Children In Rural Areas Research Articles

Local Red Culture under the Background of the Whole Environment Research and Practice on the Enlightenment of Red Morality of Preschool Children in Rural Areas—A Case Study of Kindergartens in Zhaojue County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province

This study focuses on the study and practice of local red culture on the enlightenment of rural preschool children's red morality under the background of the whole environment. Taking the kindergarten of Zhaojue County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province as an example, this paper discusses how to incorporate the local red culture into the creation of the kindergarten environment, and generate the kindergart-based curriculum with local characteristics, so as to promote the moral development of rural preschool children.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Protein Energy Malnutrition among Pre School Children in Rural Areas

Children, particularly those in rural areas, are among the most vulnerable to malnutrition, a silent emergency recognized by organizations such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). This study delves into the complexities of undernutrition, specifically Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), among pre-school children aged 3-6 years in rural regions. The research aims to estimate the prevalence of PEM, identify associated factors, and analyze various feeding practices contributing to malnutrition. Data collection was conducted through survey methods, encompassing 3-6-year-old children, revealing alarming statistics. Findings from 20 article papers underscored that 27.96% of pre-school children were underweight, with 6.71% severely underweight. Notably, 42.78% of children lacking energy-dense foods, as per Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), experienced malnutrition. Additionally, more than one-third of children suffered from underweight due to PEM. The study highlights the elevated risk of malnutrition among children with low birth weights, shorter interpregnancy intervals, higher birth orders, and inadequate breastfeeding and immunization practices. These insights underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the multifaceted challenges contributing to PEM among rural pre-school children.

Socio-Ecologic Influences on Weight Trajectories Among Children with Obesity Living in Rural and Urban Settings.

Background: Childhood obesity is a risk factor for poor cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory health. The studies examining influences of socio-ecologic factors on weight trajectories using longitudinal data are limited, often examine single measures (e.g., proximity to parks), and have not examined the specific trajectories of children with obesity. Methods: We examined influences on weight among 1518 children, 6-12 years of age, who had obesity using body mass index (BMI) criteria. BMI slope trajectories were categorized as decreasing, flat, or increasing, with a median of 2.1 years of follow-up. We examined socio-ecologic exposures, stratified by rural and urban settings, using census tracts to map indices, including food access, proximity to parks, normalized difference vegetation index, and area deprivation index (ADI). We used ordinal logistic regression to examine the associations between the socio-ecologic factors and BMI trajectories. Results: Among the 1518 children, 360 (24%) had a decreasing BMI trajectory with the remainder having flat (23%) or increasing (53%) trajectories. Children in rural areas were more likely to live in high disadvantage areas, 85%, compared with urban children, 46%. In the multivariable ordinal model, living in a lower ADI census tract had a 0.78 (95% CI 0.61-0.99) lower odds of being in an increasing BMI slope group, and no other socio-ecologic factor was associated. Conclusions: The area deprivation index captures a range of resources and social context compared with the built environment indicators, which had no association with BMI trajectory. Further work examining how to develop effective interventions in high deprivation areas is warranted.

Effectiveness of Nutrition Education as Intervention on Complementary Feeding Practices & Growth of Children in Rural Area

Background: The first 2years of a child's, feeding-pattern is an important determinant of childhood-malnutrition. Nutritional education on complementary feeding was provided, and the impact on Minimum-Meal-Diversity [MMD], Minimum-Meal-Frequency [MMF] & the children's growth, was evaluated & compared between the education-intervention group and the control group. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2villages of Vijayapura-district 5Anganwadi from each village was selected for study and compared. Primary-outcome: improvement in MMD, MMF Secondary-outcome: weight for age Z-score [WAZ], weight for age Z-score [HAZ] &mid-arm-circumference. Results: Overall education-intervention-group showed better weight-gain than control-arm significant-difference was observed in WAZi.e1.36 v/s1 (p<0.0017*) & HAZ-3.82 v/s -4 (p<0.00078*) respectively. In Intervention-arm mothers following MMF significantly increased &was statistically significant. There was a significant rise in the percentage of mothers in the intervention group who adopted MMD for their children. (p<0.0001*). Gender differences in mean WAZ scores &HAZ were observed in both groups persistently throughout the study period & were statistically significant. Conclusion: Program interventions need to understand the local practices &needs of mothers & tailor interventions and nutritional education to improve child feeding practices including hygienic practices with regular follow-ups, is vital to prevent the vicious cycle of malnutrition.

