Motor Learning In Children Research Articles

Parents' perceptions of distance learning during COVID-19 in rural Indonesia

This study was developed to investigate parents' perceptions and attitudes towards distance learning in response to many schools' closures due to the COVID-19. This research employed a qualitative approach. The research subjects consisted of parents of elementary school students in the City of Gunungsitoli, Indonesia determined by purposive sampling technique, totaling twenty-four people. The data were collected using semi-structured interview techniques and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. This study shows that distance learning or learning from home in a research context takes the form of online and offline learning. The learning approach implemented during the COVID-19 emergency must be lived and supported without other options for parents. Although parents do not have negative perceptions, distance learning has increased the economic, psychological, and social burden on parents or families. The lack of parental involvement and support in children's learning process at home is generally due to the lack of time and parents' inability to become teachers for their children. Actions to accompany and support children's learning process at home are carried out to provide internet packages, help children master the material, and participate in completing assignments or tests given by the teacher. The surprising finding from this study is the decline in children's learning motivation and cognitive abilities. Parents hope that distance learning is not extended.

Belajar Bahasa Mandarin melalui Lagu

Song has a universal appeal that connects all cultures and languages. Besides the potential to make learning interesting and fun, songs as authentic materials are very versatile and can be developed into various learning activities. The purpose of this service activity is to improve speaking and listening skills in Mandarin and master vocabulary more easily. The methods we use in this activity are demonstrations and training. The results of this service activity can be concluded 2 things; Mandarin song applications can improve four competencies in learning foreign languages and can increase children's motivation in learning foreign languages. In addition, it is hoped that the use of songs as a learning medium can provide new references as a way to increase children's learning motivation used in teaching and learning activities (KBM).

The Effect of Constant and Variable Practice on the Learning of Soccer Pass Skill in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background and Aims The application of principles of motor learning in children with deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is essential. This study investigated the effect of constant and variable practice on learning soccer pass skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal children. Methods For this purpose, two groups of 34 ADHD and 34 typically developing children with a mean age of (8.36±0.51) were selected by purposive sampling. Each group was randomly divided into experimental (variable practice) and control (constant practice) subgroups. At first, the Pretest of the soccer pass was performed based on the Mor-Christian General Soccer Ability Skill Test Battery. Then the training program was conducted for 8 weeks consisting of two sessions per week (20 trials per session) for 45 minutes. After the last session, Post-test, and after one week, the retention and transfer tests were performed on two consecutive days. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. Results The results showed a significant within-group difference in all training groups from Pretest to Post-test (P=0.001). Comparison of Post-test, retention, and transfer tests in the training groups showed no significant difference between the training groups, but comparing the means indicates that in both groups of typically developing children and children with ADHD, variable training resulted in better retention and transfer than constant training. Conclusion In general, the results of this study showed that in children with ADHD, as in typically developing children, variable practice is probably more effective in the learning of soccer pass skills than constant practice.

PEMANFAATAN MEDIA PRESENTASI INTERAKTIF (MPI) AUDIO VISUAL POWER POINT MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR PAI SISWA KELAS VA SD N LEMPUYANGWANGI SEMESTER I TAHUN PELAJARAN 2021/2022

The purpose of this paper is to use Audio Visual Power Point Interactive Presentation Media(MPI) to improve the learning achievement of fifth grade students at SD N LempuyangwangiSemester I for the 2021/2022 academic year. At SD N Lempuyangwangi Class VA, by usingthe Audio Visual Power Point Interactive Presentation Media (MPI) it is clear that thechildren's enthusiasm for learning increases, children can focus more on teaching materialsso that activeness and learning outcomes increase, this can be seen from the value of studentachievement when doing the final evaluation of the learning turned out to be above theaverage Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM) that had been applied previously. Theconclusions from the explanation that the author has poured on the previous page are asfollows: By utilizing Power Point students become active, creative and learning becomes fun,Skills in using computers and information technology are a necessity in developing teachersand their learning, Utilizing Power Point increases children's learning motivation andarouse curiosity about many things, Provide appreciation and inspiration to be able to createtheir own for teachers and students

Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Fisika Mengabdi : Program Himafis Mengajar di Dusun Tojong-Ojong Sombek Desa Selebung Lombok Tengah

This activity aims to increase children's learning motivation during the pandemic through the play learning method. In addition, the Physics Education Student Association also carries out social activities such as community service and learning the Koran which is carried out at several points such as the Babussalam mosque which is located in the Tojong-Ojong Sombek hamlet, Selebung Village. This activity also aims to analyze the potential of play learning methods in increasing children's interest in learning in the midst of a pandemic and provide training on physics concepts in water rocket games.

