Childhood Brain Research Articles

It's time to detect kids' brain attacks early

We are now well past a simple awareness that strokes are not just for old folks. Yes, children have strokes, too, and the incidence may exceed 1 per 100 000 or even 10 000 annually (Emerg Med Int 2011;2011:734506), more common than many childhood cancers. But, can we detect these brain attacks sooner and save brain? In this volume of The Journal, Harrar et al deploy an historical cohort study in a single tertiary center to determine whether a stroke alert system decreased the time to diagnosis of children presenting to the emergency department with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits. After implementation of a stroke alert system, the median time from emergency department arrival until neuroimaging for children with acute-onset focal neurologic was 82 minutes, significantly less compared with the median 196 minutes before the alert system. Interestingly, as a secondary finding, this coordinated pediatric stroke protocol also led to more children being carefully evaluated for stroke. At the same time, the treating physicians were unable to distinguish who would or would not ultimately benefit from an intervention such at tissue plasminogen activator, although they did identify perceived potential candidates even more quickly than the median 82 minutes. The take-home message of this study is that we can and should do better identifying strokes in children. Such timely diagnosis is prerequisite to applying interventional therapies. Identification and treatment will also lead eventually to better primary and secondary prevention in those children at risk for stroke. It's time for us to save more children's brains. Article page 136▸ A Stroke Alert Protocol Decreases the Time to Diagnosis of Brain Attack Symptoms in a Pediatric Emergency DepartmentThe Journal of PediatricsVol. 216PreviewTo determine whether a stroke alert system decreases the time to diagnosis of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute-onset focal neurologic deficits. Full-Text PDF

Does Gadoterate Meglumine Cause Gadolinium Retention in the Brain of Children? A Case-Control Study.

Accumulation of macrocyclic gadolinium agents in children's brains remain to be determined. To demonstrate whether there is an intracranial macrocyclic gadolinium deposition after multiple contrast-enhanced MRI with gadoterate meglumine in a pediatric population. Retrospective case-control. In all, 45 children (age range: 5-17 years; mean, 13.7 ± 3.4 years) for the study group and 45 healthy children (age range: 5-17 years; mean, 13.7 ± 3.4 years) for the control group. T1 - and T2 -weighted axial images on a 1.5T scanner. Children with at least three enhanced brain MRIs and an age- and sex-matched control group with an unenhanced brain MRIs were compared in terms of T1 signal intensity (SI). All patients in the study group received gadoterate meglumine intravenously (0.1 mmol/kg). SI measurements were made by drawing six regions of interest (ROIs): dentate nuclei (DN), pons, globus pallidi (GP), frontal white matter (FWM), thalamus (T), clivus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for both groups on unenhanced T1 -weighted images. Student's t-test was used for comparison of SI. The Pearson correlation was calculated for the correlation between the SI and the number of gadolinium administrations. A significant difference was detected between two groups for DN/CSF, pons/CSF, GP/CSF, thalamus/CSF, and FWM/CSF (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.002, P = 0.024, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups for clivus/CSF (P = 0.15). A good correlation between the number of gadoterate meglumine administrations and the SI for DN/CSF, pons/CSF, GP/CSF, and T/CSF (r = 0.80, r = 0.73, r = 0.91, and r = 0.90, respectively) was found. A significant T1 SI increase reflecting gadolinium retention in the brain was detected for children with at least three gadoterate meglumine administrations in this series. The number of administrations correlated well with the increased SI. 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1471-1477.

Benefits of Silent DWI MRI in Success Rate, Image Quality, and the Need for Secondary Sedation During Brain Imaging of Children of 3–36 Months of Age

