Smoking In Children Research Articles

The interaction of early life factors and depression-associated loci affecting the age at onset of the depression

Multiple previous studies explored the associations between early life factors and the age at onset of the depression. However, they only focused on the influence of environmental or genetic factors, without considering the interactions between them. Based on previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, we first calculated polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the interacting effects of depression PRS and 5 early life factors, including felt hated by family member (N = 40,112), physically abused by family (N = 40,464), felt loved (N = 35633), and sexually molested (N = 41,595) in childhood and maternal smoking during pregnancy (N = 38,309), on the age at onset of the depression. Genome-wide environment interaction studies (GWEIS) were then performed to identify the genes interacting with early life factors for the age at onset of the depression. In regression analyses, we observed significant interacting effects of felt loved as a child and depression PRS on the age at onset of depression in total sample (β = 0.708, P = 5.03 × 10−3) and males (β = 1.421, P = 7.64 × 10−4). GWEIS identified a novel candidate loci interacting with felt loved as a child at GSAP (rs2068031, P = 4.24 × 10–8) and detected several genes with suggestive significance association, such as CMYA5 (rs7343, P = 2.03 × 10–6) and KIRREL3 (rs535603, P = 4.84 × 10–6) in males. Our results indicate emotional care in childhood may affect the age at onset of depression, especially in males, and GSAP plays an important role in their interaction.

Determination of the Relation Between Passive Cigarette Smoking in Children and Respiratory Tract Infections by Evaluation of Urine Cotinine/Creatinine Levels

Determination of the Relation Between Passive Cigarette Smoking in Children and Respiratory Tract Infections by Evaluation of Urine Cotinine/Creatinine Levels

Parenting styles in relation to childhood obesity, smoking and drinking: A gene-environment interaction study.

The present study assessed gene-environment interactions linking maternal parenting styles to childhood obesity and alcohol and tobacco use. Data were retrieved from the first wave of the German Twin Family Panel. Participants comprised three birth cohorts, aged 5, 11 and 17 years, with approximately 500 pairs of same-sex monozygotic twins and 500 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins per cohort. Self-reported parenting styles were measured in five dimensions: emotional warmth, psychological control, negative communication, monitoring and inconsistent parenting. Outcome variables included children's body mass index z-score (BMIz) and smoking and alcohol drinking frequency. Gene-environment interaction models were used to assess how parenting styles might moderate genetic and environmental influences on BMIz and smoking and drinking behaviours. A positive interaction of genetic effects with psychological control was found for BMIz at age 5 years, indicating that genetic influences on BMIz increased with psychological control. No interaction effect was found for BMIz at ages 11 and 17 years. Regarding adolescent smoking, positive interaction between genetic effects and negative communication was found, indicating that genetic influences on smoking increased with negative communication. There was no significant moderating effect of parenting styles on adolescent drinking. The present study found preliminary evidence indicating that parenting styles moderated genetic and environmental impacts on body weight status and smoking. Moderation effects of parenting on BMIz were observed only at a very young age. The moderating effects of parenting influenced adolescent smoking but not drinking.

026 Gene-environment interactions in multiple sclerosis: a UK Biobank study

Question: Does genetic risk modify the effect of environmental MS risk factors?MethodsCase-control study of 2151 people with MS and 486,125 controls using data from a longitudinal cohort (UK Biobank). MS was defined using ICD-coding or self-report. Associations with MS risk were quan- tified using multivariate logistic regression. Interaction between environmental and genetic risk factors was quantified using the Attributable Proportion due to interaction (AP). Model fits were quantified using Nagelkerke’s pseudo-R2 metric.ResultsExposures associated with MS were childhood obesity (OR=1.39, 95%CI 1.22–1.58), smoking (OR=1.19, 95%CI 1.07–1.33), and earlier menarche 0.95, 95%CI 0.92–0.98). The autosomal polygenic risk score (PRS) was associated with MS disease status (ORTop-vs-bottom-decile=3.93, 95%CI 3.11–4.97). There was evidence of synergistic interaction between the PRS and both childhood obesity (AP=0.111, 95%CI 0.007–0.202), and smoking (AP=0.106, 95%CI 2.24e-4 to 0.196).ConclusionsWe provide novel evidence for interaction between environmental risk factors for MS and a high burden of autosomal genetic risk. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of MS biology, and may inform targeted prevention strategies.ben.meir.jacobs@gmail.com

