Children's Reactions Research Articles

Prevalence of emotional-behavioral disorders with and without comorbidity in 6-8 year old children: the role of mother's reaction to child's negative emotions

Introduction: In the early years of schooling, factors such as being far from parents for 5 hours, academic and social demands can be stressful for children and provide the conditions for creating or intensify some mental disorders. Therefore, it is important to investigate the prevalence of emotional-behavioral disorders and their related factors at this age. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of emotional-behavioral disorders with and without comorbidity in children aged 6 to 8 years, and also to predict the severity of these disorders based on the mother's reaction to the child's negative emotions. Method: The research method was descriptive-analytical. The population included all the first and second grade primary school students of Malayer city in the academic year 2017-2018, and 454 people were selected by cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, the Child's Behavior Checklist (2002) and the Child's Reaction to Negative Emotions Questionnaire (1990) were used. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 22 software and stepwise linear regression model was employed. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that, the pure prevalence of emotional and behavioral disorders in these children was 8.6% and prevalence with comorbidity of these disorders was 7.3%. In addition, mother's reactions to children's negative emotions could predict the severity of children's emotional-behavioral problems (P=0.001). Conclusion: In the age range of 6 to 8, the comorbidity of emotional and behavioral disorders of these children is high and the mother's supportive or unsupportive reactions to the child's negative emotions play a significant role in it, so it is suggested that child psychologists and psychiatrists pay special attention to these findings in diagnostic interviews and treatment strategies.

Screening and Evaluation of Children's Sensitively Toxic Chemicals in New Mosquito Repellent Products Based on a Nationwide Investigation.

New mosquito repellent products (NMRPs) are emerging popular repellents among children. There are increasing reports on children's sensitization reactions caused by NMRPs, while regulations on their productions, sales, or usage are still lacking. One of the reasons could be the missing comprehensive risk assessment. We first conducted a nationwide investigation on children's NMRP usage preferences. Then, we high-throughput screened volatile or semivolatile organic chemicals (VOCs/SVOCs) in five representative NMRPs by the headspace gas chromatography-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry analytical method. After that, toxic compounds were recognized based on the toxicity forecaster (ToxCast) database. A total of 277 VOCs/SVOCs were recognized, and 70 of them were identified as toxic compounds. In a combination of concentrations, toxicities, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics in the body, 28 chemicals were finally proposed as priority-controlled compounds in NMRPs. Exposure risks of recognized toxic chemicals through NMRPs by inhalation and dermal intake for children across the country were also assessed. Average daily intakes were in the range of 0.20-7.31 mg/kg/day for children in different provinces, and the children in southeastern coastal provinces were found to face higher exposure risks. By controlling the high-priority chemicals, the risks were expected to be reduced by about 46.8% on average. Results of this study are therefore believed to evaluate exposure risks, encourage safe production, and promote reasonable management of NMRPs.

The Effects of Physical Activity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative study aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity habits on the developmental progress and family dynamics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), as reported by family members. Through semi-structured interviews, the study explored the influence of physical activity on social skills, overall behaviours, and family functioning. The participants comprised 20 parents (11 females and 9 males) of children diagnosed with ASD, aged between 8 and 12 years, residing in Istanbul. The study revealed seven themes: "The Role of Physical Activities in Everyday Existence," "Regular Participation in Physical Activities," "The Frequency and Intensity of Physical Activities," "The Reaction of Children with ASD to Physical Activities," "The Effect of Physical Activities on General Behavior and Social Skills," "The Impact of Physical Activities on Family's Daily Life," and "The Effect of Physical Activities on Family Quality of Life." The findings emphasize the significance of physical activities for children with ASD, illustrating their potential to enhance social skills, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Additionally, these activities reduce family stress levels and enhance overall family functionality.In conclusion, based on these findings, physical activities play a vital role in the lives of children with ASD, potentially improving their social skills, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Moreover, engaging in such activities can alleviate family stress and enhance family functioning. These results underscore the importance of incorporating physical activities into the lives of children with ASD and provide valuable insights for designing effective intervention strategies to support their development and well-being.