Silent T1W and T2W magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to study myelination in children, but the success rate of silent diffusion-weighted imaging is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the success rate and image quality of silent MRI for the brain of children. This was a retrospective study of 3-36-month children who underwent silent or conventional brain MRI at the People's Hospital of Northern Jiangsu from 01/2015 to 02/2018. The success rates were compared. The acoustic noise of each sequence was measured using a decibel meter. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio of the diffusion-weighted imaging, T2W, and T1W sequences were analyzed. Subjective image quality (lesion delineation, visibility, gray-white differentiation, and overall diagnostic usefulness) was determined. The success rate of silent MRI (n = 443) was higher than that of conventional MRI (n = 391) (97.7% vs. 88.2%, p < 0.001). The acoustic noise of all silent sequences was lower than that of the conventional sequence (all p < 0.05). Silent sequences showed decreased signal-to-noise ratio vs. conventional sequences but increased contrast-to-noise ratio (all p < 0.05). Lesion delineation was not significantly different. Lesion visibility and gray-white differentiation of all silent sequences were higher (all p < 0.05). The overall diagnostic usefulness of the silent group was higher (p < 0.001). Silent MRI can effectively improve the success rate of MRI in children of 3-36 months. Noise is reduced, and the overall diagnostic usefulness is higher than that of conventional MRI. Silent MRI is more suitable for children's brain scan than conventional MRI.

Incidental Brain MRI Findings in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The detection of incidental findings on children's brain MR imaging poses various practical issues because the life-long implications of such findings may be profound. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of incidental brain MR imaging findings in children. Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane) were searched for articles published between 1985 to July 2018, with the following search terms: "incidental," "findings," "brain," "MR imaging." Inclusion criteria were the following: 1) patients younger than 21 years of age, 2) healthy children without any clinical condition, 3) MR images obtained with at least a 1.5T magnet, 4) original articles, and 5) a methodologic quality score of ≥10. Two observers independently extracted data and assessed data quality and validity. The number and type of incidental findings were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q statistic and the I2 statistic. Seven studies were included, reporting 5938 children (mean age, 11.3 ± 2.8 years). Incidental findings were present in 16.4% (99% CI, 9.8-26.2; Q = 117.5, I2= 94.9%) of healthy children, intracranial cysts being the most frequent (10.2%, 99% CI, 3.1-28.5; Q = 306.4, I2 = 98.0%). Nonspecific white matter hyperintensities were reported in 1.9% (99% CI, 0.2-16.8; Q = 73.6, I2 = 94.6%), Chiari 1 malformation was found in 0.8% (99% CI, 0.5-1.3; Q = 7.6, I2 = 60.5%), and intracranial neoplasms were reported in 0.2% (99% CI, 0.1-0.6; Q = 3.4, I2 = 12.3%). In total, the prevalence of incidental findings needing follow-up was 2.6% (99% CI, 0.5-11.7; Q = 131.2, I2 = 95.4%). Incidental findings needing specific treatment were brain tumors (0.2%) and cavernomas (0.2%). Limitations were no age stratification or ethnicity data and variation in the design of included studies. The prevalence of incidental findings is much more frequent in children than previously reported in adults, but clinically meaningfull incidental findings were present in <1 in 38 children.

KISAH (STORYTELLING) PADA PEMBELAJARAN ANAK USIA DINI DALAM KAJIAN NEUROSAINS PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Religious, inspirational, and motivational storytelling can develop hard a work ethic, and also cultivate spirituality that implicates the nation's progress. On the contrary, storytelling that "lulled" people will make the nation's generation become lazy, thus do not have work hard ethic. Children's stories in Indonesia are still contaminated with Isra'iliyat stories and contain trickery, even mystique, and sexual contents. Therefore it has implications for the nation's condition which is corrupt, adolescent free-sex, and rampant practice of political shamanism. This research examines the storytelling in Early Childhood Education in the study of the neuroscience of Islamic education. The research setting was conducted at Early Childhood Education institutions in Yogyakarta. This research was using a descriptive qualitative approach. Research data were children's storybooks and storytelling methods in early childhood learning practices. Elements of children's stories were analyzed in descriptive, interpretative, and comparative ways based on neuroscience learning theories, thus can be known which stories fit the brain work characteristics. The results showed that children's stories can be divided into three, which are robotic stories, the stories that could be damaging children's brain potential; academic stories, stories that could be emasculating children's brain; and scientific stories or neurostory telling, the stories that have the potential to optimize the children's brain.

