Children In Urban Areas Research Articles

Screen Time for Preschool Children: Learning from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indonesian Government enacted a study at home policy for all students. This policy also applied to preschool children aged 2 to 6 years old. The purpose of the research was to examine the duration and impact of digital media use by preschool children in urban areas in Indonesia during weekdays and weekends. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire called the Surveillance of digital-Media hAbits in earLy chiLdhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ®). A total of 951 parents or guardians (17-70 years old) who had preschool children volunteered to complete the questionnaire online. Preschool children have been using screen media since infancy, and the time they spend on-screen time is more than 1 hour per day. The digital media most used were mobile phones (91.6%), followed by television (86.1%) and computers (61%). The parents realized the impact and the importance of limiting time of screen media, but it difficult to prevent their children from using it, especially when learning from home. Hence, there is a need different approach to learning from home, especially to manage the duration of screen time for preschool children.

Prevalence and risk factors of asthma among school going children in urban area of North India

Introduction:Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory illness of global importance. Recent reports depict the increasing prevalence of this disorder in urban areas.Methods:An observational study was designed with a sample size of 1163 children from grade 4 to grade 12, involving 8 randomly selected schools in 2015-2016. Modified International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood [ISAAC] questionnaire in local language [Hindi version] was used for data collection. The data of assessed risk factors were collected and analysed.Results:Prevalence of asthma in the studied population was 2.8%. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association of risk of asthma with use of firewood kitchener for cooking, keeping pet animals at home, high body mass index (BMI), absence of ventilator measures like chimney and aero-vent. Logistic regression analysis revealed use of firewood kitchener for cooking (odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.93-11.3), absence of smoke outlet (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.8) and keeping pet animals (OR 3.2, CI 1.6-6.8) at home were observed to be significantly associated with asthma.Conclusion:Prevalence of asthma in our cohort was significantly lesser than that of developed world. Household smoke was the most conspicuous risk factor contributory to childhood asthma in this part of world.

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, Anemia, and Undernutrition Among School-Children in An Elementary School in North Jakarta, Indonesia

The strategy to control soil-transmitted helminth (STH) is through periodic deworming to eliminate infective worms among children. Helminthiasis is known to impair the nutrition and physical status of infected children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and relationship between nutritional status and infection among School-Age Children (SAC) following deworming campaigns in Public Elementary School 6 Cilincing, North Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was a cross-sectional analytical observation on 82 children sampled using the Kato Katz approach during the period of August and November 2019. Nutritional status was determined using the standardized AnthroPlus Software while the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to statistically analyze the data. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on hygiene and deworming pill consumption. Results showed that 7.3% of 82 children were infected with at least one of the following STH parasites: Ascaris lumbricoides accounts (n=3, 3.7%), Trichuris trichiura (n=2, 2.4%), and Enterobius vermicularis (n=1, 1.2%). Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin concentration of <8-11.9 g/dL for the age group of 8-13 years old. Of all participants, 10 (12%) were anemic. The proportion of children representing mild and moderate anemia were 4% and 6%, respectively. The prevalence of infection was not associated with anemia and STH infection did not present significant association with undernutrition statusAlmost children practiced hand washing before eating (93.9%). About 96% of children had pit latrines and only 24 children (29.5%) took deworming pills in the last 6 months. Thus, routine anthelminthic treatment for school children in urban areas is necessary.

The Effect of Parenting Quality on Child Development at 36–48 Months in China’s Urban Area: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study

Environmental exposures, especially parenting quality, are critical for later child development. This study aimed to determine the status of parenting quality and suspected development delay of preschool children in China’s urban area and explore the associations between these two factors. The research was based on a birth cohort study conducted in Changsha, Hunan province, China. We used the Parenting Assessment Tool and Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3), to measure parenting quality and child development status, respectively. Other data were collected from maternal health manuals and self-administered questionnaires during the follow-up period. The generalized estimating equation was used to examine whether parenting quality was significantly associated with child development outcomes. In the study, good parenting quality was 33.6% measured at 18 months, and suspected development delay was below 10% at 36–48 months among urban China; we observed negative associations between parenting quality scores and child development scores; poor parenting quality had a negative association with suspected development delay [OR and 95% CI: 2.74 (1.17, 6.40)], girls [OR and 95% CI: 0.33 (0.16, 0.69)] and maternal education years (>12 years) [OR and 95% CI: 0.27 (0.12, 0.64)] were protective factors for suspected development delay. Our findings highlighted the importance of good parenting quality among children in urban areas of China through a birth cohort study and may be used to reduce the children at high risk of developmental delay as a future intervention program.

