Children's Television Research Articles

LITERASI MEDIA ORANG TUA SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGATASI DAMPAK MENONTON TELEVISI ANAK DI KELURAHAN BALUWARTI SURAKARTA

Television produces two sides, namely positive and negative impacts. Through discussing the implications and problems of television shows, such as the low quality of the content of the show, shows that are not by age, the negative impacts caused, and the long duration of watching television, media literacy is ideal for parents as there are problems with television for children who watch television. Television activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of television media literacy owned by parents to overcome the impact when children watch television and to understand the conditions of parental action to overcome the effects of children's television viewing activities based on the concept of media literacy. The results showed that (1) Every parent has media literacy through knowledge and abilities. Parents' media literacy has reached the categories and indicators specified in media literacy (2) Parents carry out various media literacy actions carried out in different ways according to their knowledge and abilities in media literacy, such as mentoring, watching television, children's rules managing television activities, choosing shows, limiting television viewing activities, and distracting children from television. Parents have motives and reasons for their media literacy actions, categorized into four categories of Max Weber social action.

Uncovering Children Acceptance Towards Children Television Programme

Most knowledge, entertainment, and education can now be accessed very conveniently via webs, blogs, and social media in this exponential age. On the other hand, television plays an essential role in most people's lives. This study aims to learn about children's acceptance of children's television shows in Malaysia. In the report, 30 children aged four to six years old were interviewed and examined. Interviews were performed in English and Malay, depending on the children's preferred language of expression: some were bilingual, while others spoke only Malay. During the observation period, the researchers observed and reported what the children said and did while watching. In terms of cognition, this research suggests that children have optimistically specific basic literacy skills. Affectively, the children can express their emotions by sufficient or reasonable emotional responses, and they can interact with the character's customs, etiquette, and cultural heritage to a limited extent. Children implicitly perceive sex-role stereotyping on a behavioral level. This research demonstrates that children comprehend basic literacy skills cognitively. Affectively, the children communicate their emotions through acceptable or sufficient emotional responses and can associate with traditions, etiquette, and cultural heritage to a limited extent. Children intuitively recognize sex-role stereotyping on a behavioral level. The results of the final review showed that television did not affect. The final study results showed that television did not significantly impact children's perceptions; instead, daily experience and context affected their awareness and understanding.

How to Change Young Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Mechanisms of Behavior Change in the INFANT Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Understanding the mechanisms (mediators) of behavior change is crucial to designing more effective interventions. However, this is rarely reported. This paper investigates the mechanisms that explain the lack of intervention effect on physical activity and the significant effect on television viewing time from an early childhood trial. Methods: Secondary analyses were undertaken of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. The Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) was a 15-month group program promoting obesity-protective behaviors from the age of 4 months. Outcomes relevant to the current study were child physical activity (accelerometer), television viewing time (maternal report) and 12 potential mediator scales (maternal report). Linear regression models used the product of coefficients method with a joint significance test. Results: Complete data were from 398 mother-child dyads. Despite weak evidence of an intervention effect on the mother’s physical activity knowledge and optimism, there was no effect on children’s physical activity, and no clear mechanisms were identified. An intervention effect was observed for the mothers’ television knowledge (unstandardized regression coefficient for a path (a) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI95) = 0.22, 0.45), with weak evidence for maternal efficacy (a = 0.11, CI95 = −0.02, 0.24) and the use of television (a = −0.10, CI95 = −0.22, 0.01). The intervention impact on television knowledge explained 75% of the difference between the intervention and control groups in children’s television viewing. Conclusions: In the very early childhood period, as mothers are commencing their parenting journey, improving their behavioral knowledge appears to be the biggest contributor to reducing child television viewing, constituting a relatively simple strategy that could be implemented across clinical and public health settings. In contrast, it remains unclear what mechanisms may increase physical activity levels in this age group.

Youtubers mirins on the networks: children claiming their place in digital cultures

The contemporary scenario gradually points out how children are occupying the virtual space. Among the busy environments, there is YouTube, where the little ones claim to listen your voices through the experiences shared on the platform, whether about games, toys, school activities, games and indication of films. Therefore, in this article, we seek to understand how children's video productions on YouTube contribute to childhood learning and protagonism. Therefore, we interviewed a young youtuber and her father/responsible Family member, in order to approach them that could assist in a deep understanding about listening to the child's perception /interlocutor in audiovisual production and access to digital technologies. Hence, the results show that the video platform has become a space for children to teach, create and learn in order to share with their peers the playful experiences of their dynamics that permeate digital.

