Children In City Research Articles

Where Do We Go from here? Post-pandemic Planning and the Future of Graduate Medical Education.

As the pandemic wanes, there is an opportunity to reevaluate resultant changes in graduate medical education (GME), particularly from the viewpoints of those affected most. We aimed to assess both trainee and faculty perceptions on the educational changes and innovations resulting from the pandemic to inform future educational planning. We surveyed trainees and core education faculty at three New York City children's hospitals. Surveys assessed perceived changes to educational activities, skills, scholarship, effectiveness of virtual teaching, future desirability, and qualitative themes. The survey was completed by 194 participants, including 88 (45.4%) faculty and 106 (54.6%) trainees. Trainees were more likely to report a negative impact of the pandemic compared with faculty (75.5% vs. 50%, p < 0.01). Most respondents reported a decrease in formal educational activities (69.8%), inpatient (77.7%) and outpatient (77.8%) clinical teaching. Despite this, most perceived clinical and teaching skills to have stayed the same. Most (93.4%) participated in virtual education; however, only 36.5% of faculty taught virtually. Only 4.2% of faculty had extensive training in virtual teaching and 28.9% felt very comfortable teaching virtually. In the future, most (87.5%) prefer a hybrid approach, particularly virtual didactic conferences and virtual grand rounds. Faculty themes included challenges to workflows and increased empathy for trainees, while trainee themes included increased work/life balance and support, but increased burnout. Many changes and innovations resulted from the pandemic. Hospital systems and GME programs should consider this data and incorporate viewpoints from trainees and faculty when adapting educational strategies in the future. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-023-01737-8.

Increase in children with developmental delay: Survey on 18-month-old children in Togane city, Japan

BackgroundIndividuals who visit hospitals with neurodevelopmental disorders have recently increased. To locate the cause for this increase, various factors, such as environmental and genetic ones, are being investigated. The objective of this study is to analyze the developmental delay in children and their background. MethodsThe participants were children who underwent the checkup for 18-month-old children in Togane city, Japan, from 2011 to 2021; 4,145 children—2,147 boys and 1,998 girls with a mean age of 18.8 months—were included. To examine the tendency over time and the background, we used the questionnaire about development and lifestyle reported by parents. ResultsThe number of children who did not produce pointing gestures or respond to their names and low-volume sounds tended to increase over the survey period (p = 0.0125, p = 0.0435, p = 0.0275). Next, we examined the relationship between pointing gestures and lifestyle and found that there was a relationship between attending a nursery school and bedtime and pointing gestures. ConclusionA slow developmental trend over the last decade has been observed among children. The background was related to attending a nursery school and bedtime, suggesting that interaction with others and sleep are important for the development of children.

Children and urban vitalism amidst transitions: Perspectives from slum-dwelling children in the Philippines

This work rethinks the notion of urban vitalism—viewing cities as a collection of interwoven relationships constantly in flux—from children's perspectives. This is accomplished by firstly empirically examining children's perceptions of the changes in their urban slum environments and secondly, by theoretically enriching our understanding of urban vitalism by linking urban transitions to the discourses that inform urban vitalism—smart, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable cities. The paper focuses on the perspectives of slum-dwelling children (9–12 years old) in San Jose del Monte City (Philippines), a city subject for conversion towards being “highly-urbanised”. Through remote semi-structured conversations, children shared insights about the transformations of their urban spaces. Two key discussion points emerged from this study: firstly, urban transitions do not necessarily translate to vitalism for children as spaces important to children become subjects of displacement in urban transition; secondly, that the potentials of urban vitalism can be hampered if transitions detach young members of society from planning. Insights from this work suggest that children create their own urban imaginaries of a vital city, which contribute to a kaleidoscope of sources of urban vitalism. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of child-oriented urban vitalism for urban studies.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Parents toward the Oral Health of their School-going Children in Faridabad City.

To determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents toward the oral health of their school-going children in Faridabad city. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 312 parents who reported in the outpatient department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences & Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 18) software for descriptive and multivariate analysis, and the level of statistical significance used in this study was chosen at p < 0.05. The results of this study showed that the sample selected had relatively good knowledge regarding the number of teeth present in the mouth of their child, the importance of filling the primary teeth, and trauma-related knowledge. Parents were aware that excess sugar intake, germs/bacteria, and sticky food are responsible for causing caries. On the contrary, a few of the parents were not aware of the ideal time for the first dental visit. Parents showed a positive attitude regarding the importance of supervised brushing twice with fluoridated toothpaste. We concluded in the present study that the knowledge of parents regarding the oral health of their children in Faridabad city is relatively good, but in a few aspects, it's been observed that this knowledge is not implemented, and the attitude of the parents toward good oral health practices needs to be improved more. As pedodontists, we can help to bring this change to the present society as we can counsel parents to take appropriate care of their children's oral health. This article will help to assess the awareness of parents toward the oral health of their school-going children, which will further help in improving their knowledge, attitude, and practices, hence improving the oral hygiene of children. Singh R, Mendiratta P, Saraf BG, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Parents toward the Oral Health of their School-going Children in Faridabad City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):549-553.

Mixed Dentition Analysis in and around Kanpur City: An Existential and Illustrative Study.

Mixed dentition space analysis helps in determining the discrepancy between the available and required space in each dental arch during the mixed dentition period; further, it helps to diagnose and plan the treatment of developing malocclusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston's and Moyer's methods of predicting the size of permanent canines and premolars and compare the tooth size between the right and left sides between males and females, and also to compare the predicted values of mesiodistal widths of permanent canines and premolars from Tanaka and Johnston and Moyer's method with the measured values. The sample consisted of 58 sets of study models, of which 20 were girls and 38 were boys, that were collected from the children of the 12-15 year age-group. A digital vernier gauge, whose beaks were sharpened, was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of the individual teeth in order to increase accuracy. The two-tailed paired t-tests were used to assess the bilateral symmetry of the mesiodistal diameter of all measured individual teeth. It was concluded that Tanaka and Johnston's method could not accurately predict the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars of children of Kanpur city due to the high variability in estimation, whereas the least statistically significant difference was obtained only at 65% level of Moyer's probability chart for male, female, and combined sample. Gaur S, Singh N, Singh R, et al. Mixed Dentition Analysis in and around Kanpur City: An Existential and Illustrative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):603-609.

Distribution of Giardia lamblia Among local and Displaced Children in Kirkuk City

The aim of this study was to show the distribution of Giardia lambliainfection among local and displaced children in Kirkuk city, and itseffect on some hematological parameters Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cellvolum (PCV) White Blood Cell Counts (WBCc). The stool samples wereexamined by direct wet mounts techniques, concentration and ELISAtechniques. Blood sample were collected from each child and somehematological parameters were estimated for them. The overall rate ofGiardia lamblia infection in displaced children 21.5% was higher thanlocal ones 10.53% . The prevalence of infection males 15.64% washigher than females 12.01% in both local and displaced children . Thehemoglobin value among local children was significantly lower thandisplaced children. while the PCV value among local children wassignificantly higher than displaced ones. The rate of WBC in local anddisplaced children was increased slightly, its value in local children10.13% and in displaced children10.30%. Its concluded that thedistribution of Giardia lamblia was high in both local and displacedchildren. The rate of infection in displaced children was higher than localchildren&#x0D;

Isolation and Identification of bacteria causing urinary tract infections in children in Kirkuk city

Urinary tract infection is an important infection which can cause a highly morbidity rates in boys and girls .The aim of the present study was to isolate and Identify the some types of bacterial causes of pediatric UTI in Kirkuk city. A total number amount to 105 urine samples from children suspected urinary tract infections of age group 4 days -10 years old were collected from both in Pediatric General Hospital and Kirkuk General Hospital in Kirkuk city during June to September 2015, 40 (38.09%) bacterial isolates were obtained which included E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results of the study showed that of females had UTI more than the males which accounted for 55.23% compared to 44.79%. The infection rate among younger age groups was higher than with the older groups, as well as the results of the study showed the sensitivity of Gram negative bacteria against azithromycin as well as cefataxim absolute sensitivity(100%) while the Gram positive bacteria was showed absolute sensitivity (100%) to wards Novabiocin.