Ambient PM2.5 and its chemical constituents on lifetime-ever pneumonia in Chinese children: A multi-center study

The long-term effects of ambient PM2.5 and chemical constituents on childhood pneumonia were still unknown. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30,315 children in the China Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project, involving 205 preschools in six cities in China, to investigate the long-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia. Information on the lifetime-ever pneumonia and demographics were collected by validated questionnaires. The lifetime annual average ambient PM2.5, ozone and five main PM2.5 constituents, including SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC), were estimated according to preschool addresses by a combination of satellite remote sensing, chemical transport modeling and ground-based monitors. The prevalence of lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia was 34.5% across six cities and differed significantly among cities (p = 0.004). The two-level logistic regression models showed that the adjusted odds ratio for PM2.5 (per 10 µg/m3) and its constituents (per 1 µg/m3)-SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, and OM were 1.12 (95% CI:1.07–1.18), 1.02 (1.00–1.04), 1.06 (1.04–1.09), 1.05 (1.03–1.07) and 1.09 (1.06–1.12), respectively. Children in urban area, aged < 5 years and breastfeeding time < 6 months enhanced the risks of pneumonia. Our study provided robust results that long-term levels of ambient PM2.5 and its constituents increased the risk of childhood pneumonia, especially NH4+, NO3− and OM.

Urinary Metabolites of Pyrethroid Insecticide in Relation to GABA Level and Hand Wipes Sample of Young Children in Urban Area, Bangkok Thailand

Exposure to pyrethroids were commonly used in households affects the nervous system in children. Data on pyrethroids exposure were related to neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is unknown. This study was investigated relationship between 3-PBA metabolite and GABA concentration, hand wipes and determine factors related to pyrethroids metabolite among young children in urban areas. Children aged 2-3 years were provided urine sample (n = 80), and their mothers completed a questionnaire. Urine samples were analyzed for the 3-PBA metabolite and hand wipes samples were analyzed pyrethroids contamination. Both were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC/MS). GABA was analyzed from urine sample using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA). Spearman correlations were used to determine relationship between 3-PBA metabolite and GABA concentrations, hand wipes sample and binary logistic regression were used to determine association between 3-BPA metabolite and factor variables. Our results were presented that an increase of 3-PBA metabolite concentration was significantly correlated with low GABA concentration in urine children sample (rs = -0.230, p-value 0.004). Moreover, the increase of 3-PBA metabolite was significantly associated with increase hand wipes sample (including cypermethrin and allethrin) (rs = 0.226, p-value &lt; 0.05). In addition, genders and always walk bare feet inside household in a day were significantly associated with increased 3-PBA metabolite concentration (p-value = 0.041, OR = 0.333, 95%CI 0.116 - 0.956) and (p-value = 0.009, OR = 6.789, 95%CI 1.597 - 28.854), respectively. Hence, these factors could affect the levels of the neurotransmitter GABA in pyrethroids-exposed children. We suggest that should be provided education, awareness and management to reduce the risk from long-term PYR insecticide exposure of children living in households. Key words: 3-PBA metabolite, GABA, hand wipes sample, children, households

High Proportion of School Aged Children Susceptible to Mumps Virus Infections in the City of Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It be Included in the National Immunization Programme?

