Children's Patterns Research Articles

PENERAPAN VIDIO ANIMASI CUCI TANGAN PAKAI SABUN TERHADAP RESPON PADA ANAK DI SEKOLAH LUAR BIASA BUKITTINGGI

Special needs children have very limited access to health information, this is the cause of children susceptible to disease. Based on data from Unicef 2020, infectious disease mortality is 10%. The emergence of disease in children is one of the reasons for the lack of cleanliness of the child, which needs to be explained to children, how to wash hands properly, one of which is with animation media. The purpose of this research is to apply the animated video of washing hands with response to children in special schools Bukittinggi. This type of research uses a mixed methods study. The research was conducted in the city of Bukittinggi in March-October 2020. The population in this study were 34 extraordinary school children. The results showed that as much knowledge about knowledge in the use of hands with soap was mostly in the low category (73.5%) . Respondents The most attitudes in hand soap are in the category of disagree (79.4%). Most of the respondents' actions in washing their hands with soap were in the non-doing category (85.3%). The facilities and infrastructure for washing hands using soap are at most adequate (64.7%). where there is a significant correlation between children's knowledge and children's ability to wash their hands in 6 steps properly and correctly with p-value = 0.000 and 2 themes are obtained on qualitative methods of children's physiological responses and hand activity patterns

Patterns of Children's Blood Lead Screening and Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina, 2011-2018-Who Is Tested, Who Is Missed?

Background:No safe level of lead in blood has been identified. Blood lead testing is required for children on Medicaid, but it is at the discretion of providers and parents for others. Elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) cannot be identified in children who are not tested.Objectives:The aims of this research were to identify determinants of lead testing and EBLLs among North Carolina children and estimate the number of additional children with EBLLs among those not tested.Methods:We linked geocoded North Carolina birth certificates from 2011–2016 to 2010 U.S. Census data and North Carolina blood lead test results from 2011–2018. We estimated the probability of being screened for lead and created inverse probability (IP) of testing weights. We evaluated the risk of an EBLL of at of age, conditional on characteristics at birth, using generalized linear models and then applied IP weights to account for missing blood lead results among unscreened children. We estimated the number of additional children with EBLLs of all North Carolina children using the IP-weighted population and bootstrapping to produce 95% credible intervals (CrI).Results:Mothers of the 63.5% of children (402,002 of 633,159) linked to a blood lead test result were disproportionately young, Hispanic, Black, American Indian, or on Medicaid. In full models, maternal age [; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 1.20] or smoking (1.14; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.17); proximity to a major roadway (1.10; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.15); proximity to a lead-releasing Toxics Release Inventory site (1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.14) or a National Emissions Inventory site (1.11; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.14); and living in neighborhoods with more housing built before 1950 (1.10; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.14) or before 1940 (1.18; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.25) or more vacant housing (1.14; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.17) were associated with an increased risk of EBLL, whereas overlap with a public water service system was associated with a decreased risk of EBLL (0.85; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.87). Children of Black mothers were no more likely than children of White mothers to have EBLLs (0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.01). Complete blood lead screening in 2011–2018 may have identified an additional 17,543 (95% CrI: 17,462, 17,650) children with EBLLs .Discussion:Our results indicate that current North Carolina lead screening strategies fail to identify over 30% (17,543 of 57,398) of children with subclinical lead poisoning and that accounting for characteristics at birth alters the conclusions about racial disparities in children’s EBLLs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10335