A screening study of latent tuberculosis infection in children in a metropolis city

Objective. To carry out a screening study among children and adolescents for tuberculosis infection in the city of Moscow using modern immunodiagnostic methods.Materials and methods. The results of a mass screening study for tuberculosis prevalence in the pediatric population of a metropolis city were analyzed. The study was conducted during 2019–2021 in Moscow using the Mantoux skin test with 2 TE PPD-L and a skin test with a recombinant tuberculosis allergen (RTA), as well as the indicators of tuberculosis incidence in children.Results. The introduction of mass screening for tuberculosis based on RTA among the pediatric population and subsequent work with the identified risk groups contributed to a decrease in the number of newly-diagnosed cases. In 2019–2021, the incidence of tuberculosis among children in Moscow did not exceed 3.8 per 100 thousand children aged 0–17 years, with this number varying from 1.2 to 2.1 among permanent residents. The risk indicators of primary infection among children aged 1–7 according to the Mantoux test (0.37% in 2019, 0.47%, in 2020, and 0.35% in 2021) and the prevalence of latent tuberculosis according to the results of screening based on RTA among children aged 8–17 in 2019–2021 (no more than 0.3%) indicate a stable epidemiological situation as regards tuberculosis infection in the city.Conclusions. The development of an effective monitoring system for preventive tuberculosis screening among urban pediatric populations contributed to the detection of latent tuberculosis cases prior to the development of its local forms. The subsequent implementation of preventive measures in risk groups allowed the incidence of tuberculosis among children to be reduced.

PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA NA ESCALA DA CIDADE: ANÁLISE QUALITATIVA ENTRE AS PRAÇAS DE PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE – SP E CRUZÍLIA – MG

Public spaces are important for the development and maintenance of ties among people and between them and the city; they also play a key role in the formation of a citizen and urban awareness in children, especially in the Early Childhood period. Despite this, the situation observed is one of disregard for these spaces, which results in the removal of children, due to the lack of infrastructure and safety. In recent years several studies have discussed the importance of thinking of cities as potential educators, in addition to pointing out guidelines that highlight this educating character. Based on such discussions, this scientific research analyzed the relations of children with public spaces, having the squares of Centenário, in Presidente Prudente - SP, and 7 de Setembro, located in Cruzília - MG, as objects of study and observation. Readings about public policies related to children in both cities were carried out and, through on-site and digital surveys of the existing infrastructure of the squares, the results obtained in both squares were compared qualitatively. The methodology used for this research included bibliographic and documentary reviews, in loco and digital surveys, and analyses of the objects of study, which resulted in a comparison between the qualitative analyses of each one. As a result of this comparison, general and specific guidelines were proposed, fulfilling the goal of this research, which is to enhance the educational character of each of the squares analyzed.

Third-Grade Educational Outcomes of the Children of Adolescent Women.

To evaluate third-grade reading and math proficiency for children born to adolescent women compared with those born to non-adolescent women. A statewide, retrospective cohort study was conducted in Rhode Island using third-grade year-end examination data from 2014 to 2017 as part of a statewide initiative to improve third grade reading levels. Children's third-grade reading and math proficiencies were compared between those born to nulliparous adolescent women (age 15-19 at the time of delivery), and nulliparous women 20 years or older at delivery. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare maternal and child characteristics between adolescent and non-adolescent groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between having an adolescent mother and being proficient in reading and math after adjusting for lunch subsidy, core city residence, child race/ethnicity and sex. Of the 8,248 children meeting the inclusion criteria, 20% were born to adolescent women and the remaining 80% were born to non-adolescent women. After adjusting for potential confounders, children born to adolescent women were significantly less likely to be proficient in both reading (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.83) and math (aRR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.72-0.85). Children born to adolescent women had significantly lower rates of reading and math proficiency when compared with children of non-adolescent women. These children may benefit from additional resources focused on early academic performance in order to address disparities in reading and math proficiency.

Comparing the effectiveness of Zekr therapy in Islam with mindfulness therapy on anxiety and life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children

Aim: The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Zekr therapy in Islam with mindfulness therapy on anxiety and life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. Method: The design of the present research was applied in terms of its purpose and the method of conducting it was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the research is all mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. Among the statistical population, 45 mothers with intellectually disabled children were selected in a targeted and available manner and randomly divided into three groups in the form of two groups of 15 experimental people (30 people) and control group (15 people). Beck's anxiety questionnaire was used to collect and measure mothers' anxiety, and mothers' life expectancy was measured with Snyder et al.'s questionnaire. Then exercise protocols (remembering therapy and mindfulness) were implemented. To answer the research hypotheses, the covariance tests were performed at the five percent error level using SPSS software version 26. Results: The results of covariance analysis for mindfulness treatment showed that 62.2% of life expectancy scores of mothers with intellectually disabled children are explained. Also, 55.6% of the anxiety scores of mothers with mentally retarded children are explained based on the mindfulness model. Also, 59.9% of Zekr therapy protocol scores are explained on the variable of life expectancy of mothers with mentally retarded children. Finally, according to the eta squared value (0.746), 74.6% of the scores of the Zekr therapy protocol are explained on the variable of anxiety of mothers with mentally retarded children. From the analysis of Shefe's follow-up test, it can be concluded that the mean of anxiety in the dhikr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). It can also be concluded that the average life expectancy in the Zekr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that both the mentioned treatment courses were equally effective in reducing anxiety and increasing the life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛАНДШАФТНО-ПЛАНИРОВОЧНОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ДЕТСКОЙ БОЛЬНИЦЫ ИМ. Н.Ф. ФИЛАТОВА

