Child Care Institutions Research Articles

Children Displaced: Deinstitutionalisation of Child Care Institutions in Tibetan Exile Settlements in Dharamshala, India

This study assesses the present situation of the deinstitutionalisation and alternative care arrangements in exile settlements concerning various cultural and socio-structural factors. It explores how elements of social structure and culture operate to transform the residential care institutions to community-based alternative care arrangements for 10,000 young Tibetans uprooted from Tibet and presently settled in India. Their day-to-day problems of repatriation and resettlement in an unfamiliar demography with distinct ethnic values are pushing them to the margins. The dependence of these children on their exile government, the host community and the uncertainty of going back to their country makes them depressed, dependent and vulnerable to trauma and negligence. The study uses cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory and qualitative methods. Primary data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Open-ended questions were used for interviews in order to gain in-depth information from the respondents. Twenty-five informants were selected on a purposive basis to facilitate a focus on information-rich cases that illuminate the research questions. The selection criteria of informants apply to their professional experience of deinstitutionalisation in Tibetan settlements, professionals having experience of heading care institutions, officials of the Central Tibetan Administration, people from non-government organisations, development agencies and government officials who were a part of the interventions. Respondents from both state and non-state agencies were selected for the study to avoid bias.

Can childcare work be designed to promote moderate and vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and health? Study protocol for the Goldilocks-childcare randomised controlled trial

BackgroundDespite extensive efforts, issues like obesity and poor physical capacity remain challenges for a healthy work life in several occupations. The Goldilocks work principle offers a new approach, encouraging design of productive work to promote physical capacity and health. This paper presents the protocol for the Goldilocks-childcare study, a randomised controlled intervention trial aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing the Goldilocks work principle in childcare. The primary aim of the intervention is to increase time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by having the childcare workers act as active role models for children in daily playful physical activities, and thereby improve cardiorespiratory fitness and health of the workers.MethodsThe study is a cluster-randomised trial with a usual-practice wait-list control group. The 10-week intervention consists of two phases. In the first, the childcare workers will participate in two participatory workshops aiming to a) develop playful physical activities (‘Goldilocks-games’) for children in which childcare workers participate as active role models at MVPA intensity, and b) develop action plans for implementation of the Goldilocks-games in daily work routines. In the second phase, childcare institutions will implement the Goldilocks-games. The primary outcome is working time spent in MVPA, and secondary outcomes are cardiorespiratory fitness, sleeping heart rate, perceived need for recovery, and productivity. Primary outcome and process evaluation will be based on direct measurements of physical activity and heart rate, determination of cardiorespiratory fitness, and questionnaires.DiscussionIf proven effective, the Goldilocks work principle has a large potential for promoting sustainable health and working lives of childcare workers.Trial registrationISRCTN, ISRCTN15644757, Registered 25th December 2019

Health Care Facilities in Child Care Institutions in Delhi

UNCRC which is known as United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child has clearly distinct that an individual who has not accomplished 18 years of age is known as a child. The recent figures in the area of child rights shows that total child population in India is 472 million which makes thirty nine percent (39%) of India’s entirety population [1]. Orphaned and destitute children in India are found to be 20 million [2]. Children who found in difficult circumstances are categorized in two categories that is Children who needs care and protection and who are conflict with law [3] and these children placed in custody of institutions where they stay for long period or short period which depends on the recognized need of the child. Children living in institutions or children homes necessitate basic care, health and educational services. These integration and rehabilitation functions must address needs of children and helps in removing challenges from their path of development. As endorsed in Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2015 these institutions must follow standardized norms and provide services to cater the obligatory requisite to all children. The services include food, protected shelter, apt attire, remedial aid and other required service. The aim of this research study is to understand significance of the facilities provided to children with special reference to health care facilities in Child Care Institutions in Delhi.