Effects of child trauma screening on trauma-informed multidisciplinary evaluation and service planning in the child welfare system.

Despite the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) among children involved with the child welfare system (CWS), trauma screening is not yet a common practice. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of embedding a formal trauma screening process in statewide multidisciplinary evaluations for CWS-involved youth. A retrospective record review was conducted with two random samples of cases reflecting both pre- and postimplementation of formal screening procedures (n = 70 preimplementation, n = 100 postimplementation). Findings from the record review indicate statistically significant improvements in the documentation of general, χ2(1, N = 170) = 18.8, p < .001, and specific, χ2(1, N = 170) = 10.7, p = .001, details of children's reactions associated with PTE exposure, as well as increases in providers' recommendations, χ2(1, N = 170) = 18.1, p < .001, and referrals, χ2(1, N = 170) = 4.5, p = .034, for trauma-focused services. The early identification of trauma-related symptoms may help connect children more promptly to trauma-informed evidence-based interventions, which may avert or mitigate the long-term sequelae of child maltreatment and CWS involvement.

Pain perception in 4-6-year-old children following intraoral dental injection with 26 and 31-gauge needles: a randomized controlled trial.

Administering anesthesia in dentistry can be distressing for patients, especially those with dental fear and anxiety. Needle pain during local anesthesia is a common concern in intraoral procedures. This study aimed to compare pain perception in 4-6-year-old children following intraoral dental injections with 26- and 31-gauge needles. Fifty healthy children were divided according to age into Group I (N = 25; 4-5 years) and Group II (N = 25; 5-6 years). Each group was further subdivided according to the needle gauge as follows: Group IA (26 gauge), Group IB (31 gauge), Group IIA (26 gauge), and Group IIB (31 gauge). Using a lottery method, the gauge of the needle to be used at the first visit for local anesthesia administration was selected. Children's reactions to pain were evaluated using a Modified Behavioral Pain Scale. Immediately after administration of local anesthesia, pain perception was evaluated using the Faces pain rating scale. In the subsequent visit, another needle gauge was used to administer local anesthesia, and the previously described evaluations were performed. At the third appointment, the child was shown both syringes and asked to choose one of the syringes they preferred, and the choice was noted. When local anesthesia was administered using a 31-gauge needle, pain perception was similar between the two groups. In group II, the children demonstrated significantly higher arm and leg movements (P = 0.001). However, the difference was significant in group I alone (P < 0.001). Irrespective of age, anesthesia with a 31-gauge needle resulted in significantly lower pain perception than anesthesia with a 26-gauge needle.

Parent‐child contact problems: Family violence and parental alienating behaviors either/or, neither/nor, both/and, one in the same?

AbstractThis article argues that in order to intervene effectively and ethically with children who are manifesting Parent–child contact problems (PCCPs) after parental separation, we begin by being mindful of what is normal about divorce transitions and use developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive analysis to rule out children's common transitory reactions. It is then important to concurrently assess for both family violence (FV) and severe parental alienating behavior (PAB) on the part of both parents, which can co‐occur in some cases. The article asserts that it is also important to consider common problematic parenting responses that may potentiate the PCCP but not necessarily rise to the level of abuse. FV is defined as a child's direct experience of physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment and indirect exposure to sibling abuse and/or to intimate partner violence (IPV). PAB is defined as an ongoing pattern of unwarranted negative messages on the part of one parent that conveys that the child's other parent is disinterested, irrelevant, dangerous, and not to be trusted. Any one or all of these factors may contribute to a child's strident negativity and sustained rejection of one parent, these being defining features of a PCCP. This article proposes ethical principles and priorities for decision‐making in these cases, considering the growing social science controversy about assessment and intervention for PCCPs. It concludes with an analysis of recent, contrasting policy approaches to PCCPs (e.g., Kayden's Law and the Joint Statement of the AFCC and NCJFCJ) and their potential impact on family justice system professionals and the families they serve.