Determinan Status Gizi Balita pada Keluarga Petani di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Halilulik Kabupaten Belu Tahun 2019

Toddlers are vulnerable groups that must be considered especially the fulfillment of nutritional intake. Balanced nutrition in infancy plays an important role in increasing human resources in the future, but malnutrition in infancy affects the growth and development of children's brains that are irreversible or unable to recover. The problem of malnutrition is still a major problem in Indonesia despite the many efforts and prevention programs that have been made. This study aims to analyze the determinant of toddler nutrition status in farmer's families in Halilulik Health Center Belu District in 2019. This research used an analytic survey with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this research were 94 toddlers who were in the Halilulik Health Center Community. Data analysis used was univariate analysis, bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis with chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. The results of this research showed that the variables of mother's knowledge (ρ=0.032), level adequacy of energy (ρ = 0,000), level adequacy of protein (ρ=0,000) and history of infectious disease (ρ=0,002) have correlation with Toddler Nutrition Status, while families food processing habits (ρ=0,739) and families eating restrictions (ρ=0,617) did not have any correlation with Toddler Nutrition Status. The dominant factor that most influences the nutritional status of toddlers is the level adequacy of energy followed by the level adequacy of protein. Nutrition toddlers have less levels of energy and protein intake compared to toddlers with good nutritional status. Consumption of foods that are diverse and varied needs to be considered, especially foods that are sourced with energy, protein, and fat to reduce the problem of malnutrition in infants.

Apparent thinning of human visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination

Human cortex appears to thin during childhood development. However, the underlying microstructural mechanisms are unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion MRI (dMRI) in children and adults, we tested what quantitative changes occur to gray and white matter in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) from childhood to adulthood, and how these changes relate to cortical thinning. T1 relaxation time from qMRI and mean diffusivity (MD) from dMRI provide independent and complementary measurements of microstructural properties of gray and white matter tissue. In face- and character-selective regions in lateral VTC, T1 and MD decreased from age 5 to adulthood in mid and deep cortex, as well as in their adjacent white matter. T1 reduction also occurred longitudinally in children's brain regions. T1 and MD decreases 1) were consistent with tissue growth related to myelination, which we verified with adult histological myelin stains, and 2) were correlated with apparent cortical thinning. In contrast, in place-selective cortex in medial VTC, we found no development of T1 or MD after age 5, and thickness was related to cortical morphology. These findings suggest that lateral VTC likely becomes more myelinated from childhood to adulthood, affecting the contrast of MR images and, in turn, the apparent gray-white boundary. These findings are important because they suggest that VTC does not thin during childhood but instead gets more myelinated. Our data have broad ramifications for understanding both typical and atypical brain development using advanced in vivo quantitative measurements and clinical conditions implicating myelin.

Evaluation Of Findings On Imaging Of Brain In Children With First Recognized Episode Of Fits-Experience At Tertiary Care Hospital Of Quetta

Objective: To evaluate various causes of fits in children on MRI presenting in Tertiary Care Hospital, Quetta. Study Design and Setting: A Cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Radiology, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from October 2017 to March 2018. Methodology: A total of 100 children aged 06 months to 13 years were included in the study who presented with seizures to emergency department and neuro clinics. Information obtained from history, clinical examination and MRI brains were recorded. The data was analyzed in SPSS 20. Results: Among the total 100 children, MRI examination was unremarkable in 45% (n=45). Neoplastic lesions were the second most common abnormal MRI finding and constituted 10% (n=10). Perinatal ischemia and Periventricular leucomalacia were recorded in 9% (n=9). Congenital aqueductal stenosis in 9% (n=9), along with Encephalitis/Meningitis also in 8% (n=8). Brain atrophy was noted in 6% (n=6). Three cases each of Vascular and Post traumatic changes/gliosis (n=6, 6%) and one case of each of Hydrocephalus/Aqueductal stenosis, Infarct, Malformation of cortical development, Leucodystrophy, Agenesis of corpus callosum, Arachnoid cyst and Hydatid cyst (n=7, 7%) Conclusion: Brain magnetic resonance imaging was successful in detecting structural abnormalities and it can be trusted to detect seizure foci in pediatric patients.