Pengaruh Media Video Pembelajaran Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun

Early childhood learning motivation requires guidance and encouragement from older people as a driving motivator. Learning activities in schools are less innovative and interactive, so learning media is needed to increase children's learning motivation. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of learning video media on the learning motivation of children aged 5-6 years. This research refers to experimental quantitative research using a nonequivalent control group design model. Data collection techniques using observation instruments, as well as documentation. Data analysis used SPSS 22 with paired samples test. The subject of this research was carried out at RA Asy Syifa for testing the instrument grid with a total of 30 children with the division of RA AR Ar Rahman class RA B as the experimental group totaling 15 children and RA Daarul Mukhlisin class RA B as the control group totaling 15 children. The results showed that the effect of learning video media on experimental group children before getting treatment (pre-test) got an average value of 33.87, and after getting treatment (post-test), the score was 36.80. The use of learning video media has a good influence in increasing the learning motivation of children aged 5-6 years. In addition, computer-based learning videos make children feel happy and interested, developing aspects of child development. The findings of this study contribute to knowledge about the importance of developing learning videos in early childhood education.

Pengaruh Komunikasi Interpersonal Orang Tua Terhadap Data Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII.6 SMP N 9 Padang

This study aims to determine the relationship between parental interpersonal communication on student achievement data in class VIII.6 SMPN 9 Padang. Communicating is a very important part in all aspects of human life, this can be seen from every event that is always related to communication. Communication that occurs between parents and children can be classified as interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication is communication that occurs between people directly without intermediaries. Motivation is a driving force and a driving force in order to achieve maximum results in activities carried out by individuals. This type of research is applied research. The method used in this research is a survey method with a quantitative approach. This study uses a questionnaire as a research instrument. The instrument is a sheet of paper that contains several questions with a standard structure. The population of this study were students of class VIII.6 totaling 32 students, so the sample used in this study was 30 students. To determine the sample in this study using the Slovin formula. Based on this study, the results obtained from the influence of parental interpersonal relationships on student achievement data that there is a relationship between parents' interpersonal communication on interpersonal communication. This can be seen from the correlation of parental interpersonal communication to children's interpersonal communication of 0.223. And it can also be seen from the correlation of parental interpersonal communication to children's learning motivation of 0.230 with a significance value of 0.222.

Children are suboptimal in adapting motor exploration to task dimensionality during motor learning

Motor learning in novel tasks requires exploration to find the appropriate coordination patterns to perform the task. Prior work has shown that compared to adults, children show limited exploration when learning a task that required using upper body movements to control a 2D cursor on a screen. Here, by changing the task dimensionality to 1D, we examined two competing hypotheses: whether children show limited exploration as a general strategy, or whether children are suboptimal in adapting their exploration to task dimensionality. Two groups of children (9- and 12-year olds), and one group of adults learned a virtual task that involved learning to control a cursor on the screen using movements of the upper body. Participants practiced the task for a single session with a total of 232 reaching movements. Results showed that 9-year olds show worse task performance relative to adults, as indicated by higher movement times and path lengths. Analysis of the coordination strategies indicated that both groups of children showed lower variance along the first principal component, suggesting that they had greater exploration than adults which was suboptimal for the 1D task. These results suggest that motor learning in children is characterized not by limited exploration per se, but by a limited adaptability in matching motor exploration to task dimensionality.

Relationship of online game addiction with learning motivation in school age children on COVID-19 pandemic

Playing online games during the Covid-19 pandemic has caused concern for children's learning motivation. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between addiction to playing online games with learning motivation in school-age children during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research method is analytic, with a cross sectional approach. The study population was all school-age children aged 6-18 years, totaling 57 children, the respondents were determined using total sampling. The study was conducted on July 13 to July 18, 2021. The analysis was carried out using the chi-square test. The results showed that addiction to playing online games was in the addiction category of 70.2%. Learning motivation for school-age children during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the 59.6% category. The p-value = 0.001 < = 0.05 with an Odd Ratio (OR) value of 0.103, this proves that there is a relationship between addiction to playing online games and learning motivation in school-age children during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhanced Motor Learning on Robotic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Maps in Children.