Pediatric Anesthesia Providers' Perspective on the Real-Life Implementation of the Philips Visual Patient Avatar: A Qualitative Study.

The Philips Visual Patient Avatar represents an alternative method of patient monitoring that, according to computer-based simulation studies, enhances diagnostic accuracy and confidence and reduces workload. After its clinical integration, we assessed pediatric anesthesia providers' perspectives on this technology. This is a single-center qualitative study, conducted at the University Hospital Zurich using in-depth individual interviews. We aimed to identify the advantages and limitations of the Visual Patient Avatar in pediatric anesthesia and to assess children's and parents' reactions from caregivers' perspectives. Thematic analysis was used to identify the dominant themes. Fourteen members of the institution's pediatric anesthesia team were interviewed. The most prevalent themes were children's positive reactions towards the Visual Patient Avatar (92.9%) and enhanced speed in problem identification (71.4%). Additionally, 50% of participants reported finding the Visual Patient Avatar useful for diverting children's attention during anesthesia induction, and 50% suggested that its vital sign thresholds should be adaptable for different age groups. The study revealed that the Visual Patient Avatar was recognized as a tool in pediatric anesthesia, enabling prompt identification of underlying issues and receiving positive feedback from both children and parents. The most commonly voiced wish for improvement in the study was the ability to customize the Visual Patient Avatar's thresholds for different age groups.

Socializing practices of Irish children and adolescents with food allergy: Aprospective study.

Food is an integral part of social activities; because of fear of accidental reaction, children with food allergy (FA) are at risk of exclusion or oversupervision at these events. The extent of adaptive exclusion behaviors is poorly defined. Families attending our service are encouraged to socialize and taught to minimize risk and avoid accidental reactions. The aim of this study was to establish the social practices and eating-out habits of children and adolescents with FA who are already attending an allergy clinic. Irish children, aged 2 to 16 years, with confirmed FA were recruited as part of a parallel prospective observational study titled Recording Accidental Allergic Reactions in Children and Teenagers (ReAACT). Information on social activities and eating out habits was collected prospectively. A total of 531 children were enrolled. The majority attended age-appropriate social activities; 97% of the 5- to 12-year-olds went to birthday parties and 85% visited friends' houses. More nonparticipators had previous anaphylaxis (relative risk [RR]= 1.44; 95% CI= 0.97-2.14; P= .06) and peanut allergy (RR= 1.19; 95% CI= 0.99-1.42; P= .06). Among adolescents, 94% visited friends' homes, but only 12% had been away from home alone. Overall, 523 participants (98.5 %) visited food establishments, whereas 4.6% did not eat out in any food establishment; these participants were significantly more likely to be adolescents (RR= 3.27; 95% CI= 1.65-7.48; P= .0001). Overall, Irish children with FA are "living with allergy." There was a trend toward decreased participation among adolescents. Future interventions should target this group specifically.

Exercise-Induced Allergic Reactions in Children Desensitized to Hen's Eggs and Cow's Milk by Oral Immunotherapy.

Exercise-induced allergic reactions on desensitization (EIARDs) after successful in-hospital rush oral immunotherapy (OIT) for wheat allergy have been reported. However, the incidence rates of EIARDs after rush OIT for egg allergy and milk allergy have not been determined. To determine the frequency of EIARDs and risk factors associated with rush OIT for egg and milk allergy. This retrospective chart review, conducted in January 2020, enrolled 64 and 43 patients who underwent rush OIT for egg and milk allergy, respectively (in 2010 to 2014). In particular, 48 and 32 desensitized patients underwent exercise-provocation tests (Ex-P) after allergen administration (4,400 mg boiled egg white and 6,600 mg cow's milk protein, respectively). The EIARDs were determined by Ex-P or a suspicious event even after passing the Ex-P. Specific IgE levels to egg white, cow's milk, ovomucoid, casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin were analyzed using ImmunoCAP. At least one episode of EIARD was observed in 10 and 17 patients with egg and milk allergy (21% and 53%), respectively, which persisted for more than 5 years in one patient with egg allergy (2.1%) and 11 patients with milk allergy (34.4%) as of January 2020. We could not find background differences between the EIARD-positive and EIARD-negative groups, except that the egg white-specific IgE/total IgE ratio before rush OIT was significantly higher in patients with egg allergy with EIARD than in those without it. Exercise-induced allergic reactions on desensitization were more frequent and common in patients with milk allergy. Moreover, EIARDs to milk allergy were more likely to persist than those to egg allergy.