КАЗКОТЕРАПІЯ ЯК ЕФЕКТИВНИЙ МЕТОД РОБОТИ ПСИХОТЕРАПЕВТА З ДІТЬМИ

One of the modern tendencies of the development of psychological research is scientists’ pursuit to provide practical psychologists with tool replenishment in the form of techniques, which give an opportunity to carry out psychodiagnosis and correct subject’s inner issues effectively. Traumatic situations in the families and in child care institutions cause negative children’s emotional experiences and often lead to emerging of fears and phobias. Efficiency of applying art in the context of psychological help is based on the opportunity to carry out experiments with emotions and feelings, as well as to investigate and express such notions symbolically.This article aims to find out theoretically specific features of psychotherapist work with children in the process of using fairy-tale therapy and to determine fairy-tale’s mode of application as a tool of psychotherapeutic help.Methods: theoretical and methodological analysis of fairy-tale therapy method, summary of conceptual approaches to the ways of storytelling therapist work.After the analysis of different researchers’ approaches in psychotherapeutic work of fairy-tale therapist, it was possible to determine the such basic ways of psychodiagnosis and corrective work with the help of fairy tales as:1. To tell a child a fairy tale and observe child’s reactions to it, which is achieved by numerous repeats and flat voice, using vivid speech figures and peculiar proverbs and endings.2. To ask a child to tell his/her favourite fairy tale or one which he/she remembers the most. Fairy tales which become entrenched in long-term memory are the fruit of parental message and can constitute the basis of life scripts.3. To ask a child to invent and to tell a fairy tale. It is necessary not only to observe child’s reactions, but also to conduct an analysis of a final result of a child’s creative work – a fairy tale that can be defined as a piece of art, author of which combines images not by mistake.4. Psychologist tells a child metaphorical problematic situation in a form of a fairy-tale story that ends with a question to which a child should answer.Metaphorical description is not always identical to the information it represents. Transferred information is structured by a scheme that is imposed by an image, or in other words, metaphor emphasizes only some aspects of psychotherapeutic information, negating at the same time the other ones that are not of a less importance. This aspect can be eliminated in case of a use of several metaphors. Therefore, psychotherapeutic information emerges in front of someone you talk to as a multidimensional figure – in different projections, from different points of view.Fairy-tale therapy constitutes an educational system, which is aimed to pass on the life experience, represents the way of interaction with inner self and therapy with special a fairy tale environment. Fairy-tale therapy as a method does not have age limitations for applying. Child’s storytelling provides grounds for a psychologist for the analysis, indicates necessary actions, and aims at preventing or mitigating the obstacles in the process of such therapy. Thus, the main purpose of psychodiagnosis with the help of fairytale therapy is to find out individual deviations in the development of a child for the appropriate selection of corrective tools and tasks statements

The effect of training for a participatory ergonomic intervention on physical exertion and musculoskeletal pain among childcare workers (the TOY project) - a wait-list cluster-randomized controlled trial.

ObjectiveMany employees have high physical exertion at work and suffer from musculoskeletal pain (MSP) leading to sickness absence with large costs. Participatory ergonomics is a potentially effective intervention for reducing physical exertion, MSP and sickness absence. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a 20-week workplace participatory ergonomic intervention among childcare workers on physical exertion and MSP.MethodsIn a two-arm cluster-randomized trial, 190 workers were recruited from 16 childcare institutions and randomly assigned to either a 20-week participatory ergonomics intervention consisting of three training workshops or a control group receiving usual care. Primary outcomes were physical exertion during work, maximal pain intensity, number of pain regions, and pain-related work interference. Secondary outcomes were MSP-related sickness absence, need for recovery (NFR), employee involvement, and self-efficacy. We followed the intention-to-treat principle and adhered to the registered study protocol (ISRCTN10928313).ResultsAfter 20 weeks, half the workers noticed some positive changes in their work. However, there were no statistically discernible effects in physical exertion, maximum pain intensity, pain-related work interference, or number of pain regions. We found a significant reduction of MSP-related sickness absence in the intervention compared to the control group [-0.48 days per month (95% confidence interval (CI), -0.8– -0.1]. We found no significant effects in NRF or involvement of employees, but self-efficacy was reduced in the intervention compared to the control group [-0.2 (95% CI, -0.3– -0.0)].ConclusionThis 20-week training for a participatory ergonomic intervention in childcare workers did not show effects on physical exertion and MSP, but was both feasible and effective in reducing MSP-related sickness absence.

Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2019-2020)

Influenza virus infection is a respiratory infectious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that seasonal influenza epidemics have caused an annual 3 to 5 million severe cases, and 290 000 to 650 000 deaths globally. Seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection and complications from infection. Currently, China has licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4). In 2018, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention issued the "Technical Guidelines for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in China (2018-2019)" ( "Guide 2018" for short). To strengthen the technical guidance for prevention and control of influenza and operational research on influenza vaccination in China, the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) Influenza Vaccination Technical Working Group (TWG), updated the 2018 technical guidelines and compiled the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2019-2020)" . The main updates in this version include the following: First, new research evidences especially studies of China, including disease burden, effectiveness, Vaccine-avoidable disease burden, vaccine safety monitoring, and cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit. Second, policies and measures for influenza prevention and control issued by National Health Commission (PRC) in the past year. Thirdly, new type seasonal influenza vaccine licensed and issued in 2019-2020 in China. Fourth, northern hemisphere influenza vaccination composition for the 2019-2020 season which included trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccine. The recommendations described in this report include the following: Points of Vaccination clinics (PoVs) should provide influenza vaccination to all persons aged 6 months and above who are willing to be vaccinated and do not have contraindications. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons for whom more than one licensed, recommended, and appropriate product is available. To decrease the risk of severe infections and complications due to influenza virus infection among high risk groups, the recommendations prioritize seasonal influenza vaccination for children aged 6-59 months, adults ≥60 years of age, persons with specific chronic diseases, healthcare workers, the family members and caregivers of infants <6 months of age, and pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant during the influenza season. Children aged 6 months through 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered a minimum of 4 weeks apart during their first season of vaccination for optimal protection. If they were vaccinated in 2018-2019 influenza season or a prior season, 1 dose is recommended. People more than 8 years old require 1 dose of influenza vaccine. It is recommended that people receive their influenza vaccination by the end of October. Influenza vaccination should be offered as soon as the vaccination is available. For the people unable to be vaccinated before the end of October, influenza vaccination will continue to be offered for the whole season. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for use in pregnant women during any trimester. These guidelines are intended for use by staff members of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at all levels who work on influenza control and prevention, PoVs staff members, healthcare workers from the departments of pediatrics, internal medicine, and infectious diseases, and staff members of maternity and child care institutions at all levels. These guidelines will be updated periodically as new evidence becomes available.

Health Care Facilities in Child Care Institutions in Delhi

UNCRC which is known as United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child has clearly distinct that an individual who has not accomplished 18 years of age is known as a child. The recent figures in the area of child rights shows that total child population in India is 472 million which makes thirty nine percent (39%) of India’s entirety population [1] . Orphaned and destitute children in India are found to be 20 million [2] . Children who found in difficult circumstances are categorized in two categories that is Children who needs care and protection and who are conflict with law [3] and these children placed in custody of institutions where they stay for long period or short period which depends on the recognized need of the child. Children living in institutions or children homes necessitate basic care, health and educational services. These integration and rehabilitation functions must address needs of children and helps in removing challenges from their path of development. As endorsed in Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2015 these institutions must follow standardized norms and provide services to cater the obligatory requisite to all children. The services include food, protected shelter, apt attire, remedial aid and other required service. The aim of this research study is to understand significance of the facilities provided to children with special reference to health care facilities in Child Care Institutions in Delhi.

Особенности участия детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, в принятии решений, связанных с их повседневностью

The issue of children’s participation in solving questions affecting their interests is particularly relevant at present. Certain groups of children subject to social exclusion, such as orphans, children with disabilities, and juvenile delinquents, consistently attract researchers’ attention. Scientists and practitioners are engaged in developing methods for collecting data (children’s opinions), involving children in the assessment and evaluation of social programs, and participating in research. The purpose of this study is to assess the possibilities and specific features of engaging children without parental care in solving various issues. The research method involved a series of focus group and individual interviews with children living in foster families and institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (3 focus groups and 9 individual interviews). A total of 34 children aged 12–17 years participated in the study; 72 more children were interviewed during an express survey. The empirical data obtained indicate that in orphanages and foster families children are actively involved in solving issues related to their education, while most of them are limited in the choice of entertainment and recreation. The older the children become, the more adults listen to them; the children develop arguments in order to prove their opinions. Teenagers who are brought up in foster families or government agencies, will always express their point of view, but many do not know how to argue it correctly, which may lead to conflicts in their interactions. The children’s opinions are generally considered in regard to their studies, choice of additional classes in certain fields of study and student clubs, and the organization of extracurricular activities in a child care institution. In foster families, a child’s engagement in home life often takes the form of various household chores, in which the children are offered some freedom of choice.