Urban Rural Differences on Accessing Patient- Centered Medical Home Among Children With Mental/Developmental Health Conditions/Disorders.

To address healthcare spending growth and coordinated primary care, most states in the United States have adopted patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs). To evaluate urban rural difference on accessing PCMH among US children, particularly for children with developmental disabilities (DDs) and mental health disorders (MHDs). This cross-sectional study used the 2016-2018 National Survey for Children's Health (NSCH). Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between accessing PCMHs and rurality and mental/developmental conditions/disorders. Children with both DDs and MHDs were statistically significantly higher in rural areas (10.9% rural vs. 8.3% urban, p ≤ .001). Children in rural areas reported higher odds of accessing PCMHs (14%) among all U.S. children, but no differences by subgroups for children with MHDs and/or DDs. Compared with children without DDs/MHDs, the reduction in access to PCMHs varies by children's health status (41% reduction for children both DDs and MHDs, 25% reduction for children with MHDs without DDs) effects. Children with MHDs/DDs were less likely to receive family-centered care, care coordination, and referrals. Quality improvements through PCMHs could focus on family-centered care, care coordination, and referrals. Patient-centered medical home performance measurement could be improved to better measure mental health integration and geographical differences.

Prevalence of Postural Deformities Among School Going Children in Rural Areas Due To School Furniture: A Cross-Sectional Study

Posture is an upright position that is generally kept against gravity. Body posture is influenced by many factors including general health, musculoskeletal alignment, body endurance, muscle strength, weight, height, fatigue, state of mind, and age etc. The perfect collaboration between segments of the body is called good posture. The imperfect collaboration between segments of the body is called bad posture. Abnormal body posture can cause various musculoskeletal disorders along with headache, fatigue, cervical and lumber pain. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in school going children can be reduced by macro and micro ergonomic approach such as postural awareness, furniture design and bag pack loads carriage. School pupils sit for many of their classroom lessons and adopt different postures. An inappropriate body posture can destroy a student’s interest, even during the most stimulating lecture. School children attend schools for a considerable amount of time, 6 h a day on average. They spend the largest part of their time at school performing different related activities, which lead them to be seated on their seats constantly for a long time. Classroom furniture is usually not designed to accommodate the dimensions of the individual user. Considering that school is an ideal setting for the acquisition of healthy habits that can continue into adulthood, it is necessary to implement actions to identify ideal school furniture dimensions.

The High Seropositivity of Mumps Virus IgG Antibodies among School-Aged Children in Rural Areas of the Mbarali District in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania: It Is High Time for Consideration in the National Immunization Program.

Mumps is an acute contagious viral disease caused by paramyxovirus characterized by complications that include orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, and spontaneous abortion among many others. This study reports high mumps IgG seropositivity among school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region, information that might be useful in understanding the epidemiology of mumps and instituting appropriate control measures including vaccination. Between May and July 2023, a cross-sectional study involving 196 enrolled children aged 5-13 years was conducted. Sociodemographic information and other relevant information were collected using a structured data collection tool. Blood samples were collected and used to detect mumps immunoglobulin G antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A descriptive analysis was performed using STATA version 15. The median age of the enrolled children was 13 (interquartile range (IQR): 8-13) years. The seropositivity of mumps IgG antibodies was 88.8% (174/196, 95% CI: 83.5-92.5). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, history of fever (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 1.02-28.22, p = 0.047) and sharing utensils (OR: 8.05, 95% CI: 1.99-32.65, p = 0.003) independently predicted mumps IgG seropositivity. More than three-quarters of school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region are mumps IgG-seropositive, which is significantly associated with the sharing of utensils and history of fever. This suggests that the virus is endemic in this region, which calls for further studies across the country so as to institute evidence-based, appropriate control measures including a vaccination program.