Edukasi sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan Anak Usia Dini

Early childhood in children is an extraordinary stage of development. Children experience complex physical growth and mental development. The child's reaction and adaptation to environmental stimuli occurs quickly. However, at this time it is also prone to health problems including problems with malnutrition, stunting, obesity problems, respiratory and digestive tract infections, delays in speech development, and emotional problems. Therefore, education for parents to optimize early childhood health is urgently needed. This community service program aims to increase parental knowledge in improving early childhood health. This program was implemented in January 2023 with 25 parents attending the meeting. The method used in this activity is to provide education to parents by carrying out pre-test and post-test. The target of community service is all parents (mothers) who have early childhood children. Mothers have an average age of 32.72 years with an age variation of 4.89, the minimum age is 26 years and the oldest is 42 years. Most of them are housewives (68%) with the most education being high school or vocational school graduates, namely 40%. Providing education about optimizing early childhood health resulted in an average increase in mother's knowledge of 0.76 or the equivalent of 5.06%. These results indicate an increase in parental knowledge in improving early childhood health. This is expected to increase the capacity of parents in optimizing their child health.

Caring Existentially and Spiritually for Young Children and Close Grandchildren of Life-Threatened Cancer Patients in Secularized Denmark

When children are given opportunities to talk about their existential and spiritual concerns and needs, different health risks related to parents' illness and death may be reduced. The existential and spiritual care and conversations provided during parents' and close grandparents' cancer illness are insufficient. This article presents a practical and theoretical perspective on how to care for the existential and spiritual needs of children at three different age stages. Data from a research project guided the process of synthesizing the theoretical aspects with the practical. The theoretical perspective comprises Majbrit Guldin's theory of children's age-related grief reactions and James Fowler's three stages about children's spiritual and cognitive development. The empirical study is based on qualitative interviews with 16 children or close grandchildren of cancer patients at hospice. The theoretical and practical perspective function as a guide for existential and spiritual care and conversation with children at three different ages. The preschool child needs adults to support their growing spirituality and help them show, express, and understand their feelings. The school-aged child needs adults who listen to and acknowledge the child's understandings, experiences, and feelings as well as challenge their rigid thinking. The young adult needs adults who are willing to be there for them physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in a genuine relationship. The perspective might function well for nurses and other health professionals as it is generic and addresses barriers for communication with children found in different healthcare contexts.

Evaluation of Re-Exposure to Culprit Drug and Occurrence of Reactions in Children with Drug Allergy

Evaluation of Re-Exposure to Culprit Drug and Occurrence of Reactions in Children with Drug Allergy

Frequent Bee Stings May Promote More Severe Allergic Reactions in Children with Large Local Reactions

Frequent Bee Stings May Promote More Severe Allergic Reactions in Children with Large Local Reactions

Correlation of Visual Distraction Method Toward Pain Reduction in Preschool Children at The Emergency Installation

