latency (r = -0,951 and r = -0,933), and increased mounting frequency (r = 0,892). From the research results, it can be concluded that the administration of Javanese chili fruit extract can increase the libido of albino male mice and the increase in the dose of Javanese chili extract gives a very strong correlation to the increase in the libido of albino male mice.

Fate of free and bound phytol and tocopherols during fruit ripening of two Capsicum cultivars

Phytol and tocopherols and their fatty acid esters (PFAE and TFAE) are isoprenoid lipid components which can be found for instance in vegetables. Their behavior during maturation of fruits and vegetables could reveal valuable information on their biosynthetic formation and biological function. As pods of the genus Capsicum contain considerable amounts of both PFAE and TFAE, two cultivars (i.e. Capsicum annuum var. Forajido and Capsicum chinense var. Habanero) were grown in a greenhouse project. The date of flowering and fruit formation of each blossom was noted and fruits were harvested in four specific periods which corresponded with different stages of ripening, i.e. unripe, semi-ripe, ripe and overripe. Quantification by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry and creation of development profiles strongly supported the suggestion that PFAE and TFAE were formed as storage molecules during fruit ripening and parallel degradation of chlorophyll. Additionally, compound-specific carbon isotope ratios (δ13C values (‰)) of originally in PFAE and chlorophyll bound phytol ultimately proved that PFAE, besides tocopherols, serve as sink for the cytotoxic phytol moiety released from chlorophyll degradation during fruit ripening. Furthermore, color measurements were successfully implemented to simplify the usually cumbersome separation of chili fruits into different ripening degrees.

Effects of local environmental factors on the spiciness of habanero chili peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) by coulometric electronic tongue

This work investigates the effects of local environmental factors on the spiciness of Habanero chili peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) by a coulometric electronic tongue. Chili fruits grown in red soil showed significantly higher spiciness (8.4 ± 1.9 mg g−1, expressed as mg of capsaicin per g of fresh fruit), than the one observed for fruits grown in brown (6.9 ± 2.5 mg g−1) and black (6.3 ± 1.7 mg g−1) soils. Moreover, the spiciness of the chili fruits increased when fruits ripened from green (6.4 ± 1.9 mg g−1) to orange (8.0 ± 2.2 mg g−1). In addition, subsequent harvesting cycles performed on the same plants stimulate the production of new fruits with higher spiciness level, especially on green fruits. Furthermore, this work will extend, from one side, the knowledge of coulometric electronic tongues as fast, comprehensive, and easy-to-handle alternative to estimate the taste of spicy foods in large-scale industrial experiments. On the other side, this work will also extend the knowledge on the effect of local environmental factors on the expression of capsaicinoids in Habanero chili.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SUREN (Toona sureni Merr.) DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA LALAT BUAH (Bactrocera dorsalis) PADA BUAH CABAI (Capsicum annuum L.)

Bactrocera dorsalis is a very harmful pest for fruit and vegetable. Chemical control of these pests has raised another problem. The use of surian leaf extract can be a good and environmentally friendly alternative control. This study aims to determine the effect of the administration of vegetable pesticides from suren leaf extract in the control of B. dorsalis on red chili. This research had been carried out at Siliwangi University and BBPOPT, Karawang in July to August 2019. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six replications. The concentration of suren leaf extract were : 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1%. The results showed that chili fruit extracts with the highest 0.1% consistently could reduce the number of larvae and the number of fruit attacked. The main compounds contained in the surian leaf extract include 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) -, phytol, acetate, phenol, 2-methyl-5- (1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl) -, (S) -, Cedren-13-ol, 8-, and 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-. These compounds were thought to be strong compounds that play a role in suppressing the number of larvae and the number of fruit attacked.

Efficacy and economics of integrated weed management in chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

ABSTRACT Weed management is one of the most important and expensive steps in chilli pepper cultivation. Smallholder farmers depend mainly on manual hand weeding, which is labor-intensive and expensive. Field experiments were, therefore, conducted to evaluate the efficacy and economic benefits of hand weeding (HW), herbicides, and their combined effect on chilli pepper. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Pre-emergence application of propaben® (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v) and butachlor (50% w/v) each at 2.0 kg ha−1 + HW at 40 days after transplanting (DAT) significantly reduced weed density and biomass, and increased weed control efficacy, similar to weed-free check and better than two HWs or sole application of either herbicide. Propaben® or butachlor plus HW also provided significantly higher fruit yields than two HWs, weed-free check, and sole application of either herbicide. Sole application of propaben® and butachlor incurred lower labor cost and net return but recorded 153–233% higher cost-benefit ratio than HW only. Propaben® or butachlor + HW resulted in 52–61% higher net return and 209–219% cost-benefit ratio compared with the weed-free check that included the cost of four HW. This showed that multiple HW did not guarantee highest yield or net return but rather increased the cost of production. Integrated weed management with propaben® + HW or butachlor + HW will provide higher chilli fruit yield and net return than multiple HWs or sole application of either herbicide through efficient weed control at a lower cost.