You are Victim: The Depiction of Enemies in Japanese Super Hero Series

The depiction of Super-Villain in Japanese Super Hero series usually showing the western country as the main villain. The result of World War II primarily influences this. Nevertheless, recently there have been several Super Hero Series that depicted the minorities as the main villain. The purpose of this study is to present the issue of minorities in the Japanese Super Hero Series. Through the cultural study approach, this paper will discuss how minorities being represented by the antagonist character, Roimudde. This study had two aims (i) how does the Roimudde representing the minorities in Japanese society. (ii) how the characters Heart and Medic represent that minorities were victims of society. We found that the Roimudde was a different race from humans representing the minorities through content analysis of the Children television series Kamen Rider Drive. At the same time, Heart and Medic have painful memories that made them grudge toward humanity. It is also mean that this film was recognizing the minorities as the victim of prejudice by society. It is necessary to throw all prejudice to other people just because of physical or race differences to enter transnational society without prejudice.

Limiting Television to Reduce Childhood Obesity: Cost-Effectiveness of Five Population Strategies.

Objective: To quantify the potential population-wide costs, number of individuals reached, and impact on obesity of five effective interventions to reduce children's television viewing if implemented nationally.Study Design: Utilizing evidence from systematic reviews, the Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) microsimulation model estimated the cost, population reach, and impact on childhood obesity from 2020 to 2030 of five hypothetical policy strategies to reduce the negative impact of children's TV exposure: (1) eliminating the tax deductibility of food and beverage advertising; (2) targeting TV reduction during home visiting programs; (3) motivational interviewing to reduce home television time at Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic visits; (4) adoption of a television-reduction curriculum in child care; and (5) limiting noneducational television in licensed child care settings.Results: Eliminating the tax deductibility of food advertising could reach the most children [106 million, 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 105–107 million], prevent the most cases of obesity (78,700, 95% UI: 30,200–130,000), and save more in health care costs than it costs to implement. Strategies targeting young children in child care and WIC also cost little to implement (between $0.19 and $32.73 per child reached), and, although reaching fewer children because of the restricted age range, were estimated to prevent between 25,500 (95% UI: 4600–59,300) and 35,400 (95% UI: 13,200–62,100) cases of obesity. Home visiting to reduce television viewing had high costs and a low reach.Conclusions: Interventions to reduce television exposure across a range of settings, if implemented widely, could help prevent childhood obesity in the population at relatively low cost.

Contenidos infantiles convergentes, identidad latinoamericana y los desafíos de las televisiones públicas

Before the pandemic crisis, the irruption of the convergent scenario and the television digitalization forced the Latin American public television to develop strategies that consider new forms of audiovisual consumption and to make the resources profitable, such as the development of digital platforms and co-production with independent creators. Pakapaka, TVN and Señal Colombia coproduced children television programs with Chilean filmmakers that achieved a high audience and received acknowledgements at audiovisual festivals for their quality, their contribution to the local identity and Latin American own nature. Based on a content analysis carried out on tv shows aimed to children, present in both Chilean public digital platforms: CNTV Infantil (former Novasur) and TVN Kids, this study describes the collaborative model from the media literacy perspective, with emphasis on the diversity of children’s programs, considering their origins, acquisition, financing, and characteristics of the protagonist’s characters. The results indicate that the contents are varied and that the presence of female protagonists, native peoples and migrants, although incipient, constitutes a contribution to the identity of the continent’s childhoods. In conclusion, it is essential that public service television can count on permanent funding that promotes the realization of relevant content for children, in accordance with their public service mission, especially in today pandemic crisis and confinement.

Reflection of Down Syndrome Children on Cartoons: Cases of ‘My Brother Ozi’ and ‘Punky’

<p style="text-align:justify">In several shows prepared for children and adults in the media, the representation of “individuals with special needs” can ensure that other members of the society empathize with disability and the characteristics of disabled people, and make it easier that prejudices are replaced by social acceptance through gaining information. Finding a place frequently used in children’s literature, children’s reality satisfies the curiosity and experience-gaining demands of children about the cases they encounter for the first time using various examples, and helps them internalize the information and experience they gain. Children’s shows and cartoons have an effective power in influencing the viewpoint of children as target group for disabled people within the framework of “children’s reality” by means of the representation of children with special needs who are socially disadvantaged. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and examine in terms of various factors the social representation style of main characters with Down Syndrome represented in “My Brother Ozi” and “Punky” cartoons broadcasted on local children television channels and internet sites where cartoons for children can be found. 51 episodes of both cartoons (26 and 25) were viewed in the framework of the study and findings were analyzed using “document analysis” method which is a qualitative research method.</p>

The World Belongs to the Young: Representation of Socialization Agents in Early Childhood Television Content

Based on cultivation theory, this study addresses television content as a core contributor to socialization processes in early childhood. The study involved an in-depth thematic analysis of early childhood socialization agents on television channels targeting young children. The analysis revealed young viewers are presented with a world saturated by supportive friendships but few and weak representations of adults. Friends dominate the boundary-free imaginary world at the center of televised narratives. Adults are often delegated to the plots’ margins and are rarely presented as authority figures. Implications are discussed in light of the child viewers’ developmental characteristics.