This article provides suggestions and practical recommendations on the landscape planning organization of the territory of the Children's hospital named after Filatov (Moscow), one of the leading children's city hospitals, on the territory of which the departments of the pediatric faculty of the N. I. Pirogov Medical University are located. Important conditions are measures to create favorable sanitary and hygienic comfortable conditions for the stay of patients, to organize a rehabilitation center with outdoor recreation areas with sensory equipment and the introduction of aesthetically expressive small architectural forms, as well as the creation of valuable types of green spaces. Much attention is paid to the organization of barrier-free traffic through the use of various means in the form of limiters and approaches to medical buildings, the use of paving types made of durable decorative materials.

Эпидемиология ожирения у детей и подростков Новосибирской области в 2018–2022 гг.

Aim. To analyze the obesity prevalence in children and adolescents of the Novosibirsk region for the period 2018–2022, to assess the state of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in children with primary obesity of 1–2 degrees without arterial hypertension. Design. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Materials and methods. The analysis of statistical indicators according to the annual reporting forms of federal statistical observation No. 12 in children and adolescents of the Novosibirsk Region and the patient database of the City Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in the Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Novosibirsk Region for 2018–2022 was carried out. We also examined 154 children aged 6–17 years with primary obesity of 1–2 degrees, without arterial hypertension in medical history and at the time of examination; their standard lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG) were examined. Results. According to the data of report form No. 12 in the Novosibirsk Region for 2018–2022, obesity is the leader among the endocrine system diseases in children and adolescents. The maximum number of cases of obesity among children and adolescents was registered in 2019 (9030 people; 1560.7 cases per 100 thousand population), the minimum — in 2021 (7289 people; 1235.6 cases per 100 thousand population). Among the examined children with primary obesity of 1–2 degrees, impaired glucose tolerance was detected in 5.2%, changes in the standard lipid profile — in 33.8%. The group of children with insulin resistance estimated by the HOMA index above 3.16 was 46 people (29.9%), according to the TyG index — above 7.98 — 78 children (50.6%). Conclusions. According to statistical reporting, the maximum number of cases of obesity among children and adolescents was registered in 2019, the minimum — in 2021, the incidence rate is lower than the prevalence of pathology in Russia. The highest prevalence of obesity was noted in the age group of 15–17 years. The revealed high comorbidity for the main components of the metabolic syndrome in patients with 1–2 degrees of obesity indicates the need for early examination, correction and monitoring of key cardiometabolic risk factors in this patients group. Keywords: obesity, prevalence of obesity, children, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia

«Если не обратитесь и не будете как дети, не войдете в Царство Небесное»: место и роль «детей» в духовно-нравственной реформе Савонаролы

Introduction. The Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola’s theme of attracting children to carry out spiritual and moral transformations in Florence at the end of the 15th century is extremely attractive to researchers. The authors of scientific works examined the phenomenon of “Friar’s boys”, comparing it with the practices of treating children in other European cities; focusing on the carnival inversion inherent in both secular and religious celebrations; considering the features of the evolution of the ritual life of the city on the Arno. Additional nuances in understanding the logic of the Florentine prophet’s actions in relation to children can be revealed based on the analysis of Savonarola’s sermons dedicated to “simplicity” as the basis for reforming the modern community of believers. Materials and methods. Applying the methods of terminological and hermeneutical analysis of source texts should help to achieve the goal of research. Analysis. An integral part of the general transformation of morals in Florence was the “children's reform”, which Savonarola began to implement at the turn of 1495–1496. Homilizing the need to cultivate the “simplicity of Christian life”, the monk proclaims the “simple people” as the main protagonists of the reform of the Church. At the same time, judging by the sermons of the Dominican, “simplicity”, being the main quality of a true Christian, is manifested to an even greater extent in “children”: firstly, based on their belonging to the age of “innocence”, when under the influence of the adult world the “purity of heart” has not yet been lost and no attachment to “excessive” material goods has been acquired; and, secondly, due to their fairly rapid abandonment of bad habits and conversion to pious life in response to the call of the city prophet. Results. Thus, the “simplicity” of the Old Testament Ruth, whom the monk set as an example for the adult population of the city, was superimposed with the gospel call to “be like children”, accompanied by the promise of gaining the Kingdom of Heaven. At the same time, the “spiritual festivals” in the God’s chosen city made it possible not only to present the results of the accomplished transformation of “children”, but also opened up the opportunity for the older generation, having accomplished the “age” inversion and feeling themselves in the New Jerusalem, to gain incentive to continue working at their own transformation into a “good Christian”.