The Association between Longitudinal BMI Patterns in Children and their Parents

ObjectivesParental (maternal and paternal) weight before and after pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of obesity in the offspring. However, less is known on the longitudinal association between parental and child growth trajectories across early childhood. This work aims to describe parental and child body mass index (BMI) trajectory patterns from birth until adolescence and assess their association.MethodsWe analyzed 1537 single-child families participating in the Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids! ) cohort (ON, Canada). Children and their parents had repeated measurements of weight and length or height from child's birth to 13 years during scheduled visits with their primary care physician. These measurements were used to calculate BMI for parents and age and sex adjusted BMI z-scores (zBMI) for children based on the World Health Organization. Latent class mixed modeling was used to identify children and parental growth patterns. A loglinear analysis was conducted to study the tri-party interaction between child, maternal, paternal longitudinal patterns. Jaccard distance was used to assess cluster similarity.ResultsWe identified two distinct patterns in children (normal, increasing obesity), mothers (normal, increasing obesity), and fathers (overweight, obesity). The three-way loglinear analysis indicated that the tri-party interaction between children, maternal and paternal growth patterns interaction was significant (χ2 (1) = 15.1, p < .001). 92.1% of children in the normal pattern had mothers in the normal pattern and fathers in the overweight pattern. Cluster similarity was 63% for mothers and children, but 12.5% between fathers and children, with most children from the increasing obesity group with a father in the overweight group.ConclusionsThere is a significant tri-party association between children, maternal and paternal BMI patterns from birth to adolescence. Future studies should aim in studying eating and other health behaviors associated with these relationships at the family level.Funding SourcesJoannah and Brian Lawson Center for Child Nutrition, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

The Morbidity Patterns of Children with Severe Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a widespread problem worldwide Objective: To identify the morbidity patterns of children with severe acute malnutrition Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric Unit-II of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital for a six-month duration from July 2021 to December 2021. Children aged 1 to 60 months with severe acute malnutrition (WHZ score &lt;-3 SD) were selected. All patients were assessed for clinical symptoms, various disease states such as metabolic abnormalities, infections, congenital/hereditary anomalies, and outcomes such as left against medical advice (LAMA), stabilization, or death on discharge. Data was analyzed and collected using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 17. Results: A total of 150 children were admitted according to the admission criteria. The number of males was 85 (56.7%) and females 65 (43.3%), and the male to female ratio was 1.4: 1. 120 (80%) had severe wasting without edema and 30 (20%) had malnutrition with edema. The average length of stay was 10 + 3.6 days. The main incidence in children with MAS are diarrhea (46.7%), pneumonia (18.7%), sepsis (15.3%), and other diseases such as meningitis 5(3.3 %), severe skin infections, 7(4.7%), urinary tract infections 9(6%), and eye lesions due to vitamin A deficiency 2(1.3%). 13 (8.7%) patients had measles with diarrhea and pneumonia. Acute watery diarrhea was observed in 68(45.3%) of diarrhea cases. 21 (14%) children had congenital or hereditary defects. 9 (6%) had central nervous system disorders. Conclusions: The spectrum of incidence in hospitalized children with severe malnutrition includes both congenital or hereditary defects and infections. The sepsis and diarrhea with metabolic disturbances mainly contributed to the mortality.

Patterns of Children's Relationships With Parents and Teachers in Grade 1: Links to Task Persistence and Performance.

Our study aimed to investigate the patterns of children’s relationships with their parents and teachers, the development of these relationships during Grade 1, and respective links to children’s learning (in task persistence and performance). Parents of 350 children answered questionnaires about the quality of their relationships with their children; 25 teachers answered questions about children’s task persistence at school and the quality of their relationships with their students; 350 children completed literacy and math performance tests; and six testers evaluated children’s task persistence when completing those tests. All measures were administered twice: at the start and end of Grade 1. Latent profile analyses found two meaningful child profiles that were similar at the beginning and end of Grade 1: average relationship (89% at T1, 85% at T2) and conflictual relationship (11% at T1, 15% at T2) with parents and teachers. These profiles were highly stable throughout Grade 1, except for 15 children who moved from an average relationship to a conflictual relationship profile. This declining trajectory can be characterized by poor relationships with teachers and low task persistence at the end of Grade 1, although they did not perform any worse than other children. Finally, children exhibiting conflictual relationships with their parents and teachers at the beginning of Grade 1 performed worse on spelling and subtraction tasks and demonstrated lower task-persistent behavior at the end of Grade 1 than those with average (good) relationships with parents and teachers.