Child's reaction in overcoming the crisis is influenced by the level of age, experience of the process being sick and treated, the support system available, and coping skills in dealing with stress. Preschool-age children is very difficult to understand the invasive procedures that can cause pain such as during IV insertion. When a child is hospitalized usually the child will be given an infusion. The infusion is done in order to gets the fulfillment of nutrition, fluids, and medicines. Yet, when the infusion installed on children, they can feel pain. The aims of study to determine the relationship between the visual distraction method and the reduction of pain in infusion preschool children. The population in this study was pre-school children who were treated at the Emergency Room. The sampling technique used Accidental Sampling with a total sample of 105 people. The research results obtained with a confidence level of 95% (α 0.05), it is known that the p value or Asymp value Sig. (2-sided) which is 0.001 means that the P value is 0.001 ≤ 0.05, this shows that there is a significant relationship between the Visual Distraction Method and the Pain Reduction Method in Infusion for Pre-School Children in the Emergency Room at Cut Meutia hospital of North Aceh. The use of nonpharmacological techniques has a significant impact on pain management in children. Various non-pharmacological measures that can be performed include using the distraction method. Audiovisual distraction therapy is thought to help release endorphins which have a function to reduce stress and pain.

HUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TURKIYE

Knowing humor development can be rather beneficial in terms of providing opportunities to better know children and evaluate their development. This study aimed to explore the process of humor development in preschool and primary school children in line with McGhee's humor development theory. The study employed a single screening model, specifically one of the commonly used screening models in general practice. The study group consisted of 101 children ranging in age from 2 to 11. Research data were collected through a 5.01-minute-long video which included scenes suitable for the stages in McGhee's humor development theory, semi-structured observation forms and a research diary. Descriptive analyses and content analyses were used to analyze research data. Children aged 2 produced the lowest amount of laughter response in the scenes in all stages, followed by those aged 3 and 4. The strongest laughter response occurred in 5-year-old children to the scenes pertaining to stages 2, 3, and 4. The scenes in stage 5 elicited the strongest laughter response in children aged 11. The humor development characteristics of the children in this study were found to be consistent with the general principles of McGhee's theory of humor development. Adopting research techniques that measure children's reactions to real-life situations could be useful in future research on the same topic. Research on children's production of humor may provide different insights into the development of humor. It is suggested that adults, such as parents and teachers, use examples of humor that are appropriate for the characteristics identified in this study and similar studies in order to build positive relationships with children. Keywords: humor development, child development, preschool education, incongruity theory, humor theories

The Psychological Menace of Children Formerly Associated with Non-state Armed Groups (CFANSAG) in Northeast Nigeria

The agonising experiences of children in northeastern Nigeria, who were once associated with non-state armed groups, may affect their developmental growth. This paper highlights the consequences of children formerly associated with non-state armed groups (CFANSAG), the mechanisms of oppression suffered by children who voluntarily or were coerced to join the group, and how the children find it difficult to associate with the community. The study, using qualitative research methods including key informant interviews and focus group discussions, focuses on children's different psychological reactions while using the Social Learning Theory to explain how children model aggressive acts. The study concluded that states in the Northeast should implement the Child Rights Act, renamed Child Protection Law in the core northern states, to minimise the violence against children in Nigeria.

Possibilities of Forming Empathic Reactions in Children with ASD

The purpose of this work was to analyze the possibilities of formation and manifestation of empathy in people with ASD. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the deficit of socio-emotional reciprocity, which includes a reduced exchange of interests, emotions and affection, is defined as one of the diagnostic criteria of ASD.The analysis of papers covering this topic has shown that a decrease in empathic manifestations in people with ASD may be associated with unexplored relationships between the affective stimuli and corresponding empathic reactions. To correct this mismatch, a training program aimed at the formation of appropriate vocal and motor reactions in response to affectively charged situations presented was developed. Diagnostics of the initial level of empathic response showed that the main deficiency behind the lack or weak development of empathy is the inability to correlate the context of the situation and the relevance of a certain reaction (even if this reaction is present in the behavioral repertoire).The implementation of our program showed that 7–8-year-old children with autism can learn to demonstrate socially significant empathic response skills in pre-game conditions, and that these skills can extend to situations and toys not intended for learning, as well as situations in natural conditions. It is connected with the possibility of correlating the context and the relevance of a certain reaction. In other words, we can conclude that empathic response is available for children with ASD.At the same time, we came to a conclusion that people with ASD are characterized by an inconsistency in manifestation of affective reactions, including empathic ones, which predetermines difficulties in other people’s perceiving of such manifestations. Consistency in the manifestation of empathic response implies the contextual unity of eye contact, facial expressions, intonation accompaniment, and vocal and motor manifestations. As the results of this study show, we can help children and adults with ASD to show contextual components of the empathic response. The integration of empathic manifestations into a coordinated affective response was not observed in this study. To what extent such integration is fundamentally achievable and what are the ways and prospects for the formation of a coordinated empathic response is a question for future research.