Analyzing the lived experience of birth order in the communicational dimension based on the perspective of first children: a phenomenological study

Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the live experience of birth order in the communicational dimension based on the perspective of the first children. Methods: The present research method is applied and qualitative type of phenomenology. The participants of this research included the first children of Isfahan city in 2022. The selection of the participants was continued in a targeted manner until the saturation point and finally the selection of the first 16 children and the participants were subjected to semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi theme analysis method was used. Results: Data analysis led to the identification of, 53 primary concepts 10 central themes and 3 main themes. The results showed that intra-family communication was classified into 6 themes of (continuity of relations with parents, separation of relations with parents, improvement of relations with other children, separation of relations with other children, satisfaction with marital relationship and repressed psychological needs). The second main theme of personal communication included (increasing and decreasing the quality of communication with oneself). Finally, the theme of social communication was classified into the sub-themes of (lack of social interest and limitation in friendships). Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that being the first child can affect various aspects of communication and create challenges in marriage, friendships, social and family relationships. Modifying interactive patterns and informing parents and children can be effective in preventing challenges. Because the order of birth plays an important role in the formation of intra-family and extra-family relationships

Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Mindfulness Parenting Training Program along with Parent Management Training (Combined Training) with Mindfulness Parenting Training and Parent Management Training alone on Coping Strategies and Marital Satisfaction

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the mindful parenting training program along with parent management training (combined training) with mindful parenting training and parent management training alone on coping strategies and marital satisfaction in mothers of preschool children. Methods: The current research was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all the mothers of preschool children in Kashmir city in 2019-2020, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups include 30 subjects that first group received Mindful Parenting Training and second group received Parent Management Training in 8 sessions 120 to 150 minuties weekley, and last group received Combined Training in 16 sessions 150 minutes, two sessions per week. Control group didn’t recived any program and was wait list. In all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up, all people completed Enrich's (1989) marital satisfaction questionnaires and Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) coping strategies. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSSV19 software. Results: The results showed that none of the educational methods were effective in marital satisfaction (F=0/08, P=0.98). This was despite the fact that in two problem-oriented (F= 6/97, P= 0/0001) and emotion-oriented strategies (F= 8/14, P= 0/001), this amount was significant. This means that in the post-test and follow-up phases, the combined training of parent management and mindful parenting was more effective. Conclusion: The findings of the research show that the combined training of mindful parenting and parenting management training can reduce emotion-oriented strategies and increase problem-oriented strategies, but it has no effect on marital satisfaction, so the awareness of parents, teachers, counselors, psychologists and other professionals about these trainings can be helpful.

A Study on Waist Circumference as a Screening Tool for Obesity and its Effectiveness in Comparison with BMI among 5-15 Years Urban School going Children at Karimnagar

Introduction: World-wide obesity trends are causing serious public health concern and in many countriesthreatening the viability of basic health care delivery. Waist circumference as a screening measure of centralobesity in children where obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age,sex or ethnicity.Aims and Objectives: Waist circumference Reference values are in percentiles for children with 5-15 years of agein Karimnagar city. To screen over weight and obese children using waist circumference and in comparison withthat of BMI (reference values)Material and Methods: The study was prospective case control observational study included for 5-15 years of 1000school going children in Karimnagar city from January 2021 to October 2022 For each group children – Height,weight, waist circumference and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated according to their (formula) wt/(ht)2.Results: There was good correlation with waist circumference and BMI in each age group.1. The reference values for each age group were constructed for WC, BMI, SBP and DBP.2. The study population was observed over weight (OW) and obesity with their reference values i.e. OW between85th and 95th percentile and obese over 95th percentile for both WC and BMI. There was good correlation betweenBMI and waist circumference for age groups and both the sexes and screening results of OW and obese raising WCand BMI were almost similar. This indirect WC alone can be used to screen over weight and obesity.Conclusion: Reference values for both waist circumference and BMI, age wise and gender wise were constructed.Reference values for BMI and Waist Circumference with cutoff points of 75th, 85th and 95th percentiles wereconstructed. The reference values were developed both in percentiles and mean with standard deviation. Usingthese reference values, children were screened for overweight, obesity using both BMI and WC. Children at risk(“action point” &gt;75th percentile of WC) for metabolic syndrome were identified. There is good correlation betweenBMI and Waist Circumference. WC measurement alone on regular basis during school health checkup can help toscreen, intervene and monitor Overweight and obese children.