Investigating the Association Between Child Television Viewing and Measured Child Adiposity Outcomes in a Large Nationally Representative Sample of New Zealanders: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study investigates the association between television (TV) viewing and child adiposity and if parental education and child ethnicity moderate this association. Cross-sectional, pooled (2013/2014-2016/2017) adult and child New Zealand Health Survey were matched resulting in 13,039 children (2-14y) and parent dyads. Child TV viewing was estimated using self-reported time for each weekday and weekend. The height (in centimeters), weight (in kilograms), and waist circumference of parents and children were measured. Childhood body mass index and obesity were defined using the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values. Effect modification was assessed by interaction and then by stratifying regression analyses by parent education (low, moderate, and high) and child ethnicity (Asian, European/other, Māori, and Pacific). Overall, watching ≥2 hours TV on average per day in the past week, relative to <2 hours TV viewing, was associated with a higher odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.291 [1.108-1.538]), higher body mass index z score (b = 0.123 [0.061-0.187]), and higher waist circumference (b = 0.546 [0.001-1.092]). Interactions considering this association by child ethnicity and parent education revealed little evidence of effect modification. While TV viewing was associated with child adiposity, the authors found little support for a moderating role of parental education and child ethnicity.

Challenging the Link Between Early Childhood Television Exposure and Later Attention Problems: A Multiverse Approach

In 2004, Christakis and colleagues published findings that he and others used to argue for a link between early childhood television exposure and later attention problems, a claim that continues to be frequently promoted by the popular media. Using the same National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data set (N = 2,108), we conducted two multiverse analyses to examine whether the finding reported by Christakis and colleagues was robust to different analytic choices. We evaluated 848 models, including logistic regression models, linear regression models, and two forms of propensity-score analysis. If the claim were true, we would expect most of the justifiable analyses to produce significant results in the predicted direction. However, only 166 models (19.6%) yielded a statistically significant relationship, and most of these employed questionable analytic choices. We concluded that these data do not provide compelling evidence of a harmful effect of TV exposure on attention.

Assessment of preschool children's sleep habits in relation to the time spent watching television

Aims To assess preschool children's sleep habits and television viewing habits, parents' perceptions about TV viewing and any correlation between the two. Methods The study was conducted between March and June 2018 in randomly selected kindergartens of a large city in Greece. A total of 100 pre-school children and their parents participated in the study. Two questionnaires, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and the Children's Television-Viewing Habits Questionnaire (CTVQ), were validated in Greek and used for this study. Results Children's age (P=0.001), parents' educational level (P&lt;0.001) and number of siblings (P&lt;0.001) were found to significantly affect the time children spent watching TV daily. Fathers' age (P=0.004), number of siblings (P=0.001) and time children spent watching TV daily (P=0.007) were negatively correlated with CSHQ score. Conclusions Pre-school aged children spend a large amount of time watching TV, which results in altered sleep patterns, despite parents encouraging them to participate in other activities. Healthcare professionals should provide parents, teachers and children with evidence-based information and advice in order to lower the incidence of sleep disorders resulting from excessive time spent watching TV.

Associations between Home Environment, Children's and Parents' Characteristics and Children's TV Screen Time Behavior.

In Ireland, television (TV) screen time is a highly prevalent sedentary behavior among children aged less than five years. Little is known about the influence of parental rules and policies or screen time availability and accessibility within the home on children’s TV screen time behaviors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the extent to which parents’ sociodemographic and sedentary behaviors are associated with children’s TV screen time; and to determine the associations between parents’ rules and practices, home physical environment and children’s daily TV viewing. Three hundred and thirty-two children aged 3–5 years and their parents participated in the study. Children’s TV screen time and home environmental characteristics (parents’ rules and practices and the physical environment) were assessed using questions from standardized and validated questionnaires. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Within the different sedentary behaviors evaluated, parents’ TV viewing was positively associated with children’s TV screen time (OR 1.65, 95%CI 1.09–2.50, p = 0.018). Leaving the TV on, whether or not it was being watched, was associated with a 38% increased probability of children watching ≥ 1 h TV daily. Children whose parents restricted their outdoor activity were more likely to watch ≥ 1 h TV daily (OR 2.01, 95%CI 1.04–3.88, p = 0.036). Findings from the study demonstrated that parents’ own screen time behaviors, leaving the TV on whether it was being watched or not and restricting outdoor play were associated with higher children’s TV viewing in the home environment. This knowledge is essential to inform future interventions aimed to address the increase in screen time among young children.