A Comparative Study of Behavioural Pattern in Children of 5-15 Years of Age in Single Child Vs Child with Siblings

A Comparative Study of Behavioural Pattern in Children of 5-15 Years of Age in Single Child Vs Child with Siblings

Reasoning skills of children aged between 4 and 6 years in repeating pattern tasks

In this study, it was aimed to investigate 4-to-6-year-old children's reasoning skills appearing in pattern tasks. 55 children studying in the classes of four different pre-school classes participated in the study. A classroom teaching experiment was conducted to examine the development of children's reasoning skills in pattern tasks. Both qualitative data and quantitative data were collected. Qualitative data consists of video and audio recordings of children's pattern tasks and pattern worksheets. Quantitative data includes the database of scoring children's pattern studies according to the pattern structure scheme proposed by Clements and Sarama (2009). The reasoning levels of children in pattern tasks were analyzed using the Winsteps Rasch software. In the pattern tasks included in the study, the reasoning skills of children were addressed with Wright Map and were supported by direct quotations from children's pattern activities. It was observed that children could do copying and expansion activities easily in pattern tasks. In abstraction tasks, reasoning skills with a high cognitive level were effective. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that younger children's reasoning skills are effective and can be developed when they are exposed to pattern tasks.

More Jump More Health: Vertical Jumping Learning of Chinese Children and Health Promotion.

Vertical jumping is the most important of the fundamental motor skills and has an important impact on children's health. A systematic study was conducted on the influence of vertical jumping on children's health and motor development patterns. In this study, the training and learning of vertical jumping were found to be effective in promoting children's development, especially in terms of height and muscle growth. Training interventions were used to determine the influence of age on children's learning of the correct vertical jumping motor pattern. Sex was found to have no influence on children's learning of vertical jumping. Although children were found to be able to learn the correct vertical jumping motor pattern, they could not reach a level of proficiency and intuitively apply the acquired skills to task completion. Cognitive ability was found to have a crucial effect on motor learning among children, especially when they faced various task constraints.

There Is a Clinical Need to Consider the Physical Activity: Sedentary Pattern in Children with Obesity – Position Paper of the European Childhood Obesity Group

Introduction: While international prevention guidelines recently advocated, in addition to moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) guidelines, for a minimization of sedentary (SED) time, recommendations remain to be developed for youths with obesity. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, plus the reference lists of selected articles for relevant publications in English, including original papers, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, with search terms “sedentary behaviors” or “sedentary time” or “screen time” AND “children” or “adolescents” AND “obesity” or “adiposity” or “cardiometabolic risk” or “cardiometabolic disease.” The results were summarized as a narrative review and presented to the scientific board of the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG), who then discussed their implication in clinical practice and proposed the position outlined in this paper. Results: SED and screen times are associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risks, independently of youths’ physical activity (PA) level. Besides considering MVPA and SED times as separate variables, comprehensive studies have questioned the impact of different patterns of MVPA and SED levels. Although lower body adiposity and better cardiometabolic health are achieved among those with desirable movement behavior patterns (i.e., more MVPA/less SED or active/not SED), youths with intermediate patterns (i.e., high MVPA/high SED and low MVPA/low SED, or active/SED and inactive/not SED) have been found to be associated with intermediate risks. Conclusion: There is a need to decrease SED behaviors irrespective of MVPA and to consider PA-SED patterns in youth with obesity. The ECOG encourages anti-obesity strategies targeting both PA and SED behaviors to support the shift from long periods of SED time, especially screen time, to daily routines incorporating bouts of PA. Stepwise or sequential approaches to movement behavior counseling might start with targeting SED at first to decrease cardiometabolic risks when implementing MVPA is not yet possible.

"Um" and "Uh" Usage Patterns in Children with Autism: Associations with Measures of Structural and Pragmatic Language Ability.

Pragmatic language difficulties, including unusual filler usage, are common among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study investigated "um" and "uh" usage in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. We analyzed transcribed Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)sessions for 182 children (117 ASD, 65 TD), aged 4 to 15. Although the groups did not differ in "uh" usage, the ASD group used fewer "ums" than the TD group. This held true after controlling for age, sex, and IQ. Within ASD, social affect and pragmatic language scores did not predict filler usage; however, structural language scores predicted "um" usage. Lower "um" rates among children with ASD may reflect problems with planning or production rather than pragmatic language.