Introduction: Conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) may improve motor learning in children. Mechanisms are not understood. Neuronavigated robotic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can produce individualised maps of primary motor cortex (M1) topography. We aimed to determine the effects of tDCS- and HD-tDCS-enhanced motor learning on motor maps.Methods: Typically developing children aged 12–18 years were randomised to right M1 anodal tDCS, HD-tDCS, or Sham during training of their left-hand on the Purdue Pegboard Task (PPT) over 5 days. Bilateral motor mapping was performed at baseline (pre), day 5 (post), and 6-weeks retention time (RT). Primary muscle was the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) with secondary muscles of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and adductor digiti minimi (ADM). Primary mapping outcomes were volume (mm2/mV) and area (mm2). Secondary outcomes were centre of gravity (COG, mm) and hotspot magnitude (mV). Linear mixed-effects modelling was employed to investigate effects of time and stimulation type (tDCS, HD-tDCS, Sham) on motor map characteristics.Results: Twenty-four right-handed participants (median age 15.5 years, 52% female) completed the study with no serious adverse events or dropouts. Quality maps could not be obtained in two participants. No effect of time or group were observed on map area or volume. LFDI COG (mm) differed in the medial-lateral plane (x-axis) between tDCS and Sham (p = 0.038) from pre-to-post mapping sessions. Shifts in map COG were also observed for secondary left-hand muscles. Map metrics did not correlate with behavioural changes.Conclusion: Robotic TMS mapping can safely assess motor cortex neurophysiology in children undergoing motor learning and neuromodulation interventions. Large effects on map area and volume were not observed while changes in COG may occur. Larger controlled studies are required to understand the role of motor maps in interventional neuroplasticity in children.

THE INFLUENCE OF AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS 'LEARNING MOTIVATION DURING THE PANDEMIC TIME OF COVID-19 AT MI AL FAJAR PRINGSEWU

Abstract
 The Covid 19 outbreak has an impact on various areas of life, especially the world of education. Student learning is required to transform and adapt to the conditions of the 4.0 century. This is what motivates researchers to conduct research on children's learning motivation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using audio-visual media on student motivation during the Covid-19 pandemic in grade IV MI Al Fajar Pringsewu. This research is a quantitative study with data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression test. The results of this study indicate there is an effect of audio visual media on student learning motivation during the Covid-19 pandemic with a known value tcount > ttable (4.118 > 2.056) then Ho was rejected and Ha accepted. The big influence of audio-visual media on student learning motivation namely 57,3 %
 Keywords : Covid-19, audio-visual media, motivation to learn

Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: There is an urgent need to systematically analyze the growing body of literature on the effect of motor imagery (MI) training in children and adolescents. Methods: Seven databases and clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and full texts, and extracted data (studies’ methodology, MI elements, temporal parameters). Two studies were meta-analyzed providing the standard mean difference (SDM). Selected studies were evaluated with the risk of bias (RoB) and GRADE tools. Results: A total of 7238 references were retrieved. The sample size of the 22 included studies, published between 1995 and 2021, ranged from 18 to 136 participants, totaling 934 (nine to 18 years). Studies included healthy pupils, mentally retarded adolescents, children with motor coordination difficulties or with mild mental disabilities. The motor learning tasks focused on upper, lower and whole body movements. SMDs for the primary outcome of pooled studies varied between 0.83 to 1.87 (95% CI, I2, T2 varied 0.33–3.10; p = 0.001; 0–74%; 0–0.59). RoB varied between some concerns and high risk. GRADE rating was low. Conclusions: MI combined with physical practice (PP) might have a high potential for healthy and impaired children and adolescents. However, important reporting recommendations (PETTLEP, TIDieR, CONSORT) should be followed. The systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42021237361.