Knowledge, Practice and Attitude of Mothers for Ophthalmic Problems in Children in Rural Areas- A Cross-Sectional Study

Early years are crucial for eye development. Parents are responsible for children's eye care decisions. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and understanding of the practices among mothers regarding eye disorders and visual impairments in their children in rural areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, practice, and attitude of rural mothers regarding eye problems in children. Results: 385 mothers participated in study. 47.3% were aged 41-50. 29.9% had completed graduation, while 16.1% were illiterate. Knowledge was scored from 2.00 to 14.00, with >7 being very knowledgeable, > 4 but ≤ 7 being somewhat knowledgeable, and ≤ 4 being not knowledgeable. Practice was scored from 0 to 5, with ≥ 3 indicating good practice, >1 to ≤ 3 indicating somewhat practicing, and ≤ 1 indicating poor practicing. Mothers had good knowledge of ophthalmic problems (99.4%). Attitude was scored from 0 to 10, with scores ≥ 6 indicating good attitude. Lack of time and convenience was the main reason for not seeking eye care (70.1%). Parents' knowledge of ophthalmic problems significantly correlated with their attitude and practice (r = 0.546, p < 0.01 and r = 0.602, p < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, parents' attitude was significantly correlated with their practice (r = 0.390, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Mothers' knowledge, practice, and attitude play a key role in detecting and diagnosing the early signs of ophthalmic problems like refractive errors, strabismus, allergic conjunctivitis, and amblyopia.

Health Education of Dental and Oral Health as a Preventive Action for Children in Rural Areas

Good dental health is what everyone expects, but in fact, public attention to dental and oral health is still quite low, most people underestimate the health of their teeth. This can be seen in the many cases of dental caries and cavities. Symptoms of dental pain begin with the occurrence of dental caries and will continue to become large and affect the dental nerves, causing pain. This incident is because most parents pay less attention to the dental health of children under five, especially the lack of attention in brushing their teeth at night and also getting used to consuming formula milk in toddlers before going to bed. Therefore it is necessary to carry out socialization regarding efforts to maintain dental and oral health to obtain maximum body health. The socialization program was carried out with lectures and demonstrations using video media, posters and dental displays. The socialization activities went well and smoothly with the high enthusiasm of the participants in listening, asking, and answering questions so that a pleasant atmosphere was created and the participants were able to practice how to brush their teeth properly. So it can be concluded that the socialization program that was carried out was effective in increasing knowledge and awareness of dental and oral health in children in rural areas.

Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Background Andhra Pradesh (AP) is one of the states in India found to have districts with endemic fluoride and YSR Kadapa district is one among them. Fluorosis is a well-known endemic disease affecting the hard tissues of the human body like teeth and bone and soft tissues like the kidneys, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, etc. Dental fluorosis is being proven as a biomarker for exposure to fluoride. This study evaluated the toxicity of fluoride in drinking water on the teeth (dental fluorosis) and on the bones (skeletal fluorosis) in YSR Kadapa district, AP. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was done in schools in the study areas and a total of488 school children aged between eight to 14 years were screened for fluorosis. Consent from parents or legal representatives was taken. The information regarding personal details, source of drinking water, diet, and socio-demographic characteristics was obtained from children through a questionnaire. Oral examination of teeth was done to assess dental fluorosis by the Deans's fluorosis index and a general physical examination to assess skeletal fluorosis as per guidelines given by the Central Government of India in the National Program for Prevention of Fluorosis in India. Fluoride in drinking watersamples and urine samples of school children was assessedby a fluoride ion meter. Statistical analysis was done using IBMSPSSStatistics for Windows, Version 25, (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Descriptive statistics were used to assess the percentage distribution and Chi-square test of Independence for comparison between variables. Results Themean fluoride levelsin water in the study areas ranged between 1.5mg/l to 4.2mg/l andthere was a prevalence of 44.05% dental fluorosis and 0% skeletal fluorosis in the school children. A total of 48.47% of girls and 40.64% of boys were affected with dental fluorosis. A prevalence of 23.06% mild, 22.1% moderate, 5.31% very mild, and 4.55% severe dental fluorosis was observed in the examined children. Conclusion Our study results showed the presence of dental fluorosis with no clinical evidence of skeletal fluorosis amongschool children in the YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. This indicates the fluoride toxicity on teeth in children confirming the exposure to fluoride in the YSR Kadapa district. So, further long-term follow-up surveys are necessary to evaluate skeletal fluorosis in these children though there was no clinicalskeletal fluorosis. This highlights thatmeasures needto be enforced by the local governance for the supply of defluorinated water in these areas.