Monthly Motivational Interview Counseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Parents of Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundParental smoking is the dominant source of passive smoke exposure in the pediatric population. The current randomized controlled trial (RCT) study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component smoking reduction intervention in parental smoking reduction and children's environmental tobacco smoke exposure reduction in clinical settings.MethodsA single-blinded, 6-month randomized controlled trial recruited smoking parents (N = 210) of children who attended the pediatric wards or clinics at the Prince of Wales Hospital. Participants allocated to the intervention group (n = 105) received monthly motivational interviews on smoking reduction with emphasis on health hazards related to children's passive smoke exposure, 8-week nicotine replacement therapy, and referral to smoking cessation service if the parents preferred. The control group (n = 105) received simple verbal advice on smoking cessation. Primary outcomes were parental urine cotinine validated and self-reported ≥50% smoking reduction rates at 6 months.ResultsSmoking parents in the intervention group had significantly more biochemically validated ≥50% smoking reduction than the control: 27.1 vs. 10.0% (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.16–9.62, P = 0.02). The rate of self-reported ≥50% smoking reduction was also significantly higher in the intervention group than the control: 51.9 vs. 20.2% (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 2.38–8.12, P < 0.001). For secondary outcomes, the rate of parental self-reported smoking cessation was higher in the intervention arm: 10.5 vs. 1.0% (OR = 12.17, 95% CI: 1.54–96.07, P < 0.001), however, no differences were detected in biochemically validated cessation and changes in children's passive smoke exposure between the groups.ConclusionMonthly smoking reduction counseling together with nicotine replacement therapy is more effective than simple verbal cessation advice in the smoking reduction for parents of pediatric patients. However, this study did not demonstrate differences in smoking cessation or reduction in children's passive smoke exposure with a 6-month follow-up. Achievement of a smoke-free environment remains challenging.Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT03879889.

The evaluation of the relationship between childhood traumas and smoking addiction

Introduction. Data about the relationship between childhood traumas and cigarette smoking are scarce. In this study, the relationship between childhood abuse and smoking addiction was evaluated in adults. Material and methods. This research was carried out with the participation of 216 individuals (82 [38%] women and 134 [62%] men) over the age of 18 who applied to the Family Medicine Out-patient Clinics of a tertiary hospital. They were asked to answer the socio-demographic questions as well as the questionnaire forms containing the Fagerström Nicotine Addiction Test (FNAT) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results. The median age at which men start smoking was significantly lower than that of women (17 vs. 19 years; p = 0.007). Men have higher rates of physical neglect than women (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the exposure of individuals to emotional, physical, sexual neglect and abuse and nicotine addiction levels after adjustment for age, gender and education level. However, a significant negative correlation was found between the FNAT score and the CTQ total score, emotional abuse score, physical neglect score, and emotional neglect score. Conclusion. Contrary to the results in the literature, we did not find a directly proportional relationship between adverse childhood experiences and smoking addiction. This finding suggests that further studies should be done on whether adverse childhood experiences may lead not only to cigarette addiction but also to other serious conditions such as substance abuse, mental and physical health problems. Determinants of child maltreatment are multi-systemic, it therefore, makes sense that in counties with different social, cultural, and economic conditions, the consequences of child maltreatment will also be different.

Preventing Smoking in Children: Implementation Non-Smoking Area in Palu City

The prevalence of smokers in Palu City aged &lt;20 years experienced fluctuations, namely in 2015 there were 153 smokers, in 2016 there were 315 smokers, in 2017 there were 1,073 smokers and in 2018 969 were smokers. The purpose of this study was to determine the concepts of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure in the implementation of KTR policies in preventing smoking habits in children at the Palu City Health Office. This type of research was qualitative with triangulation techniques. The number of informants used is 3 people. Data analysis used an analysis approach (content analysis) with matrix techniques. Matrix analysis showed that the bureaucratic structure had been running well in its implementation to prevent smoking habits in children, namely by implementing KTR policies that were by the SOP. While the variables of communication, disposition, and resources had not been good in its implementation to prevent smoking habits in children at the Palu City Health Office due to differences of opinion among policymakers, lack of human resources, and lack of commitment from stakeholders in implementing KTR policies. It is expected that policymakers, especially the Health Office of Palu City to evaluate by reviewing the aspects of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure as input feedback to minimize the problems obtained related to the implementation of KTR policies so that all indicators in implementing policies can be implemented properly.&#x0D;

Passive smoking in childhood and adulthood and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women: results from the French E3N cohort study

ObjectiveThe association between passive smoking exposure in childhood or in adulthood, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been incompletely investigated. We aimed to assess the relationship between exposure...