Post-World War I Children’s Healthcare in Slovenia as Experienced by Angela Boškin, the First Slovenian Nurse

This paper addresses children’s healthcare in the first post-World War I decade in the area of present-day Slovenia. During a time when school physicians were returning from military service and paediatricians were becoming more active, the first Slovenian home care nurse Angela Boškin played a significant role in caring for infants and mothers as well as in organising and developing the home care service. By analysing her work, this paper will attempt to reconstruct the demanding post-war social conditions which required healthcare improvements for all children.Boškin’s work is distinguished by two key achievements: the establishment of the first Slovenian counselling service for mothers and infants in Jesenice in 1919 which Boškin achieved in cooperation with physicians, thereby laying the foundation for the social and healthcare work of home care nurses. In 1922, she established a children’s shelter in collaboration with Dr. Matija Ambrožič in a rundown and overcrowded orphanage on Bohoričeva Street in Ljubljana that developed into the first childcare institution (Zavod za socialno higiensko zaščito dece), where she worked as the first professionally qualified nurse.

Caring for Equality? Administering Ambivalence in Kindergarten

Abstract In recent years, kindergartens in Austria have increasingly become the target of an ambivalent politics of belonging and difference. Looking at institutional childcare practices as processes of doing and undoing differences, this article explores how kindergarten staff translate societal missions of promoting both &amp;#x2018;integration&amp;#x2019; and &amp;#x2018;diversity&amp;#x2019; into practice by reflecting particularly on the role of bureaucratic practices within this dynamic. Ethnographic studies on the organisational dimensions of institutional childcare have mostly focused on their normalising effects. Based on ethnographic material from two Viennese kindergartens, I show that universalist claims to childcare as a vehicle for belonging are important. Yet, care and administration in kindergarten hardly proceed in clear-cut ways. Pedagogical/bureaucratic practices unfold at the nexus of &amp;#x2018;formal&amp;#x2019; and &amp;#x2018;informal&amp;#x2019;, as well as &amp;#x2018;private&amp;#x2019; and &amp;#x2018;public&amp;#x2019; spheres, mediated by an ambivalent normative universe and within limited institutional resources. Using a case of staff negotiating kinship practices in one family, the article traces their interplay and shows how bureaucratic practices become entangled with gendered constructions of cultural difference. Keywords: Bureaucracy, childcare, kinship, doing difference, gender

CREATING SAFE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS THAT IMPLEMENT INCLUSIVE EDUCATION BY INTRODUCING SCHOOL MUTUAL UNDERTANDING SERVICE IN THEIR LEARNING PROCESS

The article notes that in recent years Ukraine has identified new priorities for the development of its education system. Since 2018, the concept of the New Ukrainian School has been introduced in general secondary education institutions. There has been created an appropriate legal framework, and practical reforms in the field of education have begun, i.e. the Ukrainian school must change radically. One of the priorities of the state's development is inclusive education, which is one of the main factors in reforming the system of institutional care and upbringing of children in Ukraine. This means that in general educational institutions in classrooms different children will learn and interact together, including children with special educational needs. The goal of educational institutions is the all-round development of any child, creating conditions for the assimilation of effective models of behavior with peers, taking into account all the features of the development of each individual child. However, frequent occurrences of violence, bullying and a high level of conflict among peers do not allow schoolchildren to fully achieve their goals. The article considers the problems that students may face during the educational process in inclusive learing institutions; one of the issues is bullying in the children's community. The authors analyzed the legislation of Ukraine on combating bullying. They outlined the measures of preventive work of teachers to prevent bullying. As a result, the prevention of bullying in educational institutions contributes to the improvement of the microclimate in communities and the creation of a safe educational environment in educational institutions. The establishment of school services of mutual understanding and implementation of a restorative approach can improve the socio-psychological microclimate in school (or higher educational institution) communities, creating a safe environment for all participants of the educational process, because it is a well-established process of interaction between mediators, an efficient way of peacebuilding and nonviolent communication.

Collective bargaining and unpaid care as social security risk – an EU perspective

This article contributes to the debate on how collective agreements can enhance social security from the perspective of unpaid care work. It defines the risk of giving up employment in favour of unpaid care as a social security risk (the care risk). It analyses how collective agreements in the EU can address this risk while not compromising gender equality. This analysis is conducted with a focus on European Union law’s impact on a regulatory practice yet to emerge: the inclusion of institutional (child) care provisions in collective agreements. Analysing risks emerging from EU law, we conclude that EU law is disruptive for innovative collective bargaining strategies if interpreted from a merely economic-liberal perspective.