Aim: This study for the first time in Mwanza, Tanzania aimed at determining seropositivity of mumps virus in school aged children who are targeted for vaccination.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted in the city of Mwanza from July to September 2018.&#x0D; Despite being common with reported associated complications in many resource limited countries, there is scarcity of information on its epidemiology in Tanzania.&#x0D; Methodology: We enrolled 440 school children aged 6-12 years. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured data collection tool. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used for detection of mumps virus antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data was analyzed using STATA version 13, 2013.&#x0D; Results: The median age of enrolled children was 9(IQR: 8-11) years. The seropositivity of mumps IgG antibodies was found to be 94(21.4%, 95% CI: 17.5-25.1) while that of IgM was 1 (0.23%, 95% CI: 0.02-0.6). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, residing in rural areas (OR: 2.28, 95% 1.42-3.36, P=0.001) and age &gt;10 years (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.03-2.7, P=0.036) independently predicted mumps IgG seropositivity.&#x0D; Conclusion: A significant proportion of young children in urban areas of the city of Mwanza are susceptible to mumps virus infection indicating the need to generate more data across the country so as to institute appropriate control measures including measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination programme.

Addressing Food Insecurity through a Health Equity Lens: a Case Study of Large Urban School Districts during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. To prevent the exacerbation of health disparities, there is a need to understand the implementation of meal distribution among large urban school districts during emergencies and to what degree these strategies provide equitable meal access. Our case study of four large urban school districts during the COVID-19 pandemic aims to address these knowledge gaps. Guided by the Getting to Equity (GTE) framework, we conducted a mixed-methods study evaluating emergency meal distribution and strategy implementation in four large urban school districts (Chicago Public Schools, Houston Independent School District, Los Angeles Unified School District, and New York City Department of Education). We gathered data from school district websites on (1) meal service and delivery sites and (2) district documents, policies, communication, and resources. Using qualitative coding approaches, we identified unique and shared district strategies to address meal distribution and communications during the pandemic according to the four components of the GTE framework: increase healthy options, reduce deterrents, build on community capacity, and increase social and economic resources. We matched district census tract boundaries to demographic data from the 2018 American Community Survey and United States Department of Agriculture food desert data, and used geographic information systems (GIS) software to identify meal site locations relative to student population, areas of high poverty and high minority populations, and food deserts. We found that all districts developed strategies to optimize meal provision, which varied across case site. Strategies to increase healthy options included serving adults and other members of the general public, providing timely information on meal site locations, and promoting consumption of a balanced diet. The quantity and frequency of meals served varied, and the degree to which districts promoted high-quality nutrition was limited. Reducing deterrents related to using inclusive language and images and providing safety information on social distancing practices in multiple languages. Districts built community capacity through partnering with first responder, relief, and other community organizations. Increased social and economic resources were illustrated by providing technology assistance to families, childcare referrals for essential workers, and other wellness resources. Geospatial analysis suggests that service locations across cities varied to some degree by demographics and food environment, with potential gaps in reach. This study identifies strategies that have the potential to increase equitable access to nutrition assistance programs. Our findings can support (1) ongoing efforts to address child food insecurity during the pandemic and (2) future meal provision through programs like the Summer Food Service Program and Seamless Summer Option. Future research should further examine the rationale behind meal site placement and how site availability changed over time.

Comparison of effects of air pollution on children between urban and rural area in west Bengal, India

Abstract Background Air pollution is a serious problem in India. According to World Bank's data in 2015, about 660 million people were categorized as poor (US$3.20 per day per capita) in India and the proportion to total the population was 50.4 %. Even though the number and proportion are large, the effects on the poor people have not been studied very well. We measured the effects of air pollution on children of the poor and compared between urban and rural area in West Bengal, India. Methods 24 male students (12.5 ± 0.8 years) in urban area (Kolkata) and 20 male students (12.5 ± 0.5 years) in rural area (Jata) were recruited. We measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), which was index of airway inflammation and checked allergic symptoms. The survey was conducted in January (dry season) and August (rainy season) 2019 to confirm a seasonal difference. Air quality index (AQI) in each area was used for index of air pollution. Results Average AQI was 335 (Kolkata) and 155 (Haldia: near Jata) for 2 months from December 2018 to January 2019, while average AQI was 51 (Kolkata) and 38 (Haldia) for 2 months from July to August 2019. As for FeNO in dry season, the value in Kolkata was 24.9 ± 16.1 and the value in Jata was 11.7 ± 3.5. As for FeNO in rainy season, the value in Kolkata was 22.3 ± 17.5 and the value in Jata was 16.8 ± 6.7. The value of FeNO in Kolkata was higher than Jata in either season. Although a seasonal difference was not detected in Kolkata, the value in dry season was lower than in rainy season in Jata. The prevalence of allergic symptoms in dry season was higher than in rainy season in Kolkata. On the other hand, there was no difference in the prevalence between dry and rainy season in Jata. Conclusions Even though AQI and the prevalence of allergic symptoms decreased, the value of FeNO did not decrease in Kolkata. Because AQI decreased, indoor air pollution might have influenced on airway. It is supposed that prevention of indoor air pollution is important. Key messages Airway of children in urban area may be influenced on by air pollution more than in rural area. Indoor air pollution may influence on children of the poor more than outdoor air pollution.

Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan

BackgroundIn the current era, malnutrition among children considers main reason of morbidity and mortality in the world scenario while more specifically in developing countries. Malnutrition in children severely affects their physical growth and academic achievements. This study aimed to find out the effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition, children aged under 5 years in Multan district of Punjab province, Pakistan. The study used the data of 2497 children, obtained from Multiple Integrated Cluster Survey 2018 and employed Binary logistic regression approach for empirical estimation the effects of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children.ResultsEmpirical estimates of the study specified the prevalence of higher frequency of stunting (18.58), wasting (28.43) and underweight (19.54) among children particularly in rural areas of the study district Multan. Stunting status was significantly associated with children of some month (OR = 1.247, CI 95% 0.543–1.546), family size (OR = 0.589, CI 95% 0.431–3.715), maternal education (OR = 1.432, CI 95% 0.528–1.972), wealth quintile (OR = 2.174, CI 95% 1.234–3.376) and sanitation facility (OR = 0.789, CI 95% 0.627–1.987). Wasting status was mostly correlated with male children (OR = 1.208, CI 95% 0.769–1.352), children of urban areas (OR = 0.594, CI 95% 0.476–1.987) and food shortage (OR = 1.367, CI 95% 0.782–2.543). Underweight status was close relationship with male gender (OR = 1.213, CI 95% 0.821–2.897), incomplete immunization (OR = 1.342, CI 95% 1.041–2.658) and treated water access (OR = 0.689, CI 95% 0.542–2.743).ConclusionIn this study, prevalence of higher-level malnutrition was estimated due to lower socioeconomic status among major population in the community specifically in rural areas. The government needs to enhance economic opportunities, promote healthcare education, increase nutritional access and generate improving personal hygiene habits through appropriate economic, political and social policy measures. The outcome of these policies will enhance individual economic resources; ensure nutritional safety, increasing maternal schooling and helpful for improving child health.

Effect of Elementary School-Based Health Centers in Georgia on the Use of Preventive Services

This study measures effects on the receipt of preventive care among children enrolled in Georgia's Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program associated with the implementation of new elementary school-based health centers. The study sites differed by geographic environment and predominant race/ethnicity (rural white, non-Hispanic; black, small city; and suburban Hispanic). A quasi-experimental treatment/control cohort study used Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program claims/enrollment data for children in school years before implementation (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) versus after implementation (2013-2014 to 2016-2017) of school-based health centers to estimate effects on preventive care among children with (treatment) and without (control) access to a school-based health center. Data analysis was performed in 2017-2019. There were 1,531 unique children in the treatment group with an average of 4.18 school years observed and 1,737 in the control group with 4.32 school years observed. A total of 1,243 Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program-insured children in the treatment group used their school-based health centers. Significant increases in well-child visits (5.9 percentage points, p<0.01) and influenza vaccination (6.9 percentage points, p<0.01) were found for children with versus without a new school-based health center. This represents a 15% increase from the pre-implementation percentage (38.8%) with a well-child visit and a 25% increase in influenza vaccinations. Increases were found only in the 2 school-based health centers with predominantly minority students. The 18.7 percentage point (p<0.01) increase in diet/counseling among obese/overweight Hispanic children represented a doubling from a 15.3% baseline. Implementation of elementary school-based health centers increased the receipt of key preventive care among young, publicly insured children in urban areas of Georgia, with potential reductions in racial and ethnic disparities.