Identification and Characterization of Influential Factors in Susceptibility to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Preschool-Aged Children.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Currently, increasing amounts of attention have been focused on the epidemiologic profiling of ADHD in children, viewed as a continuously distributed risk dimension throughout the whole lifespan. This study aimed to identify and characterize potential influential factors susceptible to ADHD-related symptoms among preschool-aged children. A comprehensive questionnaire was self-designed for both children and their parents or guardians and was distributed to 30 kindergartens from Beijing and Hebei, collecting potential influential factors in susceptibility to ADHD. ADHD was assessed by the Conner’s Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ), and 7,938 children were analyzed. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and hierarchical degree of adjustment were used to control possible covariates. Five factors, namely, children’s secondhand smoking exposure, breastfeeding duration, sleep mode, maternal pregnancy smoking exposure, and parental self-rating for patience, were identified to be independently and significantly associated with ADHD susceptibility. Meanwhile, dose–response relationships were observed between breastfeeding duration, parental self-rating for patience, and ADHD-related symptoms. Finally, a nomogram model was created for predicting ADHD susceptibility based on significant and conventional attributes under each criterion.

Predicting Young Adult Tobacco, Drug and Alcohol Use Among Participants in the CAMP Trial.

The development of substance abuse in youth with asthma have seldom been examined with longitudinal research. The prospective and well-characterized CAMP cohort provides outcome data on youth with asthma over 13years. This manuscript seeks todetermine thecontributions of asthma features and child behavioral/emotional functioning to subsequent tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in early adulthood. Childhood smoking exposures as well as parent report and youth report of substance use were prospectively assessed concurrently with assessments of asthma symptoms, study medication, and lung development. Logistic regression models evaluated predictors of adolescent and young adult tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. Use of tobacco products was reported by 33% of youth with mild/moderate asthma. Tobacco use was significantly associated with self-reported externalizing behaviors. Early life passive smoke exposure, especially in utero exposure, makes a significant contribution to tobacco use (OR1.58). Greater risk for tobacco use is conveyed by self-reported externalizing behaviors, which are consistently robust predictors of any future use of tobacco products, alcohol and drugs. These findings provide evidence for health care providers to use routine behavioral screening in youth with asthma.

The Association of Passive Smoking and Serum Urotensin-II Levels in Children.

Urotensin-II (UT-II) is the most powerful vasoconstrictor agent and is known to play a role in heart failure, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension and asthma. The effect of passive smoking on UT-II levels is unknown. The present study aims to evaluate serum UT-II levels in children exposed to passive smoke. The study included a total of 120 children; 47 children not exposed to passive smoke were included in Group 1 (control group), and 73 children exposed to passive smoke were included in Group 2. Serum samples of the participants were stored at -80 °C after centrifugation and were assessed at least two times with high-precision human ELISA kits. Serum UT-II levels were significantly higher in the children exposed to passive smoke than in the children not exposed. Furthermore, Group 2 was grouped according to the number of cigarettes smoked at home per day, type of passive smoking (second-hand smoke or third-hand smoke), and how many people in their family and/or living together smoked. There was a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes they were exposed to per day and serum UT-II levels. Passive smoking in childhood may be associated with high serum UT-II levels.

Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Management in Allopathy

This article summarizes the literature related to the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment options for multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. The etiology of MS is not known, both genetic and environmental factors are known to play a role. The risk factor that is strongly associated with MS Epstein-Barr infection. Other factors subjected to modification are childhood obesity, smoking and vitamin deficient individuals. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor has been proposed to explain the increase in prevalence of MS with increase in the latitude. The pathogenesis involves a response which is mediated by T-cell directed against myelin and other similar proteins. The function of B-cells in the disease process is not known. Recent advancements in the understanding of multiple sclerosis has led to development of disease modifying therapies, which in turn has led to a decrease in severity of the disease and relapse rates. Disease modifying therapies act by modulating or suppressing the immune system. Moreover, several drugs have shown effectiveness in certain studies. A number of treatment options have now become available making treatment of MS possible. The management of MS is divided into 3 categories:&#x0D; &#x0D; Treatment of Exacerbations&#x0D; Slowing disease progression with Disease modifying therapies&#x0D; Symptomatic treatment&#x0D;

Factors related to caregivers’ risk perception of secondhand smoke exposure on children’s health