PENGARUH MEMPELAJARI BAHASA ASING TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN OTAK ANAK

Children's intelligence shows how we stimulate their brains. At present, all parents are actively looking for the best stimulus for their children's brain growth. But most parents still use traditional methods in stimulating the brains of their children. For example, parents usually use the instant method by giving their children some brain enhancing drugs. Some experts believe that this method is not an effective method to be used. This study aims to determine the correlation of learning foreign languages with the growth of children's brains, and to find out the benefits of learning foreign languages for the growth of children's brains This research is conducted at a course called 24 English College Bima NTB, with direct observation methods and conducted interviews based on questionnaires to respondents who are determined by techinique random sampling, then the results of the study are analyzed qualitatively and supported by references (books, printed media or electronically related to the problem). The results of the study show that: (1). By learning foreign languages such as English, Spanish, French, etc. Can stimulate children's brain growth effectively, and intelligence on children also depends on what type of stimulus they get. (2). The benefits of mastering a foreign language are (a) it maximizes children's brain performance, (b) Children with good foreign language skills have high intelligence and creativity, (c) can decrease senile dimensions, (d). have better cognitive flexibility, (e). delay Alzheimer's disease, (f). Children are able to solve problems if they use a foreign language, (g). Good decision makers. People who think in other languages tend to make rational decisions

A Review of Acute Physical Activity Effects on Brain and Cognition in Children

ABSTRACT The prevalence of physical inactivity in children has become a global pandemic and has consequences for physical, as well as cognitive and brain, health. Single bouts of physical activity (PA), however, have shown a transient, positive effect on cognitive performance in preadolescent children. Acute bouts of moderate to vigorous PA have demonstrated benefits for cognition, including attention and executive function. These acute effects of PA on cognitive performance can be seen both immediately after and following a delay from the cessation of PA. Further, event-related potentials have been used to delineate real-time neural responses to behavioral tasks after PA interventions. A short bout of moderate-intensity aerobic PA serves to increase the allocation of attentional resources and improved cognitive processing and stimulus classification speed. As such, there are implications for evaluating the effect of PA within schools. Several neural mechanisms are suggested to explain the observed improvements in executive function after PA, such as the importance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on synaptogenesis, the expression of human growth factors, the activated release of catecholamines, and increased blood lactate levels. The ensuing descriptive review demonstrates the current understanding of the effects of acute PA on childhood brain and cognition and may serve as a basis for understanding PA-induced improvements in academic achievement.

Influence of Physical Activity on Elementary School Children: Challenges and Practice

Influence of Physical Activity on Elementary School Children: Challenges and Practice

Transcranial Shear Wave Elastography of Neonatal and Infant Brains for Quantitative Evaluation of Increased Intracranial Pressure.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in neonates and infants is a severe disease state that requires adequate diagnosis and, depending on the clinical situation and whether it is increasing, a rapid and efficient therapy. Clinical evaluation, B-mode ultrasound, and Doppler ultrasound give rise to a basic noninvasive diagnosis of increased ICP. The purpose of this prospective study was 2-fold: first, to analyze the technical feasibility of obtaining shear wave elastography (SWE) measurements of an infant's brain, and second, to compare the values of healthy neonates to those who have hydrocephalus and are either suspected of having or invasively shown to have increased ICP. This was a prospective, institutional review board-approved study of 184 neonates and infants with a mean age of 12 weeks (ranging from 1 day to 12 months). The final, technical evaluable cohort consisted of 166 infants, of whom 110 were healthy asymptomatic infants and 56 were diagnosed with hydrocephalus. Of the latter, 38 showed clinically increased ICP and 18 did not. Invasive ICP measurements were available from 47 of the children. All infants underwent systematic examination using B-mode ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, and SWE using a high-resolution linear 15-MHz probe (Aixplorer; Supersonic), by 1 of 2 radiologists, each of whom had at least 5 years' experience examining children's brains and applying SWE. Semiquantitative and quantitative SWE measurements were performed.We compared the SWE values to each participant's clinical symptoms and to their invasive ICP measurement results. Correlations were calculated using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. We used Student t test to compare the mean SWE values in healthy children to those of children with increased ICP. Shear wave elastography in the brain was technically feasible, giving reliable SWE measurements in 110 (88.7%) of 124 of healthy children and in 56 (93.3%) of 60 children with hydrocephalus. Shear wave elastography values and, thus, rigidity in the brain's parenchyma were significantly higher in children with hydrocephalus (n = 56) than in healthy children (n = 110; mean, 21.8 kPa vs 14.1 kPa; P = 0.0083). A thorough correlation between invasive ICP measurements and SWE values in a subgroup of patients with hydrocephalus revealed a direct correlation between increased ICP and increased SWE values (r = 0.69, P < 0.001). Mean SWE values were 30.8 kPa (range, 23.9-62.3 kPa) in patients with confirmed increased ICP (n = 35) versus 16.2 kPa (range, 10.2-41.9 kPa) in patients with nonincreased ICP (n = 12). Shear wave elastography is feasible in neonates with increased ICP and could be a useful additional diagnostic imaging and monitoring method for children verified or suspected to have increased ICP. However, more evidence is necessary to further evaluate the usefulness of SWE measurements in neonates with hydrocephalus. Shear wave elastography can be used as a surrogate marker for ICP in neonates and infants.