Micronutrient Fortification of Commercially Available Biscuits Is Predicted to Have Minimal Impact on Prevalence of Inadequate Micronutrient Intakes: Modeling of National Dietary Data From Cameroon.

ABSTRACTBackgroundVoluntarily fortified snack products are increasingly available but are not necessarily formulated to meet known dietary nutrient gaps, so potential impacts on population micronutrient intake adequacy are uncertain.ObjectivesWe modeled the impacts of hypothetical micronutrient-fortified biscuits on inadequate micronutrient intake in children and women of reproductive age (WRA) in Cameroon.MethodsIn a nationally representative survey stratified by macro-region (North, South, and Yaoundé/Douala), 24-h dietary recall data were collected from 883 children aged 12–59 mo and from 912 WRA. We estimated usual nutrient intake by the National Cancer Institute method for vitamin A, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and iron. We simulated the impact of biscuit fortification on prevalence of micronutrient intake below the estimated average requirement, given observed biscuit consumption, in the presence and absence of large-scale food fortification (LSFF) programs.ResultsBiscuit consumption in the prior 24-h by children and WRA, respectively, ranged from 4.5% and 1.5% in the South, to 20.7% and 5.9% in Yaoundé/Douala. In the absence of LSFF programs, biscuits fortified with retinol (600 μg/100 g), folic acid (300 μg/100 g), and zinc (8 mg/100 g) were predicted to reduce the prevalence of inadequacy among children by 10.3 ± 4.4, 13.2 ± 4.2, and 12.0 ± 6.1 percentage points, respectively, in Yaoundé/Douala. However, when existing vitamin A–fortified oil, and folic acid–fortified and zinc-fortified wheat flour programs were considered, the additional impacts of fortified biscuits were reduced substantially. Micronutrient-fortified biscuits were predicted to have minimal impact on dietary inadequacy in WRA, with or without LSFF programs.ConclusionsGiven observed patterns of biscuit consumption in Cameroon, biscuit fortification is unlikely to reduce dietary inadequacy of studied micronutrients, except possibly for selected nutrients in children in urban areas in the absence of LSFF programs. As voluntary fortification becomes increasingly common, modeling studies could help guide efforts to ensure that fortified products align with public health goals.

The Under 5 Age Children in Urban Area of Sangareddy, Telangana

Background: Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual) 1 . Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without water and salts that are necessary for survival. In urban setting, diarrhoea is more common in the slum dwelling children who live in an environment with poor sanitary facilities and polluted water 2 Aim and Objective: To estimate the prevalence of acute diarrhoeal diseases among the children below 5 years of age. Material and Methodology: Cross sectional type of study conducted in children of 0-5 years of age using pre designed, pretested structured questionnaire. 402 children were selected for the study using convenient sampling technique. Study area was 5 Urban slum pockets in Urban Health and Training Centre(UHTC), Sangareddy, Department of Community Medicine, MNR Medical College, Telangana. Results: Prevalence of acute diarrhoeal diseases was 15.7% among 402 under-fives children from the urban slum, over a recall period of 2 weeks. Among them 207 children were males and 195 were females, of which prevalence of diarrhea was observed more in females 33 (16.9%) when compared to males 30 (14.5%). About 90% of study participants belonged to nuclear family of which most of them belonged to class IV (upper lower) according to Modified Kuppuswamy scale3. Socio environmental conditions of these families were poor. Conclusions: The study brought light on the unmet needs regarding poverty, sanitation, proper disposal of waste water and daily supply of safe potable drinking water and health care delivery.

A Study on the Prevalence of Diarrhoeal Disease among The Under 5 Age Children In Urban Area of Sangareddy, Telangana