Foliage applied proline induces salt tolerance in chili genotypes by regulating photosynthetic attributes, ionic homeostasis, and antioxidant defense mechanisms

Globally, soil salinity is a serious threat to horticultural crop productivity. Chili (Capsicum annum L.) is a major spice horticultural crop. Its growth and production is severely affected by salt stress. To address this problem, a sand culture experiment was conducted in which two contrasting chili genotypes ‘Plahi’ (salt tolerant) and ‘A-120’ (salt sensitive) were grown under salt stress (50 mM NaCl) with foliar application of proline (0.8 mM). Proline application enhanced salt tolerance in both genotypes by osmoregulation of sodium and potassium. It enhanced chili growth and fruit yield by improving plant water relations and gas exchange attributes under salt stress. Antioxidants were increased with proline application under salt stress. There was also a significant positive correlation found among glycinebetaine and proline contents. In conclusion, protein-treated chili plants performed better than untreated plants as evidenced by normal function of photosynthetic machinery and antioxidant mechanisms under salt stress.

Biofertilizers with beneficial rhizobacteria improved plant growth and yield in chili (Capsicum annuum L.).

Chemical fertilizers can supply essential nutrients to crops increasing their yield, however, they can also cause serious environmental problems. Biofertilizer has received more and more attention because of its environmentally friendly and pollution-free characteristics. Haloxylon ammodendron, a desert succulent shrub, has become an important plant species for vegetation restoration in several deserts in China because of its strong drought tolerance. Its extensive root systems and unique rhizosphere bacterial community aid H. ammodendron adapt to this extreme environment. In this study, Bacillus sp.WM13-24 and Pseudomonas sp. M30-35 isolated from the rhizosphere of H. ammodendron in our previous study and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 and Sinorhizobium meliloti ACCC17578 as well-studied beneficial strains were used to prepare two types of biofertilizer, WM13-24 biofertilizer containing Bacillus sp.WM13-24 and integrated biofertilizer containing all the four strains. Results presented here showed that WM13-24 biofertilizer and the integrated biofertilizer improved chili plant growth, fruit yield and quality and the rhizosphere soil nitrogen content, enzyme activities, and the quantity and biodiversity of viable bacteria. Compared to the control, WM13-24 biofertilizer and a commercial biofertilizer, the integrated biofertilizer performed best in significantly increasing plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, chlorophyll content, fruit yield, soluble sugar content, ascorbic acid content, organic acid content, soil urease activity, catalase activity and the quantity and biodiversity of viable bacteria. This study provided a theoretical and practical basis for large scale development of integrated biofertilizers using beneficial rhizobacterial strains from the desert plant rhizosphere.

The Implementation of Mimosa Pudica Root Extract for Anthracnose Disease On Red Chili to Increase Productivity

Red chili is one of the important horticultural crops, both for domestic consumption and export commodity. Referring to the Indonesian agricultural information sistem (2016), the national consumption of red chili increases 2 % annually. Problems that occur in the cultivation of red chili plants in Indonesia is a disruption of pests and diseases. One of the diseases found in red chili plants is anthracnose disease caused by the fungi Colletotrichum sp marked spots. To control this disease, farmers usually use liquid chemical fungicide which is sprayed on red chili fruit continuously. A permanent use of the chemical fungicides can lead to pathogenic resistance, environmental damage and is harmful to consumers’ health. It means that we need to establish a sustainable agriculture of-which the developed products are not only renewable but also environment friendly. Therefore, in this research have a purpose to analyze the effect of Mimosa pudica root extract for anthracnose disease on red chili to increase farmers productivity. This research use method field study, which conducted on the chili land owned by farmer in Sukoharjo, Central Java. Which is done by giving Mimosa pudica root extract to the chili affected by anthracnose marked by spots, then compare after giving Mimosa pudica root extract. The study was conducted by spraying the extracts of Mimosa pudica root extract with concentration 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (repeated 3 times) to the chilies. These results showed that the concentration of 25% was best result, proven by the results average spotting size before being given Mimosa pudica root extract is 2 cm then after being given Mimosa pudica root extract reduced to 1.3 cm. So the conclusion is Mimosa pudica root extract with concentration 25% can be an alternative vegetable fungicide to control anthracnose disease in red chili to increase productivity.