STRATEGI IBU MENANAMKAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA

This paper aims to understand the mother's strategy in instilling character education in the family environment. Family environment is the first and main educational institution for children to get knowledge especially related to the value of knowledge or character education. This paper, it is understood that the position of women in the Islamic view is glorious. As proof of her noble position of the mother in Islamic teaching, a mother is entitled to devotion of a child as much as three times more than the father. Glory was also pointed out that heaven lies at the feet of mother even the pleasure of Allah depends on the parents, especially mothers.Besides, a mother plays crucial role in shaping the character of children. To perform such a noble task, a mother can do things like: giving a child a good name, maximizing children's brain development, training independence in the House, communicating healthy with children and making nature as a school for children.

Structural connectivity and weight loss in children with obesity: a study of the “connectobese”

Previous studies suggest that obesity (OB) is associated with disrupted brain network organization; however, it remains unclear whether these differences already exist during childhood. Moreover, it should be investigated whether deviant network organization may be susceptible to treatment. Here, we compared the structural connectomes of children with OB with age-matched healthy weight (HW) controls (aged 7-11 years). In addition, we examined the effect of a multidisciplinary treatment program, consisting of diet restriction, cognitive behavioral therapy, and physical activity for children with OB on brain network organization. After stringent quality assessment criteria, 40 (18 OB, 22 HW) data sets of the total sample of 51 participants (25 OB, 26 HW) were included in further analyses. For all participants, anthropometric measurements were administered twice, with a 5-month interval between pre- and post tests. Pre- and post T1- and diffusion-weighted imaging scans were also acquired and analyzed using a graph-theoretical approach and network-based statistics. Global network analyses revealed a significantly increased normalized clustering coefficient and small-worldness in children with OB compared with HW controls. In addition, regional analyses revealed increased betweenness centrality, reduced clustering coefficient, and increased structural network strength in children with OB, mainly in the motor cortex and reward network. Importantly, children with OB lost a considerable amount of their body mass after the treatment; however, no changes were observed in the organization of their brain networks. This is the first study showing disrupted structural connectomes of children with OB, especially in the motor and reward network. These results provide new insights into the pathophysiology underlying childhood obesity. The treatment did result in a significant weight loss, which was however not associated with alterations in the brain networks. These findings call for larger samples to examine the impact of short-term and long-term weight loss (treatment) on children's brain network organization.

Peningkatan praktek gizi seimbang dan PHBS Pada murid sekolah dasar

Short and thin nutritional problems faced by students in Cambaya Elementary School in Makassar City are still high at 39.4% and 23.1% respectively. Breakfast habits that are very low at only 22.1% have the potential to cause stunted growth and development of the child's brain, which has implications for the decrease in intelligence of the child. This research aims to improve the knowledge, motivation, and skills of parents and teachers about balanced nutrition of school children and improving students' practice and motivation in a clean and healthy environment. The research uses quasi-experimental methods with pre and post test designs. The population in this study were 50th grade students of the Makassar Cambayya state primary school. Implementation of activities in the form of lectures, discussions, balanced nutrition practices and PHBS. Knowledge, motivation, skills about balanced nutrition and PHBS were measured using a questionnaire. Assessment is carried out before and shortly after giving counseling and a week after giving counseling. The results of this service are based on the Wilcoxon test. It is known that there is a significant increase in knowledge before and shortly after giving counseling p = 0.039 (p &lt;0.05) and a decrease in knowledge a week after counseling p = 0.011 (p &lt;0.05). Suggestions that can be given to the school should be active in conveying information about PHBS to school children.