Stunting Among Children Under Two Years in the Islands Areas: A Cross-sectional Study of the Maluku Region in Indonesia, 2021.

The Maluku region encompasses thousands of islands. The study analyzed factors related to stunting among children under two years old in the Maluku Region of Indonesia. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. This cross-sectional study examined 4764 children under two years. In addition to nutritional status (stature), the study analyzed ten independent variables (province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, gender, and early initiation of breastfeeding [EIBF]). Finally, the contribution of various factors to stunting was examined using logistic regression. Children in Maluku province were 1.13 times more likely than those in North Maluku province to become stunted. In addition, children aged 12-13 months were 4.09 times more likely than<12 months, and boys were 1.87 times more likely than girls to have the patterns of stunting. Children in rural areas were 1.10 times more likely to become stunted than those in urban areas (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.14). Divorced/widowed mothers were 1.88 times more likely than married mothers. Mothers of all education levels were more likely than those without formal education, and unemployed mothers were 1.07 times more likely than employed mothers to have stunted children. The possibility of becoming stunted was lower when the children were wealthier. Nine variables were related to stunted incidence, including province, residence, maternal age, marital status, maternal education, employment, wealth, children's age, and gender.

Multilevel needs assessment of physical activity, sport, psychological needs, and nutrition in rural children and adults.

Physical activity yields significant benefits, yet fewer than 1 in 4 youth meet federal guidelines. Children in rural areas from low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds face unique physical activity contextual challenges. In line with Stage 0 with the NIH Stage Model for Behavioral Intervention Development, the objective of the present study was to conduct a community-engaged needs assessment survey with middle school children and adults to identify perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of physical activity, sport, psychological needs, and nutrition from a multi-level lens. A cross-sectional survey data collection was conducted with children (n = 39) and adults (n = 63) from one middle school community in the Midwestern United States. The child sample was 33% 6th grade; 51% 7th grade and was 49% female. The adult sample was primarily between 30 and 39 years old (70%) and comprised predominantly of females (85%). Multi-level survey design was guided by the psychological needs mini-theory within self-determination theory and aimed to identify individual perceptions, barriers, and facilitators in line with the unique context of the community. At the individual level, 71.8% of children and 82.2% of the overall sample (children and adults) were interested in new physical activity/sport programming for their school. Likewise, 89.7% of children and 96.8% of adults agree that PA is good for physical health. For basic psychological needs in the overall sample, relatedness was significantly greater than the autonomy and competence subscales. Children's fruit and vegetable intake were below recommended levels, yet only 43.6% of children were interested in nutritional programming. Conversely, 61.5% indicated interest at increasing leadership skills. At the policy-systems-environmental level, the respondents' feedback indicated that the condition and availability of equipment are areas in need of improvement to encourage more physical activity. Qualitative responses are presented within for physical activity-related school policy changes. Interventions addressing children's physical activity lack sustainability, scalability, and impact due to limited stakeholder involvement and often neglect early behavioral intervention stages. The present study identified perspectives, barriers, and facilitators of physical activity, sport, psychological needs, and nutrition in a multi-level context and forms the initial campus-community partnership between scientists and community stakeholders.

The Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under the Background of Parents Migration

The group of left-behind children in China has long been characterized by large-scale and numerous challenges, among which the education of left-behind children has been the center of attention and a contentious topic. In China, there were 170 million rural migrant laborers by 2022. Rural migration may have a significant positive influence on the families, communities, and work force of the migrants as well as on themselves personally. It is important to investigate how these massive rural migratory workers affect the family unit, particularly their children. The object of this paper is the left-behind children in rural areas under the background of parents migration. There are two main research directions: the first is the behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas under the background of parents migration and the causes and countermeasures of the behavioral problems; the second is the education status of left-behind children in rural areas under the background of parents migration. Children whose parents migrated had a considerably greater overall frequency of behavior problem than children who were not left behind. When one parent migrated, the likelihood of problem behavior in the children was much higher when the mother migrated than when the father migrated. Childrens academic performance is significantly influenced by aspects related to education, including family education spending, involvement in education, and supervision in school.

Environmental exposure to organophosphate pesticides and effects on cognitive functions in elementary school children in a Middle Eastern area.

Although the fundamental reasons for cognitive function disorders have been well documented, little isknown about the impact of environmental exposures, such as pesticides, on children's cognitive function development. This study investigated the effect of exposure to organophosphate pesticides on children's cognitive function. In order to determine various factors of exposure, hair samples were collected from 114 elementary school children who lived in Boyer-Ahmad County in the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran. A detailed questionnaire was utilized to gather demographic information and exposure profile. Pesticides were detected in hair samples using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS); also, cognitive function was assessed using the trail-making test (TMT), which was divided into two parts: TMT-part A and TMT-part B. Participants in the study were 10.12 ± 1.440years old on average. Children in rural areas had higher mean total pesticide concentrations (13.612 ± 22.01ng/g) than those who lived in the urban areas (1.801 ± 1.32). The results revealed that boys (46.44s and 92.37s) completed the TMT-part A and part B tests in less time than girls (54.95s and 109.82s), respectively, and showed better performance (2.14) on the cognitive function exam than girls (2.07). Diazinon and TMT-part B were positively correlated (p < 0.05). With the increasein pesticides, there was no discernible difference in cognitive function. Pesticide use throughout a child's development may affect certain cognitive function indicators. In order to assess causal relationships, group studies and case studies are required because the current research was cross-sectional in nature.

Research on the Correlation Between Anemia and Chronic Malnutrition in School-Age Children in Rural Areas of the Toumodi Health District in Côte d’Ivoire

Introduction: Anemia and chronic malnutrition are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and constitute public health problems. This study was carried out to assess the association between chronic malnutrition and anemia in rural school-age children. Method: This is a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study carried out in the Toumodi health district in central Côte d’Ivoire. Study subjects were selected from children aged 6 to 15 years from rural school areas, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a sample of 588 pupils. The study was carried out in two stages: - The first step was to screen all consenting children for anemia using a Hemocue ®-System. - The second step was to collect anthropometric and biological data: the result of the presence of the malaria parasite in the blood by malaria test and the presence of helminths in the stools. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using Excel and SPSS version 12.0 software respectively. Results: Chronic malnutrition (weight-by-age) accounted for 22.4% of children, while the prevalence of anemia was 70.7%. The percentage of children with a positive malaria test was 57.5%. Helminths were observed in the stools of 52.8% of children. Anemia was correlated with chronic malnutrition and malaria. Moreover, chronically malnourished children were about twice (OR = 1.81) as likely to develop anemia as those who were not. Conclusion: This study revealed a strong association between chronic malnutrition and anemia.

Evaluating the Efficacy of the Institutions and Methods Used to Educate the Public About the Issue of Job Cards, Employment, and Registration in Baramulla District