Are translation equivalents special? Evidence from simulations and empirical data from bilingual infants

The acquisition of translation equivalents is often considered a special component of bilingual children's vocabulary development, as bilinguals have to learn words that share the same meaning across their two languages. This study examined three contrasting accounts for bilingual children's acquisition of translation equivalents relative to singlets (i.e., words that are first labels for a referent): the Avoidance Account whereby translation equivalents are harder to learn, the Preference Account whereby translation equivalents are easier to learn, and the Neutral Account whereby translation equivalents and singlets are learned similarly. To adjudicate between these accounts, Study 1 explored patterns of translation equivalent learning under a novel computational model — the Bilingual Vocabulary Model — which quantifies translation equivalent knowledge as a function of the probability of learning words in each language, and includes a bias parameter that varies the difficulty of learning translation equivalents according to each account. Study 2 tested model-derived predictions against vocabulary data from 200 French–English bilingual children aged 18–33 months. Results showed a close match between the model predictions and bilingual children's patterns of translation equivalent learning. At smaller vocabulary sizes, data matched the Preference Account, while at larger vocabulary sizes they matched the Neutral Account. Our findings show that patterns of translation equivalent learning emerge predictably from the word learning process, and potentially reveal a qualitative shift in translation equivalent learning as bilingual children develop and learn more words.

Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity Patterns in Children With Strabismic Amblyopia After Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

ObjectivePrevious studies have demonstrated altered brain activity in strabismic amblyopia (SA). In this study, low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied in children with strabismic amblyopia after they had undergone strabismus surgery. The effect of rTMS was investigated by measuring the changes of brain features using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF).Materials and MethodsIn this study, 21 SA patients (12 males and 9 females) were recruited based on their age (7–13 years old), weight, and sex. They all had SA in their left eyes and they received rTMS treatment one month after strabismus surgery. Their vision before and after surgery were categorized as pre-rTMS (PRT) and post-rTMS (POT). All participants received rTMS treatment, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and their data were analyzed using the repeated measures t-test. The team used correlation analysis to explore the relationship between logMAR visual acuity and ALFF.ResultsPre- versus post-rTMS values of ALFF were significantly different within individuals. In the POT group, ALFF values were significantly decreased in the Angular_R (AR), Parietal_Inf_L (PIL), and Cingulum_Mid_R (CMR) while ALFF values were significantly increased in the Fusiform_R (FR) and Frontal_Inf_Orb_L(FIL) compared to the PRT stage.ConclusionOur data showed that ALFF recorded from some brain regions was changed significantly after rTMS in strabismic amblyopes. The results may infer the pathological basis of SA and demonstrate that visual function may be improved using rTMS in strabismic amblyopic patients.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Children with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections seen in children. The knowledge of bacterial causes of UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance patterns may help clinicians in choosing the appropriate antimicrobials.&#x0D; Objectives: The present study was designed to find out the bacteriological profile of urinary tract infection and their antibiotic resistance pattern in children.&#x0D; Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College from January to December 2019. Midstream urine samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of UTI in the age group of 0 to 18 years from various indoor and outdoor patients of Mitford hospital for this study.&#x0D; Results: Out of 2763 cases, 363 were culture positives, where females were 202(55.65%) with highest number of cases within the age group of 0 to 4 years (63.36%). Most common isolate identified was Escherisia coli, followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus, Morganella and only Gram positive bacteria was S. aureus. Organisms show highest resistance to Amoxiclav, Cefixime, Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin and highest sensitivity to Amikacin.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study revealed that UTI was more common in female &amp; under five children. Escherichia coli were the commonest isolated organism and all isolates show high resistance to common antimicrobial agents.&#x0D; Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2021; 29(2): 112-116

A Multivariate Analysis of "Metabolic Phenotype" Patterns in Children and Adolescents with Obesity for the Early Stratification of Patients at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is closely linked to obesity; however, not all individuals with obesity will develop obesity-related complications and a metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) group is also described. Objective: To perform a multivariate analysis (MVA) of the anthropometric and biochemical data in pediatric patients with obesity to reveal a “phenotype” predictive for MS. Methods: We analyzed 528 children with obesity (OB) and 119 normal-weight pediatric patients (NW). Adiposity indices were recorded, and MS was detected. MVA was performed. Results: Analysis of the structure of correlation of the variables showed that the variables of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and estimated fat mass (eFM) were positively correlated with each other as a whole. In addition, the variables of the triglycerides (TG), triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, and visceral adiposity index were positively correlated with each other as a whole, although none were correlated with the variables of BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio, WC, eFM, or weight. The variables that related to insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia were crucial for the early stratification of patients at risk of MS. Conclusions: Independently of body weight, IR, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and fat distribution seem to be the strongest MS risk factors. The early detection of and intervention in these modifiable risk factors are useful to protect children’s health.