Background: Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual) 1 . Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without water and salts that are necessary for survival. In urban setting, diarrhoea is more common in the slum dwelling children who live in an environment with poor sanitary facilities and polluted water 2 Aim and Objective: To estimate the prevalence of acute diarrhoeal diseases among the children below 5 years of age. Material and Methodology: Cross sectional type of study conducted in children of 0-5 years of age using pre designed, pretested structured questionnaire. 402 children were selected for the study using convenient sampling technique. Study area was 5 Urban slum pockets in Urban Health and Training Centre(UHTC), Sangareddy, Department of Community Medicine, MNR Medical College, Telangana. Results: Prevalence of acute diarrhoeal diseases was 15.7% among 402 under-fives children from the urban slum, over a recall period of 2 weeks. Among them 207 children were males and 195 were females, of which prevalence of diarrhea was observed more in females 33 (16.9%) when compared to males 30 (14.5%). About 90% of study participants belonged to nuclear family of which most of them belonged to class IV (upper lower) according to Modified Kuppuswamy scale3. Socio environmental conditions of these families were poor. Conclusions: The study brought light on the unmet needs regarding poverty, sanitation, proper disposal of waste water and daily supply of safe potable drinking water and health care delivery.

Tailoring Immunization Programmes: using patient file data to explore vaccination uptake and associated factors

ABSTRACT Vaccination uptake in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is suboptimal. This study aimed to (1) assess vaccination coverage, timeliness and drop-out for children born in 2015 and 2016 and compare these with official administrative coverage estimates, (2) identify associations between characteristics of children/caregivers and vaccination uptake. This was a cross-sectional study based on patient files for children 12–23 months (n = 1800) and 24–35 months (n = 1800). Methods were adapted from the World Health Organization cluster survey methodology. A two-stage stratified sampling procedure was conducted in urban and rural strata. A structured paper-based form was completed by a pediatrician/nurse from randomly selected primary care centers and patient files. Estimates were based on weighted analysis with a 95% confidence interval to account for the survey sampling design. Vaccination coverage was consistent with administrative coverage levels for BCG, DTP and MMR, and lower for HepB; all considerably lower than regional targets. Children in urban areas had lower vaccination uptake. An assumption that anti-vaccination sentiment prevails among caregivers was not confirmed; only 2% of children were not vaccinated at all, instead challenges related to delays and drop-out. An assumption of caregiver concerns for the MMR vaccine was confirmed with low uptake and delays. The FBiH has experienced vaccination schedule changes due to supply issues; findings confirmed that sustainability in supply and schedule is high priority. These data are new and provide important information for developing strategies to increase uptake.

Prediction model of overweight and obesity in primary school children in urban areas

Background: Overweight and obesity can occur both in children to adulthood. The prevalence of obesity for children aged 5-12 years is still high at 18.8% consisting of 10.8% overweight and obese at 8.8%. The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased in various countries including Indonesia. The results of previous data collection shows that the proportion of fat and obesity is quite high at 34.5%.Methods: This type of research is a cross sectional study because the independent and dependent variables are measured at the same time. The sample was a portion of elementary school children in SD Kramat Pela Kebayoran Baru. Case samples are elementary school children who are overweight and obese (weight/height &gt;1.0 SD) as many as 35 children and the control sample is elementary school children with normal weight/height ≤1.0 SD as many as 35 children.Results: From the results of the analysis of physical activity variables showed that the group of children who are overweight or obese have an average activity lower than normal school children. Odds ratio analysis shows that the risk of being obese or obese is 18.1 times in inactive children compared to active ones (95% CI: 4.60-70.9). Screen time analysis with the incidence of obesity did not show significance.Conclusions: Growth monitoring needs to be pursued regularly so that efforts to control obesity in school children can be done.

Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis and Associated Risk Factors in 6 to 12 Years Schoolchildren From Wuhan in Central China: A Cross-sectional Study.