Working from Home when Teachers Do the Same – Teleworking and Work-Family Conflicts during COVID-19 Lockdowns

Teleworking is often considered as a means to ensure better work-life balance for employees, especially for parents. While empirical findings are less than conclusive even during “normal” times, the relationship between working from home and work-life balance became even more complex during the pandemic when lockdown measures were in place. To ensure social distancing during the first wave of the COVID-19, an unprecedented number of employees across Europe started working from home while at the same time childcare institutions and schools remained physically closed and hundreds of thousands of children were left to their parents’ responsibility. Using Eurofound’s Living, Working and COVID-19 survey data from April 2020, this paper looks at two types of time based work-family conflicts: the incidence of Family Interference with Work (FIW) and the incidence of Work Interference with Family (WIF) among the working population. Estimating a series of multinominal logit models (MNLM) we find that both types of tension were significantly but very differently related to teleworking as opposed to working away from home. While teleworking increased FIW at the same time it also reduced WIF for the overall population. The effects of working from home were however highly heterogeneous by parental status as well as by gender. Most of the negative effects of teleworking appeared among parents and especially among mothers with young children who also enjoyed none of the positive effects of working from home during the pandemic. Possible explanations and consequences are discussed.

The Effect of Childcare on Parental Earnings Trajectories

We study the effect of institutional childcare on child penalties. Using Swiss administrative data, we exploit the staggered opening of childcare facilities across municipalities in the canton of Bern. We find that the presence of childcare facilities in the year of birth of the first child reduces the child penalty. The availability of childcare increases maternal earnings and decreases the compensating increase in fathers’ earnings in households with below median earnings, but not in households with above median earnings. Although childcare affects relative earnings contributions within the household, there is no effect on total household earnings.

Breaking cycles of poverty through child care institutions in Japan: According to a survey and interviews to university students who were fostered in child care institutions

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process of going to college and subsequent college life of those who have experiences of entering Child Care Institutions (CCI) in Japan and to discuss higher education policies concerning ‘child poverty’ based on the results.This paper focuses on children who escaped from unstable families and could attain higher education in Japan. Particularly, this paper explored the experiences of several children who entered Child Care Institutions (CCI) and then continued their studies in college and examined the limitation of the support system for poor children in Japan.In this research, mixed method will be used. A questionnaire survey of students at University X and interviews towards 16 college students who had experiences of staying in CCI were conducted.The results are as follows: 1) Those who have entered CCI have chosen to go to university while internalizing the expectations of the surrounding staff. 2) However, happiness shared between the institution staff and the students are ended up entering university. 3) Those who have entered CCI have changed their thinking about employment and have financial difficulties after entering university. From there, it can be seen that the students are concerned about the gap between institutional life and university life in terms of building social relationship capital and rebounding to a disciplined life.

Indonesia’s Orphanage Trade: Islamic Philanthropy’s Good Intentions, Some Not So Good Outcomes

In 2011, Indonesia commenced an orphanage deinstitutionalization strategy known as the paradigm change in child protection. The strategy responded to human rights protocols emphasizing institutional care of children as a last resort. Orphanage based social workers were trained by the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) to implement the paradigm change, increase parenting capacity and strengthen local supports to enable children’s reunification with their families. The paradigm change intended to reduce children coming into institutional care; however, we found a persistent growth of non-orphaned children being recruited to orphanages since 2011 and more orphanages being built to accommodate them. Islamic philanthropic activities were identified as supporting and contributing growth to the orphanage trade. Despite the paradigm change, social workers were financially incentivization to recruit children to orphanages. There were no similar incentives to deinstitutionalize them. This paper uses selective quotes from the larger study, of social workers interviewed, to assist with theorizing the high potential of Islamic philanthropy in supporting Indonesia’s growing orphan trade. We propose that philanthropy, including where there are good faith and good intentions, may be contributing to some not so good outcomes, including trafficking and modern-day slavery.

PENINGKATAN LIFE SKILL REPARASI PERALATAN LISTRIK RUMAH TANGGA BAGI PEMUDA PSAABR BUDI UTAMA LUBUK ALUNG KAB. PADANG PARIAMAN

This paper aims to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of household electrical appliance repair training that is applied to youth Adolescent Child Care Social Institutions in Lubuk Alung, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Where this paper is an evaluation of the implementation of community service activities in the PSAABR. The subject of this activity is 15 foster children who take Electricity skills in Lubuk Alung Main Budi PSAABR 2018 Period II (July - December 2018). The instrument used is a questionnaire in terms of performance and product results. The results obtained were the average performance score of 82.3, while the results of the product assessment obtained an average value of 88.75. From the achievement of student learning outcomes in mastering the training material and the competencies obtained were in the high category (45%), and very high (55%), so it was concluded that the implementation of household electrical repairs training on youths Budi Adolescent Childcare Institution Main Lubuk Alung District of Pariama has been effective

Early lexical development of children raised in institutional care in Russia.