INTRODUCTIONHome is one of the main places for children’s secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. The implementation of smoke-free rules at home might be influenced by caregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure. This study aimed to analyze factors related to caregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure in children.METHODSWe conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey among a representative sample of 2411 parents or legal guardians of children aged <12 years in Spain in 2016. The main study variable was caregivers’ healthrisk perception of SHS exposure on children. We investigated correlates of risk perception using multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance.RESULTSOverall, 59.6% reported SHS exposure negatively affects children’s health a lot, while 34.1% that it affects quite a bit, and 5.5% and 0.8% a little bit or not at all, respectively. The factors associated with a higher caregivers’ risk perception were high education level (adjusted prevalence ratio, APR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.24), living in a non-smoking family unit (APR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.07–1.27), in a home with smoke-free rules (APR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.19–1.51), and with girls only (APR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.06–1.22).CONCLUSIONSCaregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure is influenced by social determinants and smoking habits in family units. These findings support the need for interventions with a social equity perspective to reduce children’s SHS exposure.

Passive smoking in childhood accelerates RA risk for smokers.

Passive smoking in childhood accelerates RA risk for smokers.

Influence of early life risk factors and lifestyle on systemic vascular resistance in later adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study

Purpose There are limited data available concerning the effects of lifetime risk factors and lifestyle on systemic hemodynamics, especially on systemic vascular resistance. The purpose of the study was to evaluate how lifetime cardiovascular risk factors (body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose) and lifestyle factors (vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, smoking and physical activity) predict systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and cardiac index (CI) assessed in adulthood. Materials and Methods Our study cohort comprised 1635 subjects of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study followed up for 27 years since baseline (1980; aged 3–18 years, females 54.3%) who had risk factor and lifestyle data available since childhood. Systemic hemodynamics were measured in 2007 (aged 30–45 years) by whole-body impedance cardiography. Results In the multivariable regression analysis, independent predictors of the adulthood SVRI were childhood BMI, blood glucose, vegetable consumption, smoking, and physical activity (p ≤ .046 for all). Vegetable consumption, smoking, and physical activity remained significant when adjusted for corresponding adult data (p ≤ .036 for all). For the CI, independent predictors in childhood were BMI, systolic blood pressure, vegetable consumption, and physical activity (p ≤ .044 for all), and the findings remained significant after adjusting for corresponding adult data (p ≤ .046 for all). The number of childhood and adulthood risk factors and unfavourable lifestyle factors was directly associated with the SVRI (p < .001) in adulthood. A reduction in the number of risk factors and unfavourable lifestyle factors or a favourable change in BMI status from childhood to adulthood was associated with a lower SVRI in adulthood (p < .001). Conclusion Childhood BMI, blood glucose, vegetable consumption, smoking and physical activity independently predict systemic vascular resistance in adulthood. A favourable change in the number of risk factors or BMI from childhood to adulthood was associated with lower vascular resistance in adulthood.

Smoke Exposure Disclosure: Parental Perspectives of Screening in the Inpatient Setting.

Current screening questions for pediatric tobacco smoke exposure are suboptimal. Factors influencing screening accuracy, particularly in the pediatric inpatient setting, are unknown. Our objective was to identify facilitators of and barriers to parental disclosure of smoke exposure when screened during their child's hospitalization and strategies to promote accurate disclosure. This qualitative study was conducted with a convenience sample of parents of children admitted to the medical and surgical unit of a Midwest tertiary care children's hospital. Eligible parents included those with documented disclosure of smoke exposure in the child's electronic health record. A researcher trained in qualitative methods conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews with parents regarding their experiences with smoke exposure screening in the inpatient pediatric setting. Two researchers independently identified concepts directed at barriers, facilitators, and strategies for effective screening, which were compared and reconciled by a third researcher. Facilitators of disclosing their child's smoke exposure included the following: (1) the caregiver's internal characteristic(s) promoting disclosure, (2) perceived relevance of the screening question to the child's health, and (3) the questioner being viewed positively. Barriers included the following: (1) fear of negative consequences, (2) a vague question, (3) lack of knowledge, (4) guilt, and (5) unconducive environment and timing. The strategies parents suggested to improve screening for smoke exposure included the following: (1) communicate preemptively, (2) provide specific exposure examples, (3) improve questioner-caregiver rapport, and (4) improve screening environment and timing. Parents identified various mechanisms to improve tobacco smoke exposure screening. The facilitators, barriers, and strategies provide opportunities to improve the inpatient pediatric screening process.