The Role of Parents in Increasing Economic Learning Motivation during Pandemic Period for Senior High School Students

This research was conducted based on the results of researchers' observations about the role of parents in increasing children's economic learning motivation during the pandemic for senior high school level students in Bajulan Village, Loceret District, Nganjuk Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of parents in increasing motivation to learn economics during the pandemic for senior high school education level students. The researcher used a qualitative approach with field research methods, especially descriptive types with the research subjects were parents and high school students who took economics subjects. The research was carried out using observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results showed that the role of parents in increasing children's learning motivation were 1) parents as children's facilitators, the form of facilities provided by parents to students were providing Wi-Fi, cellphones, study tables and money allocated for internet quotas, 2) parents as motivators for students, the form of motivation given by parents to students in the form of advice and warnings, and 3) parents as guide, the form of guidance given by parents to students was role model. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that the role of parents in increasing motivation to learn economics is quite good. It can be seen from observations and interviews that the role of parents has been well realized by parents. Keywords: The Role of Parents, Motivation, Learning Economics, Pandemic Period.

The Effects of Manipulating Task Difficulty and Feedback Frequency on Children's Dart Throwing Accuracy and Consistency.

In the present study we investigated the effects of manipulating task difficulty (constant vs. progressive difficulty) and frequency of knowledge of results (KR) on the accuracy and consistency of children's performance of a novel fine motor coordination task (dart throwing). We assigned 69 right-handed physical education (PE) students (M age = 10.73, SD = 0.89 years) to progressive (PDG) or constant difficulty (CDG) groups. PDG and CDG were each split into three subgroups who received varying KR frequency (100%KR, 50%KR, and 33%KR), creating a total of six groups. We increased difficulty in the PDG by manipulating the distance to the target (2 m, 2.37 m, and 3.56 m), while distance to the target was constant for CDG throughout the experiment (2.37 m). We conducted performance assessments during familiarization (pre-test), acquisition (post-test), and retention (retention testing) learning phases under both normal condition (NC) and a time pressure condition (TPC). Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of difficulty manipulation on skill learning under both NC and TPC. Further analyses revealed that skill learning was enhanced by progressive difficulty manipulation. However, learning was not affected by KR frequency changes. Progressive difficulty practice enhanced both accuracy and consistency, specifically at retention testing. These results suggest that motor learning in children may be enhanced by practicing with progressive increases in difficulty. PE teachers are encouraged to gradually introduce difficulty levels in motor learning tasks that require high accuracy.

Parenting style in building learning motivation in children: A case study in migrant workers’ families in Indonesia

This study aims to describe the role of parenting to students whose parents work as immigrants with substance in the form of student opinions, as well as to describe the learning motivation of students whose parents work as migrant workers with several approaches related to learning motivation. The study used a qualitative approach that took data based on the results of interviews and direct observations as a data collection instrument and then carried out descriptive analysis. The sample of this study was conducted on students at MI Al-Khoiriyah and SDN Langenharjo 2 schools whose parents worked as immigrants. The results showed that students realized that with the parenting pattern of parents who worked as immigrants this situation was only temporary, their parents worked for money to be able to meet their needs at home and students' educational needs. However, in general, students feel sad when their parents are away from them for a long time so that students experience a lack of direct parental love. Therefore, in general, students whose parents work as immigrants do not show good or high learning motivation. This can be seen from the incompleteness of eight indicators of student learning motivation at school. Suggestions for further research in the future are also discussed.

Brain Gym Untuk Meningkatkan Kognitif Dalam Motivasi Belajar Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar (Masa Bencana Pandemic Covid-19)

Background: Students experience learning barriers during online learning methods. Online learning can also reduce children's learning motivation at school during the COVID-19 Pandemic Disaster. Cognitive impairment due to distance education can affect memory conditions and will also affect their future. The thinking process in elementary school students is very important in thinking, developing creativity in being creative. The aim in this activity of community service is to provide health education about brain gym to students. Methods: The devotee gave a brain gym video to the respondents and after one month an evaluation of learning motivation was carried out. Brain gym videos contain interactive brain gym procedures with short and clear explanations. Results: The results of community service were found that male service participants were 63.5%, while there were 36.5% female. The most participants were 11 years old by 23.1%. After being given a brain gym educational video, the most students had a fairly good cognitive learning as much as 51%, and those who had a good cognitive learning were 39,4%. The most participants were 11 years old by 23.1%. After being given a brain gym educational video, the most students had a fairly good learning motivation as much as 44.2%, and those who had a good learning motivation were 37.5%. Conclusion: Brain gym procedures can increase cognitive learning motivation and also improve students' cognitive abilities.