Automatic Pesticide Spray Based on Digital Image Processing in Chili Plants by Classification Backpropagation Neural Network Method

In Indonesia demand for chili still quite high and as if it has become a basic necessity for the community. Along with the world in the food processing industry, there has been an increase in the need for chillies, in addition to the high demand and the selling price of chilli peppers, it has encouraged the interest of the community to cultivate chili plants. However, biotic disorders that cause obstacles in efforts to increase chili production. On the leaves and fruit of the chili plant is a part of body the plant that allows the identification process of disease in the chili plant, because there will be changes in color and texture. The process of disease detection in chili plants through digital image processing using the feature extraction method, which has previously been done pre-processing. Then at the segmen-tation stage a thresholding operation is carried out to separate the healthy / diseased leaves / chili. For the classifi-cation of diseases using BPNN (Backpropagation Neural Network) method. The identification process will results five types of diseases, namely fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, leaf foliage, curly leaves, and anthracnose. From this data will be sent by smartphone via IoT to the automatic sprayer to spray the type of pesticide in accordance with the dose and type of disease identified. Based on the results of testing using 150 samples of leaf and fruit images on chili plants obtained a success percentage of 43% in the leaves and 83.33% in the chilli fruit.

Improvement of the extraction of carotenoids and capsaicinoids of chili pepper native (Capsicum baccatum), assisted with cellulolytic enzymes

The production of cellulases of Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 was carried out by fermentation in biofilms (FB). The extracts of cellulases were used to hydrolyze the cellulose of Capsicum baccatum “escabeche chili” fruit, for this the chili fruits were dehydrated and ground to a particle size < 0.045 mm. Then dry chili: cellulase was mixed and hydrolyzed under conditions of agitation, controlled time and temperature. The medium was filtered and the supernatant of the hydrolyzed chili cake was separated, the latter was dried at 10% humidity and leached with a mixture of hexane:acetone:ethanol to extract the carotenoids and capsaicinoids, which were quantified by HPLC. The extraction yield of oleoresin was five times higher compared to the conventional method; likewise in the T8 and T5 treatments, greater extraction of carotenoids and total capsaicinoids was achieved compared to the other treatments. The hydrolytic action of the cellulases, on the molecular structures of the cellulose of the red drop chili fruit, favored greater release of the carotenoids and total capsaicinoids compared to conventional methods.

In vitro assays to investigate ethanol extract of Ipomoea batatas leaves as potential biofungicide for controlling Fusarium

Fusarium sp. has been known as a pathogenic agent causing fruit rots in chili and potentially decrease annual chili production rates. One plant potentially utilized for controlling Fusarium is purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Purple sweet potato contain active compounds in the form of flavonoids, which has been previously revealed to perform antifungal activity. This study aimed to determine antifungal activity of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves as a bio fungicide for inhibiting the growth of Fusarium sp.-caused chili fruit rots. This work was conducted by testing the ethanol-extracted purple sweet potato leaves extracts against Fusarium sp. with in vitro assays. It was conducted by applying disc-diffusion method to observe the antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. This study showed inhibitory ability of the leaves extract against the growth of Fusarium sp. to range between 46.9 to 89.2%. Besides, in vitro treatment of the leaves extract at 40% concentration was discovered to significantly inhibit the incubation time of Fusarium sp. fruit rot compared to other treatment groups. These findings suggested the leaves extract at 40% concentration to be a potential bio fungicide for controlling Fusarium fruit rots on chili.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan Metode Ekstraksinya Dalam Menghambat Penyakit Antraknosa pada Cabai Pascapanen