Accelerated decline in lung function in adults with a history of remitted childhood asthma.

A significant number of children with asthma show remission in adulthood. Although these adults are often diagnosed with COPD in later life, the effect of clinically remitted childhood asthma on the decline in lung function during adulthood is uncertain. We examined whether clinical remission of childhood asthma was associated with an accelerated decline in lung function in apparently nonasthmatic adults. 3584 participants (mean (range) age 48.1 (35-65) years) who did not have adulthood asthma and other lung diseases and had normal lung function at the baseline visit were included. They were categorised as those with remitted childhood asthma (n=121) and healthy controls (n=3463) according to their self-reported childhood asthma history. Spirometry was performed at baseline and follow-up visits. The mean follow-up was 5.3 years. Multivariate regression analysis showed that remitted childhood asthma and smoking were independently associated with a rapid decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Smoking was an independent predictor of a rapid decline in FEV1/FVC. The annual decline in FEV1 and FVC was significantly greater in participants with remitted childhood asthma than in healthy controls, and the differences remained significant after adjusting for the propensity score. A history of clinically remitted childhood asthma is an independent risk factor for accelerated decline in lung function in adults. Remitted childhood asthma and smoking may additively accelerate the development of obstructive lung disease.

“Smoking your child’s job away”: Parental smoking during one’s childhood and the probability of being employed in adulthood

We examine the relationship between parental smoking in childhood and the probability of being employed in adulthood. To do so, we use 18 waves of the nationally representative longitudinal data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. We find that parental smoking in childhood is an important factor contributing to the likelihood of individuals being unemployed in adulthood. Our estimate suggests that individuals whose parents smoked during their childhood have 1.7 percentage points lower probability of being employed in adulthood than individuals of non-smoking parents. This finding is robust to the use of bounding approach that tests for coefficient stability and matching methods that attribute causal interpretation. We find that self-health and mental health, along with non-cognitive skills in the form of emotional stability and conscientiousness in adulthood are important channels through which exposure to parental smoking in childhood influences the probability of being employed in adulthood.

Protecting children from tobacco-related harm in private vehicles

Protecting children from tobacco-related harm in private vehicles

Effect of smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and private places on children's tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and semi-private and private places (eg, cars) might reduce the health harms caused by tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). We aimed to investigate the effect of smoke-free policies covering outdoor areas or semi-private and private places on TSE and respiratory health in children, to inform policy. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 13 electronic databases from date of inception to Jan 29, 2021, for published studies that assessed the effects of smoke-free policies in outdoor areas or semi-private or private places on TSE, respiratory health outcomes, or both, in children. Non-randomised and randomised trials, interrupted time series, and controlled before-after studies, without restrictions to the observational period, publication date, or language, were eligible for the main analysis. Two reviewers independently extracted data, including adjusted test statistics from each study using a prespecified form, and assessed risk of bias for effect estimates from each study using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions tool. Primary outcomes were TSE in places covered by the policy, unplanned hospital attendance for wheezing or asthma, and unplanned hospital attendance for respiratory tract infections, in children younger than 17 years. Random-effects meta-analyses were done when at least two studies evaluated policies that regulated smoking in similar places and reported on the same outcome. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020190563. We identified 5745 records and assessed 204 full-text articles for eligibility, of which 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Of these studies, seven fit prespecified robustness criteria as recommended by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care group, assessing smoke-free cars (n=5), schools (n=1), and a comprehensive policy covering multiple areas (n=1). Risk of bias was low in three studies, moderate in three, and critical in one. In the meta-analysis of ten effect estimates from four studies, smoke-free car policies were associated with an immediate TSE reduction in cars (risk ratio 0·69, 95% CI 0·55-0·87; 161 466 participants); heterogeneity was substantial (I2 80·7%; p<0·0001). One additional study reported a gradual TSE decrease in cars annually. Individual studies found TSE reductions on school grounds, following a smoke-free school policy, and in hospital attendances for respiratory tract infection, following a comprehensive smoke-free policy. Smoke-free car policies are associated with reductions in reported child TSE in cars, which could translate into respiratory health benefits. Few additional studies assessed the effect of policies regulating smoking in outdoor areas and semi-private and private places on children's TSE or health outcomes. On the basis of these findings, governments should consider including private cars in comprehensive smoke-free policies to protect child health. Dutch Heart Foundation, Lung Foundation Netherlands, Dutch Cancer Society, Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, Netherlands Thrombosis Foundation, and Health Data Research UK.