The Association Between Frequent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Sleep Duration in School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundHigher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) maybe association with children's sleep pattern. However, few studies have considered this association in Asia, especially in school children. This study investigated the relationship between children's consumption frequency of such beverages and their sleep duration.MethodsParticipants aged 6–12 years were analyzed from two survey data in 2012 and 2013–2016 Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan. A total of 2,628 participants were included in the analysis (2012, N = 1,267; 2013–2016, N = 1,361). Beverages weekly consumption were divided into low and high intake groups by medians cut-off points. The sleep variables were the sleep duration at night (including school days and weekends) and sleep debt. After controlling the confounders, the correlation between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and sleep duration was examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe students slept for an average of 8.8 h on school days and 9.7 h on weekends. Relative to the low SSB intake group, the high intake group exhibited shorter sleep durations on school days (P < 0.001), greater sleep debt (P = 0.049). In logistic regression, high intake group were more likely to sleep for <8.5 h on school days (OR = 1.67, P = 0.002) and exhibit >2 h of sleep debt than low intake group (OR = 1.41, P = 0.022).ConclusionsChildren who had consumed sugar-sweetened beverages frequently slept for shorter durations at night on school days and exhibited greater sleep debt. The causal relationship was not clear. Nonetheless, these two factors are important in promoting children health.

The "Dream Changer": a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a parent-based intervention for childhood nightmares.

Recurrent nightmares in childhood may have a range of detrimental effects for both the child and parents. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a novel parent-based intervention for childhood nightmares, using a new device called the "Dream Changer." A total of 56 children aged 3-10 years (M = 7.1 ± 2.1 years; 51.8% boys), and one of their parents were randomized to either the intervention or waitlist control group. The intervention group received a "Dream Changer"-a light-emitting remote-control-like device that the child was encouraged to take to bed and use upon experiencing a nightmare. Parents completed online surveys at baseline, 1-week, and 2-weeks following the intervention. Parents in the intervention group additionally completed a 3-month follow-up survey. Outcome variables included children's nightmare frequency, sleep-wake patterns, and sleep anxiety, as well as parents' daytime sleepiness. Significant group-by-time interaction effects were found for nightmare frequency (p = 0.001) and sleep anxiety (p = 0.006). Parents of children who received the "Dream Changer" reported fewer nightmares (Mdifference = 1.7, p < 0.001, d = 1.06) and decreased anxiety (Mdifference = 0.9, p = 0.001, d =0.41) at post-intervention, whereas such benefits were not found in the waitlist control group. Three-month follow-up assessments demonstrated that gains were maintained over-time. Interaction effects were not significant for children's sleep metrics or for parents' daytime sleepiness. The present study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of a brief, highly accessible intervention for reducing children's nightmares and nighttime anxiety. Future research may wish to test these effects using larger samples and longer follow-up assessments. The trial has been registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/; Identifier:ACTRN12620000633987).

Physiological Effects, Psychomotor Analysis, Cognition, and Recovery Pattern in Children Undergoing Primary Molar Extractions under Nitrous Oxide Sedation Using Two Different Induction Techniques: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (NOIS) has been in use as a tool for pharmacological behavior modification and relative analgesia (RA) for well over 170 years now since its discovery in 1844 by the American Dentist Horace Wells. Advantages include raising of the pain reaction threshold, alteration of both pain sensitivity and pain reaction, reduction of fatigue, and time awareness that helps to handle stress and lengthy appointments. In addition, the most important clinical consequences of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) pharmacokinetics are rapid induction and recovery, reversibility, titrability, and adjustability. The goal of the current investigation was to analyze the safety aspects of nitrous oxide sedation. It was carried out on 25 patients within the age group 7-10 years requiring extractions of two primary molars in each patient. Split-mouth design was followed, with the first extraction done under traditional slow induction while the second extraction was done following the rapid induction technique of NOIS. N2O was studied for its physiological effects, psychomotor analysis was done, cognition and recovery patterns were analyzed utilizing the two different induction techniques. Based on the results obtained, it was found that N2O is a very safe and useful drug that delivers a comfortable patient for dental treatment.How to cite this articleKhinda V, Rao D, Sodhi SPS, et al. Physiological Effects, Psychomotor Analysis, Cognition, and Recovery Pattern in Children Undergoing Primary Molar Extractions under Nitrous Oxide Sedation Using Two Different Induction Techniques: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-2):S131-S137.