Extract of Piper betle as An Inhibitor of Anthracnose Postharvest Disease on Chili Pepper
 Chili is a horticultural commodity that mostly needed by consumers in the fresh condition. However, there is an interval of time needed to deliver it from producers (farmers) to consumers. During the supply chain, deterioration of the quality of chilli fruit can occur by the presence of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. The use of syntetic fungicides to control anthracnose disease is not recommended because it will leave residues that are harmful to consumers. The alternative that can be done is to use botanical pesticides as fungicides. The aim of this research is to study the potential of Piper betle leaves extract (PLE) in inhibiting the development of the antracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on the chili during storage. The sequences of this research were strarted with production of PLE by boiling method which was preceded by blanching, chopping, and without treatment of betel leaves, then bioassay of betel extract by measuring the diameter of fungus growth on PDA+ PLE. The third test was application of PLE on fresh chili fruits by spraying and soaking, continued by observed the antracnoseinsidence on chili during storage time (21 days). The results showed that the chopping method was the best betel leaf extraction method among other treatments, the use of 10% PLE concentration was the most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum in vitro, spraying treatment using 10% EDS was the most effective in inhibited the insidence of anthracnose disease.

Evaluation and phytotoxicity of Imidacloprid (600FS) on Chilli thrips as seed treatment

Imidacloprid, an insecticide belonging to chloronicotinyl group was applied as seed treatment for the management of thrips on chilies. Seed treatment of imidacloprid 600 FS and 70 WS at 7, 9, 12, 15 and 30 ml kg−1 protected the seedlings in the nursery up to 35 days. Imidacloprid @ 12 ml was most effective followed by imidacloprid @ 9 ml and @ 30 ml/litre. The seed treatment of imidacloprid reduced the thrips population significantly and also recorded higher yield of chilli fruits. There was no phytotoxicity in the chilli plants due to the treatment of imidacloprid as seed treatment even at highest dose.

Increasing the Growth and Quality of Red Chili with Growth Hormone from Endophytic Bacteria

<p>Red chili is a very important horticultural commodity in Indonesia having low productivity and quality. Cultivation method needs to be improved including the use of exogenous growth hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the optimum concentration of IAA and GA growing hormones from isolate B6.2 in stimulating plant growth and improving the quality of large red chili fruit; (2) molecular identity of the B6.2 bacterial isolate. The growth hormone content of B6.2 isolates using HPLC obtained 0.49 ppm IAA and 64.53 ppm GA. The growth hormone potential test on the growth and quality of chili was carried out with a concentration of 1, 3, 5 ml/l, while water and synthetic hormones was used as negative and positive control, respectively. The experimental design used was a Complete Random Design with the foliar spray application to the plant canopy three times during the growth period. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, fruit weight, shooth wet, and dry weight compared to controls at the age of 76 days after planting (dap) was a concentration of 5 ml/l, with the values of 71.7±0.9 cm , 94.7±0.3 g, 11.5±0.43 g, and 1.4±0.09 g, respectively. The molecular identification showed that B6.2 isolate was classified as Bacillus vallismortis with 100% homology. The growth hormone from isolate B6.2 has the potential to increase growth and production of red chili plants.</p>

Characterisation and antifungal activity of extracellular chitinase from a biocontrol fungus, Trichoderma asperellum PQ34

ABSTRACTTrichoderma species were known as biological control agents against phytopathogenic fungi because they produce a variety of chitinases. Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin, a major component of the cell walls of fungi. The present study shows that extracellular chitinase activity reached a maximum value of approximately 22 U/mL after 96 h of T. asperellum PQ34 strain culture. The optimal temperature and pH of enzyme are 40°C and 7, respectively, whereas the thermal and pH stability range from 25°C to 50°C and 4 to 10, respectively. Chitinase at 60 U/mL inhibited nearly completely in vitro growth of Colletotrichum sp. (about 95%) and Sclerotium rolfsii (about 97%). In peanut plants, 20 U/mL of chitinase significantly reduced the incidence of S. rolfsii infection compared to controls. The fungal infection incidence of seeds before germination and 30 days after germination was only 2.22% and 2.38%, while the control was 13.33% and 17.95%. Besides, chitinase from T. asperellum PQ34 can also prevent anthracnose that is caused by Colletotrichum sp. on both mango and chilli fruits up to 72 h after enzyme pre-treatment at 40 U/mL. In mango and chilli fruits infected with anthracnose, 40 U/mL dose of chitinase inhibited the growth of fungi after 96 h of treatment, the diameter of lesion was only 0.88 cm for mango and 1.45 cm for chilli, while the control was 1.67 cm and 2.85 cm, respectively.