FACTORS RELATED LEARNING MOTIVATION OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Pandemic Covid-19 had a multi-sectoral impact, including the education sector. Pandemic Covid-19 period has been running for almost 1 year in Indonesia since March 2, 2020, it makes children feel bored in online learning. There are several factors related to children's learning motivation during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely external and internal. The purpose of the study to determine the factors related the learning motivation of elementary school-aged children during Covid-19 pandemic. The research design used a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used purposive sampling as many as 47 respondents. The results of the chi-square test of the child's age variable showed p value (0.260), child's gender (0.806), parent's age (0.504), parent's education (0.563), parent's occupation (0.192), this means p value > 0.05 means that Ha was rejected. The role of parents showed 0.003 meaning p value < 0.05 means Ha was accepted. The conclusion of this study were that the child's age factor, child's gender, parental age, parental education, parental occupation are not related of learning motivation, while the parental role factor has a significant relationship with learning motivation of elementary school age children during the Covid-19 pandemic. Further researchers were advised to examine other internal and external factors such as ideals, psychological well-being.

MOTIVASI BELAJAR ANAK USIA DINI DALAM PROGRAM BELAJAR DARI RUMAH DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Learning motivation is one of the most important on psychological aspects for students in achieving learning success. The implementation of learning during the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Indonesia using the learning from home “Belajar dari Rumah (BDR)”. This learning program makes children unable to interact directly with their friends and teachers. This fact raises the question, how is children's motivation to learn during the COVID-19 pandemic, at which time children tend to be faced with online learning. This study aims to describe the independence of early childhood who come from poor families. This study uses a quantitative approach with data collection through an e-questionnaire using a google form. The research population is the early age in Pekanbaru City who implement the BDR program. The sample was selected by purposive sampling technique. The instrument used is a psychological scale, namely learning motivation. Overall, from all indicators, children's learning motivation during the COVID-19 pandemic is already in the moderate category, which is 78%. This means that most of the early childhood students who study from home during the COVID-19 pandemic have moderate motivation. 8% of children who are respondents have high motivation to learn and the remaining 14% of children have low motivation to learn.

Komunikasi Keluarga Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Anak Selama Masa Pandemi Covid 19

The case of the COVID 19 pandemic in Indonesia was confirmed on March 2, 2020, and grew so quickly that it expanded to 34 provinces. With the issuance of Circular Letter Number 15 of 2020 concerning "Guidelines for the Implementation of Learning from Home in an Emergency Period for the Spread of COVID-19", the teaching and learning process is carried out remotely (PJJ). ) internet-based. This greatly affects the teaching and learning process in children. Because not all of them can access the internet for various reasons, so it is very influential on children's learning interest. Therefore, the motivation of parents while accompanying children to study at home is very necessary. The function of the family as a madrasa, first and foremost, must be able to provide learning motivation for children, through communication patterns built by parents greatly determine children's learning motivation during a pandemic.

The Relationship Between the Role of Parents and Children's Learning Motivation During the Covid 19 Pandemic at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar Padang Pariaman Regency

This research was motivated by the low learning motivation of children at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar, which is thought to have something to do with the role of parents in educating children. The purpose of this study was to reveal a description of the role of parents in educating children, learning motivation of children at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar, and to determine the relationship between the role of parents and children's learning motivation during the Covid 19 pandemic at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar. This type of research is a descriptive correlational study with a quantitative approach. The population of this study were all students in grade III, amounting to 100 people consisting of 4 (four) local at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar and a sample of 40%, namely 40 people with a sampling technique that is cluster random sampling. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire and the tools used were questionnaires. The data analysis technique uses the percentage formula and the product moment. The results of this study indicate that: 1) the role of parents in educating children is low; 2) the learning motivation of children at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar is low; 3) there is a significant relationship between the role of parents in educating their children and their motivation to learn at SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar. The suggestion of this research is that it is hoped that the parents of SD IT Cahaya Hati Pauh Kambar children will further enhance their role as educators, encouragement, facilitators, and mentors while accompanying children while studying at home.