Over the past decade, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) in China increased and showed a trend of younger age. The clinical features of AR in primary schoolchildren are still not clear enough. To investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of AR among 6- to 12-year-old children in the central region of China. Children from 6 primary schools were randomly selected from urban area of Wuhan, which lies in the central region of China. The questionnaires were distributed by mobile APP and filled out by the children and their parents online together. AR was diagnosed by Score for Allergic Rhinitis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for AR. A total of 5550 valid questionnaires were returned for evaluation. The prevalence of AR among 6- to 12-year-old children in urban area of Wuhan was 28.6%. Multivariate analysis revealed that male (odds ratio [OR] = 1.521, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.335, 1.732]), family history of atopy (OR = 3.220, 95% CI = [2.818, 3.681]), previous food allergy (OR = 1.590, 95% CI = [1.302, 1.942]), air purifier (OR = 1.420, 95% CI = [1.240, 1.625]), exposure to dust (OR = 1.764, 95% CI = [1.410, 2.207]), maternal exposure to smoke during pregnancy (OR = 1.242, 95% CI = [1.047, 1.473]), living in towns (OR = 1.468, 95% CI = [1.043, 2.006]) or metropolis (OR = 1.629, 95% CI = [1.205, 2.201]) before 2 years old, frequent application of antibiotics are risk factors for AR, while daily outdoor time for more than 1 hour (OR = 0.770, 95% CI = [0.673, 0.881]) and breastfeeding for more than 6 months (OR = 0.799, 95% CI = [0.701, 0.910]) reduced the risk significantly. We found an unexpectedly high prevalence of AR among primary schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in the central region of China. Both genetic and environmental factors were associated with the development of AR.

COVID-19-Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children.

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing substantial morbidity and mortality, straining health care systems, shutting down economies, and closing school districts. While it is a priority to mitigate its immediate impact, we want to call attention to the pandemic's longer-term effect on children's health: COVID-19, via these school closures, may exacerbate the epidemic of childhood obesity and increase disparities in obesity risk. In many areas of the U.S., the COVID-19 pandemic has closed schools and some of these school systems are not expected to re-open this school year. The experiences in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore suggest that social distancing orders, if lifted after short periods, will have to be periodically re-instated to control COVID-19 flare ups. In short, we anticipate that the COVID-19 pandemic will likely double out-of-school time this year for many children in the U.S. and will exacerbate the risk factors for weight gain associated with summer recess.

KERAGAMAN MAKANAN DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA: ANALISIS SURVEI KONSUMSI MAKANAN INDIVIDU (SKMI)

Food consumption is one of the vital things that can determine the nutritional status of children. One indicator of the dietary quality of children is dietary diversity. This analysis was carried out to analyze dietary diversity and its relationship to the nutritional status of under-five children in Indonesia. The analysis was carried out on the data of the Individual Food Consumption Survey (IFCS). A total of 5,395 children were sampled in this analysis. Food consumption was collected through 24hr recall. The dependent variable in this analysis is the nutritional status of children (weight for age). The main independent variable is dietary diversity. The results of the analysis show that the types of food consumed most by children under five in Indonesia are cereals, roots, and tubers while the types of food groups that are the least consumed are fruits and nuts. The results of the analysis also show that the higher the age, mother's education and the economic level, the more diverse the consumption of food. The diversity of consumption is also higher for children in urban areas. The results of the analysis show that the diversity of food consumed by infants is related to nutritional status. Less diverse consumption mainly increases the risk of children experiencing severe underweight, even though this relationship is weak. Conversely, less diverse consumption reduces the risk of overweight .

The Relationship Among Nutrition Knowledge, Vegetable Diet, Nutrition Status of Don Bosco Elementary Students, Manado

Children in urban area tend to abandon healthy diet, since there are a lot of fast food options available around. In general, children valued the importance of nutrition, but they did not concern the health benefit of foods in food selections. Their dietary quality was not satisfactory, and the diet of most children did not meet the recommended serving requirements for vegetable, fruit, cereal and milk. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship among Nutrition knowledge, vegetables diet and Nutritional Status of Elementary Students at Don Bosco Catholic School Manado. This is a cross sectional study in which we explored the nutritional status of Don Bosco Elementary Students based on nutrition knowledge, vegetable diet and Body Mass Index with questionnaire instrument, anthropometric measurements from June to August 2019. The nutritional status of Don Bosco Elementary School students based on body mass index (BMI) shows that students with normal and overweight nutritional status share an equal comparison that is 1:1 (50%), while the level of student knowledge about nutrition was dominated by students with poor knowledge that is 67.7%. This is also in line with the pattern of vegetables consuming which is also poor at 56.3%. Based on the results of Chi-Square analysis there is no significant relationship between the levels of nutritional knowledge of students with vegetable consumption patterns. Conversely, there is no relationship between the levels of nutritional knowledge of students with nutritional status based on Body Mass Index (BMI).