Children abandoned to institutions display a host of developmental delays, including those involving general cognition and language. The majority of published studies focus on children over 3years of age; little is known about whether these delays may be detected earlier when children undergo rapid lexical development. To investigate the early language development of children raised in institutional settings in the Russian Federation, we compared a group of children in institutional care (n=36; 8-35months) to their age-matched peers raised in biological families, who have never been institutionalized (n=72) using the Russian version of the CDI. The results suggest that institutionalization is associated with pronounced delays in children's early language development with large and robust effect sizes. Among children with a history of institutionalization, these delays are also associated with difficulties in Daily Living skills, communication, and socialization.

Desarrollo en las infancias institucionalizadas y en familias de acogida temporal: Una revisión bibliográfica

In different parts of the world, family is considered the main responsible for ensuring children the full enjoyment of their rights; also, family is recognized as the central core for children’s development. Even so, in exceptional situations, children need to be separated from their biological family. In those cases, alternative care is required. This study investigates two different types of alternative care: institutional care and family foster care. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature on child development of children in those types of alternative care. The review was done through different scientific data base: Science Direct, SciELO, Redalyc, PubMed, DialNet y Academic Google, and using the following key words: “desarrollo infantile”, “familias de acogida temporal”, “institucionalización”, “child development”, “temporary family foster care”, “residential care”. With reference to the studies about temporary family foster care, the ones considered were those that made reference to family systems that took temporary care of a child until their judicial situation was solved. These were external families that have no bonds with the child. Those studies in which the families were pre-adoptive ones were not considered. Fifty-eight articles, published in the last seventeen years (from 2000 to 2017), were chosen. From this total, nineteen correspond to systematic revisions, four are reports from children organizations, while the remaining thirty-five correspond to empiric studies. The results of this paper are organized in two different sections: the first one makes reference to the conditions of life at an institution and the child development under these conditions, whereas the second one makes reference to temporary family foster care programs and the child development after the inclusion in these programs. As regards the first section, it is concluded that the institutional care shows the lack of an exclusive and stable affect figure, being the children exposed to unstable rotating caregivers with consistent bond disruption. These caregivers are described as unavailable to the children with minimal emotional and physical contact. Furthermore, the caregivers show lack of empathy and little responsiveness to child’s individual needs resulting in chronic emotional deprivation. At the same time, the above mentioned is closely related to the delays or difficulties that the development of these institutionalized children show in different areas: cognitive, intellectual, academic, socio-affective, emotional, physical-motor, cerebral and neurological. In the second section of the paper, the results of the studies on children development in temporary family foster care are described and the countries where evidence on these programs was found are presented. They show that there are significant and beneficial physical, emotional, socio-affective, behavioral, cognitive and intellectual changes in the development of institutionalized children after they enter temporary family foster care. Moreover, the development of children living in alternative care differs significantly from the one of those living with family foster care. The results also specify the characteristics that a temporary family foster care must have in order to facilitate the child’s development. It is concluded that children in institutional care show delays and maladaptation in various domains of development. Besides, the longer the child is institutionalized, the more his behavior is affected. The authors believe that these institutions are not the right places to raise children during a long period of time and they propose the need to prioritize temporary family foster care. The results underline the importance of family foster care programs as an alternative that could improve children´s development. Nevertheless, institutional care is still the predominant alternative worldwide for children without parental care. Finally, this systematic review aims to be a starting point for future research. The aspects that need to be deepen are highlighted.

The Status of Security, Health and Education among Children Living in Child Care Institutions in Delhi

Child population in India is estimated to be 472 million which is 39% of the country’s total population1. According to United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (abbreviated as UNCRC) a child is a person who has not attained 18 years of age. A high quantity of children needs care and protection and who are conflict with law2 are placed in institutional care both in long term and short term care depending on the identified need of the child. India’s population of orphaned and destitute children is projected to be 20 million3. Children who are in institutional care needs proper rehabilitation and integration programme which addresses their needs and challenges they face. As per the standardized norms under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2015; the institutions offers the basic requirement to children such as food, safe shelter, appropriate clothing, medical facility and other suitable aids. The present research study is an attempt to examine the status of health, security and education of children residing in child care institutions in Delhi.