Glosaryo Batay sa Ponema at Morpemang Anyo ng Salitang Tadbaliks na nasa Facebook

Kabahagi ng wika ang nananaig na kultura ng isang lipunan. Dekada sitenta (70s) nang umiral ang mga salitang erap at nosibalasi. Sa panahon ng Henerasyon Z ay muli itong nagbalik dahil sa milenyal na salita, hugot lines at koda ng teknolohiya na naging bahagi na ng komunikasyon. Ang pangunahing layunin ng pag-aaral ay makabuo ng glosaryo ng mga salitang tadbaliks sa Filipino. Gamit ang debelopmental na pamamaraan, ang mga mananaliksik ay lumikom ng salitang tadbaliks sa Facebook na ginagamit ng mga piling mag-aaral sa hayskul. Sinuri ang anyo at binigyang kahulugan ang mga salita batay sa konteksto ng usapang naitala. Mula rito, nakabuo ng isang glosaryo ng mga tadbaliks sa Facebook. Pinatunayan na sa pagbuo ng glosaryo, ang pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga tadbaliks na salita ay mahalagang nakabatay sa konteksto ng social media at mga taong gumagamit nito. Iminumungkahi na gamitin bilang sanggunian ang binuong glosaryo sa pagtuturo ng aralin sa Filipino at mga kaugnay na disiplina.

Emerging Reasons and Consequences of Early School Leaving in Quezon Province

This research investigated the reasons that led school-aged children in Quezon province to leave school early. It utilized qualitative case study method. The researcher recruited four early school leavers and their parents to participate through snowball sampling technique. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and video recordings where transcribed data were subjected to thematic analysis to classify emerging reasons and results of early school leaving. Findings revealed that satisfaction from work and money, failure to understand English language, and children's reactions to derogatory actions and remarks influenced school-aged children to quit schooling. Consequently, the participants experienced negative consequences such as unstable jobs and feelings of regret. Hence, interplay of diverse reasons led students' decision to quit school. However, further local studies must be endeavoured to triangulate statistical reports in mitigating undocumented causes of early school leaving.

The Role of a First Aid Training Program for Young Children: A Systematic Review.

Many first aid programs have been conducted in schools, and researchers have identified that interventions improved students' knowledge, skills, and attitude. This study examines the content, practices, and assessment of first aid interventions at primary schools and evaluates their effectiveness. A systematic review was undertaken. We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane library databases from January 1990 to December 2021 using the search terms: ''first aid'' AND ''primary school children''. School-based first aid training targeting 6 to 10 years old studies in English were eligible for inclusion. We included 11 studies that were approached by experimental (n = 6) and by observational studies (n = 5). Researchers conducted interventions in Europe (n = 9) and America (n = 2). An essential part of the teaching was hands-on practice. Most studies included in their program cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 8) and basic life support (n = 7). The main findings showed that trained children have significantly better knowledge of and skills in first aid than those before or without training. Children under 11 years old were not strong enough to achieve the proper depth of chest compressions. Depth of chest compressions correlates with children's age, weight, height (n = 2), and body mass index (n = 3). Conclusions The effectiveness of resuscitative or non-resuscitative first-aid training for primary school children improved students' knowledge and skills. Subsequent research could investigate children's reactions in actual first aid conditions.