Prevalence of specific learning disorders in school children in a South Indian city

Abstract Background: Specific learning disorders (SLDs) are an important cause of academic problems in school children mandating assessment and remediation. Aim: To document the psychosocial profile and prevalence of SLDs in school children. Materials and Methods: A total of 981 children studying in 3rd to 5th standard were screened for the presence of SLDs in a stepwise approach after taking permission from school authorities and consent from parents. Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Malins Intelligence Scale, and NIMHANS SLD Index were used for assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi info software. Results: The prevalence of SLDs was found to be 6.1% (n = 60). Dyslexia was the most common SLD (n = 38; 63%) followed by combined type (n = 28; 46%). A significant association was found between consanguinity (P = 0.02) and delayed milestones (P = 0.02). Conclusion: There is a need for creating the awareness among parents and teachers regarding SLDs and to screen children for the early identification and remediation.

Evaluation of Tooth Brushing Habits in Preschool Children – A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background Tooth brushing behaviours in children have been significantly associated with their oral health status and susceptibility to dental caries. Adoption of proper and consistent tooth brushing habits early in life will help in establishing the same in their adulthood. Therefore this study aimed to understand and assess the tooth brushing habits of preschool children in Bengaluru city Karnataka.Methodology Primary caregivers of 102 preschool children from selected preschools in Bengaluru were included in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and the responses were collected. The questionnaire consisted of questions pertaining to demographic information of both the child and the parents and questions regarding the tooth brushing habits of children. All the responses were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.Results It was noted that 60 of the primary caregivers introduced tooth brushing to their children from 6 months to 1 year of age which coincided with the time of eruption of the first tooth in the oral cavity. The majority of the children 61 did not brush their teeth twice daily and this showed a significant association with the frequency of brushing of mothers with 59 of mothers reporting to brushing their teeth once a day. It was reported that 58 of the pre-schoolers brushed their teeth on their own without any adult supervision. It was alarming to see that 70 of the caregivers did not receive any information or education pertaining to the maintenance of oral hygiene in their children.Conclusion The results of this study highlight the urgent need for the establishment of proper oral hygiene habits in young children as this behaviour is amenable to change leading to a positive impact on oral health.

Developing and validating a parenting program based on the lived experiences of mothers with hearing impaired children

Aim: The purpose of the research was to develop and validate a parenting program based on the lived experiences of mothers with hearing impaired children. Method: The research was conducted in a qualitative-quantitative way. The research community consisted of mothers with hearing impaired children in Sari and Miandorud cities. In the qualitative part, the purposeful sampling method was used until saturation. Sampling method was available in quantitative section and 16 mothers were selected. The interview tool was unstructured. In order to ensure validity and reliability, the recorded interviews along with the content obtained from them were provided to the interviewees and the method of reliability of extracted data according to the conducted interviews was used. Transferability method was used to provide validity. The total efficiency of two encoders is equal to 0.90. SPSS 26 and Amos software were used to determine the validity and suitability of program components. Results: Based on the interviews and the background of the research, the mentioned parenting program was compiled in 10 sessions, which consists of: accepting the child's deaf problem, using the experiences of mothers with deaf children, familiarizing mothers with how to care for a deaf child, Acquaintance with methods of emotion control, familiarization with ways to relieve the feeling of helplessness, familiarization with ways to communicate with a deaf child, interaction with the child, familiarization with ways to relieve the feeling of fatigue, relief from the feeling of hopelessness, relief from the child's feeling of loneliness. Conclusion: The research results showed the validity and appropriateness of the compiled components of the parenting program based on the lived experiences of mothers.