Effect of Repeated Exposure to the Visual Environment on Young Children's Attention.

Prior research suggests that visual features of the classroom environment (e.g., charts and posters) are potential sources of distraction hindering children's ability to maintain attention to instructional activities and reducing learning gains in a laboratory classroom. However, prior research only examined short-term exposure to elements of classroom décor, and it remains unknown whether children habituate to the visual environment with repeated exposure. In study 1, we explored experimentally the possibility that children may habituate to the visual environment if the visual displays are static. We measured kindergarten children's patterns of attention allocation in a decorated classroom environment over a 2-week period and compared the percentage of time children spent off-task to a baseline condition in which the classroom environment was streamlined (i.e., charts, posters, and manipulatives were removed). The findings indicate that with more prolonged exposure to a static visual environment, partial habitation effects were observed: Attention to the environment declined at the end of the exposure period compared to the beginning of the study; however, the environment remained a significant source of off-task behavior even after 2 weeks of exposure. In study 2, we extend this work by conducting a longitudinal observation of six primary classrooms in which we measured children's patterns of attention allocation in real classrooms for 15 weeks to investigate whether increasing familiarity with the classroom décor would influence attention toward the visual environment. No evidence of habituation was observed in genuine classrooms in study 2. Potential implications for classroom design and future directions are discussed.

STILISTIKA ALQURAN DALAM KISAH LUQMAN DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP CARA MENDIDIK ANAK

Abstract &#x0D; &#x0D; One way to pass the laws in the Holy Quran is by narrating the story, to be covered in a high form of language or sticism that results in imagination and fantasy. The selection of words also had a profound effect on the meaning that the account would want to explain. So that the Holy Quran has its own specialization of other stories. The study was intended to analyze the qur 'an in luqman's story, as well as to expose the child's educational patterns. Luqman's story contains several types of stilistics or figures of speech, as well as the correct selection of words in a whole sentence structure. Among the structure of the sentence in luqman's story is kalām khabarī, kalām insyāi, majāz mursal, isti’ārah, kināyah, taqdīm wa ta’khīr, uslūb tarhīm, syarat dan jawab syarat, shīgat mubālaghah. Then in the selection of the exact words yaizhu used before the word ya bunayya shows tenderness when to counsel. The level of sticism in luqman's account contains the ordinance of proper parenting. Between the attitudes and counsel that must be instilled upon children are to call their children by good names, teach a faith, do good to both parents, be grateful servants, follow the path of god and his prophet, be honest, order prayer, educate to do amar ma 'ruf nahyi munkar, be patient, and prohibit the act of insolence. &#x0D; &#x0D; Key words: stilistics, luqman, learn, child.

Eating Patterns in Children, an Issue for Future Health Policy

Background: Obesity and overweight have increased prevalence in children during the last decades all over the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity through the 12-18 year old schoolchildren in Brasov district and to describe eating patterns and the possible relationship between overweight/obesity and eating pattern. Material and Method: There were recruted 250 children for a cross-sectional study in Brasov district, Romania. Alimentary habit, snaking, meal frequencies were declared by the subjects using a retrospective questionnaire. Parents were asked to give information about family history regarding the presence of cardio-vascular risk factors. There were measured weight and height for all children and it was calculated body mass index calculated using international standard cutoff points (International Obesity Task Force values). It was also evaluated the level of phisical activityfor each children. Results: Positive family hystory for cardio-vascular risk factor, eating pattern and physical activity were associated with overweight. Healthy eating pattern including fresh fruits and vegetables loses ground in favour of fast-food as the age increases. Conclusions: The main finding was that, eating pattern in schoolchildren should worry both parents and school authorities. The family influence on children̓s eating pattern decreases as the age grow, the busy school program determine lack of phisical activities and failure of and the healthy alimentation. The prevalence of overweight was high and connected with dietary behaviour, independent associations were evident between eating patterns and overweight, indicating the need of the need for a common intervention on nutrition both from the family and from the educators.