The present research offers a comprehensive insight into the significance of rural areas in India’s development, focusing on the potential of rural India and the challenges faced by urban areas due to migration, particularly in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. It establishes the importance of rural regions as safety nets and showcases the rise of individuals from these areas in various fields. It delves into the definition of rural areas, their economic activities, and classifications by different organizations, while presenting historical data on poverty, unemployment, and the contribution of rural areas to India's GDP. The essence of rural development is detailed, including provision of basic necessities, respect for individuals, and sustainable employment, keeping in mind the agriculture-dependent nature of rural India. This introduction chapter further explores a plethora of government programs aimed at rural development. These include initiatives such as the Small Farmers Development Agencies (SFDA), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), the Twenty Point Program (TPP), and the Food for Work Program (FWP), all of which collectively address economic empowerment, infrastructure development, and skill enhancement in rural areas. Historical programs such as the Rural Manpower Program and the High-Yielding Variety Program (HYVP) are also discussed.The introduction chapter specifically highlights the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as a landmark initiative providing wage employment to rural households. This initiative is scrutinized closely, with focus on its features like muster rolls, worksite facilities, wage rates, and social audits.The research plan is structured meticulously with well-defined objectives and hypotheses concentrated on evaluating the impact of the MGNREGA program in the Ganderbal and Baramulla districts. It incorporates diverse research areas such as education, variables affecting performance, and stakeholder perspectives.

Assessment of Prevalence of Malnutrition among Under-Five Children in Rural Area of Haldwani

Background: Malnutrition in children is global issue that may have both short- and long-term irreversible negative health consequences.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of under-nutrition among the under-five children inrural area of Haldwani. Material and methods: Community-based cross-sectional study.Results: Four-hundred children were examined. The prevalence of undernutrition among children was depicted as underweight, stunting and wasting was 7.75%, 9.25% and 4% respectivel

A Study on Income Inequality and Nutritional Status of Children in Rural Areas of Jammu and Kashmir: Evidence from Jammu District, India

Children nutritional status is a powerful indicator of nutrition security and well-being of individual and reflects the nutritional and poverty situation of household. Good nutritional status of children under five years of age is very crucial for the foundation of a healthy life. This study is a small attempt to highlight the extent of malnutrition in rural areas of Jammu district on the basis of households’ economic status. It empirically investigates the relationship between income inequality and nutritional status of children under age of five years of age (stunting) in the rural areas of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir. To determine the prevalence of undernutrition among different income groups of rural households, the study uses the data of a primary household survey. In order to measure the level of undernutrition (stunting), gender-specific anthropometric z-scores for height-for-age are calculated by using new child growth standards which are developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The study finds that children from households in the poorest quintile have significantly higher odds of stunting compared to those in the highest income quintile. The study revealed a negative association between income and the prevalence of stunting in the study area. It means the proportion of stunted children under five years of age decreases as the level of income increases among rural households. The study suggests that the government can help improve the nutritional status of children by taking important policy initiatives that addresses income inequality and poverty in rural areas.

Factors Influencing the Mental Health of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas

The problem of left-behind children in rural areas is in existence for many years. Notably, their psychological well-being is the most concerned issue. Scholars previously devoted a great deal of efforts to exploring the causes of the psychological problems of rural left-behind children from school, family and personal aspects, and developed a series of views as a result.This paper intended to summarize and analyze the factors affecting the psychological health of these children from four parts, including family, school, individual and interaction. The aim was to provide guidance for improving the psychological health of rural left-behind children, promoting the well-beings of rural families and social stability in rural areas.

Social-Emotional Interventions for Young Children in Rural Areas: A Single-Case Design Meta-Analysis

For young children with early social-emotional difficulties, early intervention is imperative. A number of interventions are available for young children to promote social-emotional competencies. Yet, little is known regarding the impact of early childhood interventions among rural children. Rural communities have several barriers which impede access to early intervention, and rural children often are at increased risk for social-emotional difficulties. Thus, the purpose of this article is to conduct a meta-analysis of single case design studies of social-emotional interventions that have been implemented within rural settings with young children, in an effort to determine the effects and types of early interventions specific to young children in rural areas. A total of 7 studies with 26 participants and 53 effects comprised the final sample. Findings indicated that all interventions, representing three different component types (i.e., teacher/parent behavior management training, social-emotional competency training, parent involvement/enhancement), produced positive social-emotional outcomes (i.e., improved prosocial behavior and decreased disruptive behavior). Moderating variables (e.g., child characteristics, intervention implementer) that may impact intervention effectiveness were also studied and one variable was significant; specifically, studies published in journals had more impact on outcomes than those which were not published. Implications for future research and policy are provided.