Mobile Media and Young Children's Cognitive Skills: A Review.

Though the use of mobile devices (eg, tablets, smartphones) by young children is pervasive and increasing, research relating children's use of mobile devices to their development is only beginning to emerge. Learning, language development, and self-regulation skills among children aged 0 to 5 are of particular interest to pediatric clinicians, researchers, parents, and policymakers, as these skills foreshadow important outcomes across the lifespan. Experimental research reviewed herein suggests that the interactivity allowed by mobile devices has benefits over passive viewing (for example, of television) for young children's learning and self-regulation, but studies of naturalistic use suggest increased use of mobile devices is associated with poorer language and self-regulation. Pediatric clinicians can be important sources of support for families endeavoring to navigate their children's use of mobile devices by providing advice and resources, such as communicating reasonable time limits and sharing sources of developmentally appropriate content. Future research should implement innovative, rigorous research designs and methods to clarify mechanisms underlying potential negative effects of naturalistic use of mobile devices by young children and investigate how content and context of young children's mobile-device use may influence relations between such use and children's skills.

Parents facing their children's television consumption

In order to characterize the habits, preferences and roles of parents in relation to their children's television consumption, an investigation was carried out with 70 parents from a children's home in the city of Bogotá, with whom a mixed investigative methodology was used. in which in-depth interviews and questionnaires were combined. The results of this research led to evidence that it is necessary to strengthen the criteria with which parents give value and meaning to television within one of the most important stages of their children's development

Pedagogical and Linguistic Study of the Children's Television Content in Russia

Pedagogical and Linguistic Study of the Children's Television Content in Russia

Book Review: Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism? Children's Television and Globalized Multicultural Education by Naomi A. Moland

Book Review: Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism? Children's Television and Globalized Multicultural Education by Naomi A. Moland

Food advertising targeting children in India: Analysis and implications

In spite of advertising being severely critiqued for planting erroneous behavioral patterns in young children, there is limited research on advertising aimed at children in the Indian context. This study explores issues like gender representations, stereotypical portrayals, deployment of various appeals, persuasion tactics, and Indian advertising policies in the food commercials targeting Indian children. Hypotheses were developed based on socio-economic and cultural aspects specific to Indian ethos. Content analysis was carried out on commercials appearing on five major children's television channels in India. Results indicate that ads depict boys significantly more than girls, and demonstrate mother as the primary approver for choice of food. Additionally, results reveal that ads use familial settings more than other contexts. Emotional appeal is found to be more prevalent. However, unlike hypothesized, ads were not found to use scholastic or fantasy cues more than athletic or non-fantasy cues. The findings are examined through an ethical lens, and implications for various stakeholders are presented. The study provides advertising policy makers and executioners insights into ethically congruent communication strategies to be used for advertising to children.

La historia de Zamba

El artículo analiza valoraciones del producto audiovisual La asombrosa excursión de Zamba, impulsado por el Ministerio de Educación argentino durante el período 2010- 2015 y con circulación aun en 2016. El estudio se enmarca en una investigación sobre la circulación del programa de televisión infantil. Focaliza en la exploración de las mediaciones comunicacionales que se establecen en relación con los significados históricos, ideológicos, políticos, estéticos. A partir de situar la indagación en la circulación, se analizan algunas valoraciones de la prensa digital y de docentes de CABA sobre los modos narrativos y estéticos del producto.

Are the Italian Children Exposed to Advertisements of Nutritionally Appropriate Foods?

Unhealthy eating habits are one of the main risk factors for overweight/obesity, and food marketing plays a major role in their development. The aim of this study was to monitor the amount and the characteristics of food marketing directed to Italian children broadcasted on television (TV). The WHO tool to assess food and beverage multimedia marketing aimed at children was used to analyze TV recordings. Type of product branded, viewing time, channel’s target, and broadcasting company were the exposure variables analyzed. The power of persuasive techniques was also assessed. Food products were categorized as either core or non-core products on the basis of their nutritional profile. A total of 320 h of TV broadcasting was analyzed, including 51.7 h of commercials. Food and beverages were the second most frequently advertised products, with an average of 6 food advertisements per hour during peak viewing time. A total of 23.8% of food advertisements were recorded during the time slot of 3:00 p.m. Considering food and beverage commercials, “humor” was the most frequently used primary persuasive technique, while the “image of the product/packaging” was the most commonly used secondary persuasive technique. Products specifically targeted to children were 94.3% non-core. Our findings indicate that core foods are highly underrepresented in TV commercials, especially during children TV programs and peak viewing time.