Sedation and the Food and Drug Administration Warning: What a Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist, and Pancreatologist Should Know.

Pediatric gastroenterologists recommend and perform a range of procedures requiring sedation and anesthesia in young children. A recent warning from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that "repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetics and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the development of children's brains." 1 As it relates to time, the FDA warning details risks of "procedures lasting longer than 3 hours or if multiple procedures are required." Pediatric gastroenterologists and related specialists should be aware of the warning and its relevance to their patients.

Effect of English learning experience on young children's prefrontal cortex functioning for attentional control: An fNIRS study.

The exploration concerning effect of bilingualism on cognitive performance has been enriched in recently studies. However, scarce research focused on its impact on the brain function, especially in non-proficient bilingual children. In the present study, both Chinese monolingual and English as a foreign language (EFL) bilingual children were conducted to a non-verbal attentional network task (ANT) by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique for exploring the consequence of English learning experience on young children's prefrontal regions of functioning attentional control. The behavior results showed that young EFL bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on the accuracy of ANT conflict condition. Furthermore, EFL bilingual children had higher activation in the left prefrontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex) than counterpart monolinguals. More interestingly, the degree of bilingual language balance positively correlated with that behavior accuracy and brain activation in bilingual group. These findings provided additional support for the bilingual advantage hypothesis and illustrated implications for understanding how foreign language learning impact children's brain development.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE PEMBELAJARAN EFEKTIF DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Basic education has a strong influence on the generation of children, because the child's brain at this time is very active in recording everything that is seen, listened to and in its motion. Therefore basic education is a great place to cultivate the seeds of a child's positive character. Remembering to cultivate a child's character takes a short, consistent, and involved all academic and parental civitas. The role of teachers and parents is very influential in growing and developing the child's potential and character. Through learning in the school a child develops all aspects of it, therefore an educator must be able to create an effective learning method to achieve the desired goal. Choosing and establishing the right and effective learning methods in elementary schools is an alternative to motivating students to be able to apply their knowledge and experience and achieve their goals. Some effective learning methods for elementary school according to al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun such as, see the level of the power of the children, the material delivery is gradually, the importance of habituation, and the presentation of concrete illustrations or called Demonstration. Demonstrations in the application of learning require media demonstrations or experiments. Then to support the success in carrying out the method of learning a teacher must have the personality traits and characteristics of true educators, according to al-Ghazali, teachers who can be endowed teaching assignments are teachers who are besides intelligent and perfect wits, also his good teacher and his physical strength.

URGENSI STIMULASI KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK KASAR PADA ANAK USIA DINI

Age 0 - 8 years is the golden age. In this age the child's brain is like a sponge, which is all things that are seen, heard, and felt by children absorbed well by the child. Therefore at this time the child must get the right stimulation in every aspect of his development. One aspect that must be stimulated is gross motoric. This aspect relates to the child's ability to move the large parts of his body, such as the hands and feet. Some activities that can be given to children related to gross motoric skills are jumping, walking, running, and throwing a ball. The disruption of the development of gross motoric aspects in children can affect the development to other aspects. Therefore, the gross motoric aspect must be the one of teachers and parents' concerns as a result the child's development tasks can be achieved according to his age.

How Do the Brains of Children, Teenagers, and Adults Respond to Others’ Pain?

Seeing someone in pain triggers a specific brain response, which is called “pain empathy.” In the present article, we examined this brain response in children, teenagers, and adults. We found that children’s brain response was of a certain type (called alpha power increase), whereas adults’ brain response was of a different type (called alpha power decrease). What we found particularly interesting was that teenagers’ brain responses included both types: alpha power increase and alpha power decrease. This suggests that the brain’s response to others’ pain changes in the course of human development. This study brings up two fascinating questions for future studies: (1) Why do the brains of children, teenagers, and adults respond in very different activation patterns to the pain of others? (2) What is the developmental purpose of the change we see as people get older?