Child Victims Of Trafficking Research Articles

Begging for Knowledge in Senegal: Conflicting Understandings and Interests of the Dominant Anti-Trafficking Approach and Quranic Education

Diverse actors, including foreign and national states, international agencies, donors, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and private ventures, demand, fund, and implement anti-trafficking activities worldwide. Bissau-Guinean Quran schoolboys begging in Senegalese cities are defined as victims of child trafficking, and their teachers as traffickers. This article aims to explore the Quran teachers’ understanding of begging and their response to being accused of child trafficking. It rests on data collected during anthropological fieldwork in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal since 2009, including interviews and participation in religious events. The Quran teachers, some of whom admit colleagues might exploit their students, highlight four aspects of begging: allowing poor populations economically to study the Quran; contributing to humbleness, humility, and empathy with underprivileged groups; redistributing resources across generations; and allowing the acquisition of knowledge, liberation, and power. They maintain that the NGOs are profiting from funds provided to “rescue” the students and act as real traffickers, and together with funders, they aim to eliminate Islam. Embedded in layers of coloniality, the Quran teachers keep their position as community leaders. Banning begging is bound to fail if the anti-trafficking NGOs ignore their understanding of meaningful suffering and begging, including the economic and religious aspects of alms-seeking and its reciprocal nature.

Protection of Minors Who Are Victims of Child Trafficking (Human Trafficking)

Protection of Minors Who Are Victims of Child Trafficking (Human Trafficking)

A Systematic Review of Professionals’ Knowledge and Perceptions on Child Trafficking

ABSTRACT Child trafficking is a complex and multifaceted crime, representing a challenge for professionals who work daily to protect its victims. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations to understand the knowledge and perceptions of professionals who work with child trafficking victims. Our search yielded 21 articles for inclusion in the review. The samples consisted of social, justice, healthcare, and education professionals, as well as stakeholders and/or other professionals. The results were organized into the following themes: qualifications and professional experience that may influence knowledge and perceptions; knowledge and perceptions about the victimization process, the impact of victimization, the judicial process, and professional practices; and a lack of knowledge about the subject, specifically regarding the definition of child trafficking, risk and vulnerability factors, the scale and prevalence of the phenomenon, victimization dynamics, the legislative and policy framework, and professional practices. The findings suggest that organizational policies and practices should prioritize investing in training specialized professionals, not just in recognizing the phenomenon but also in delivering practices that focus on meeting the needs of the victims. This study will hopefully inform the development of awareness and training programs based on the needs and challenges faced by these professionals.

Assessing the Hotline Services on Child Trafficking Victims: An Analysis of Vietnam

While rescuing trafficked children has been focused on several countries in the Global North, little is known about what and how it worked and what and how it has not worked in some nations in the Global South, such as Vietnam. Although Vietnam has been considered the source’s country at Tier 3’s classification in the U.S. Trafficking in Persons Report 2022, its victim-centered approach still lacks focus and improvement. Given the country’s political ideology, top-down management, and centralized governance, copying Western strategies for supporting those children’s victims is challenging in Vietnam. This study analyzes the hotline services to understand better the process of child trafficking victims’ (CTV) rescues in Vietnam. To assess the inside of support victims of child trafficking, we use a mixed-qualitative method by combining focus-group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 28 participants from the hotline operators, law enforcers, and social welfare. Our findings point out (1) various information of callers to hotline operators, (2) different pathways to handle these sources, and (3) the impacts of COVID-19’s outbreak on supporting the victims. Outcomes of hotline services also depend on human resources, legal frameworks, and collaborative mechanisms. Some practical gaps also call for further attention to enhance the hotline services in Vietnam.

Re-Unite: Missing Children Tracking Application

Abstract: The growing incidents of missing children are a cause of concern. Child trafficking and abduction are major factors that lead to missing cases. A large number of child trafficking victims are very young. When it comes to identifying missing persons or victims of disasters, one of the biggest challenges is the difficulty of obtaining accurate facial images. Often, the passage of time can cause a person's appearance to change significantly from the photos that their loved ones may have on hand. Additionally, in cases where a person has gone missing, there may be few or no photos available to use for identification purposes. This causes a need to create a system which will help find lost children through the child face aging mechanism where only limited data such as a picture (childhood picture) is available. The proposed system will help families find their lost or missing children by uploading their pictures and providing their information through the app. Using Face Aging Generative adversarial networks (GAN) the childhood image will be reconstructed to resemble the child's face at the present time. Additionally, users will be notified if a child goes missing in their locality or area.

Child Trafficking Offence: Case Study of Surabaya District Court Decision No. 685/PID.SUS/2022/PN SBY

The emergence of various forms of manipulation and exploitation has resulted in rampant trafficking in persons, in which children are also trafficked. Basically, children as the next generation of the nation have a role in ensuring the continuity of the nation. Therefore, children need to get ample opportunities to grow and develop. This study was conducted with the aim of describing how legal protection of children as victims of trafficking in persons. The research method used in this study is normative legal research which is studied using a statutory approach (statute approach). The results of this study show that children are very vulnerable to becoming victims of child trafficking for the purpose of exploitation. The law relating to child trafficking has been in force and has binding legal force, but its enforcement has not been sufficient to provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators. In this case, children as victims should get legal protection which includes protection of their dignity, dignity, and fulfillment of their rights. However, in the criminal justice system, victims are often given less attention, in reality Indonesian law only focuses on punishing perpetrators and overrides the rights and protection of victims.
 
 Keywords: Child Trafficking.Exploitation. Legal Protection

The Emergence of the Bissau-Guinean Fula Cernos

Abstract International agencies and non-governmental organisations classify Quranic schoolboys who beg on behalf of their teachers as victims of child trafficking. The aim here is to understand why no Bissau-Guinean Fula religious leader, referred to as cerno, has been sentenced to prison, despite accusations of child trafficking. The findings show that community members hold religious leaders in high esteem for their role within the spiritual, educative, and social spheres. Community members, entrenched in complex discriminatory relations within their ethnic group and beyond, perceive them as their saviours, while politicians, high-ranking officers and traders compete for their endorsement. Criminalising the cernos is unsuccessful; to safeguard the interests of children, the children and their community members, including the cernos, should be put at the heart of the safeguarding measures. Despite complex layers of coloniality, the religious leaders are the masters of the game, and their imprisonment is challenging.

Child Trafficking Victim Protection in the United Arab Emirates Legislation from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

This study examines the model of protecting victims of child trafficking in the UAE from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, through research, analysis, and legal texts in UAE law related to human trafficking crimes, and through research on Sharia provisions in Islam. This study aims to examine the protection model for victims of child trafficking in the UAE legislation and Islamic jurisprudence, analyze the effects of the phenomenon of child trafficking, and evaluate the model for protecting victims of child trafficking in the UAE from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. To achieve these objectives, the researcher applies the descriptive-analytical method. The study concludes that the crime of child trafficking is not a domestic crime in the United Arab Emirates, but rather a crime with an international and global dimension The United Arab Emirates is a catalyst for the crime of human trafficking as a result of its high degree of safety, the multiplicity of nationalities inhabiting it and suffering from poverty in their countries of origin .The spread of poverty, unemployment, the desire to get rich quickly, the weakness of moral and religious scruples, and the lack of censorship on websites are among the most important reasons for the spread of the crime of child trafficking .Despite the various intensive efforts to combat this crime, following the instructions of the Islamic Sharia, which laid down provisions and texts that meet the protection of human beings in all aspects of life from inception to death, the rate of human trafficking cases in the United Arab Emirates is constantly increasing .The most important recommendations of the study are the need for government legal authorities to make greater efforts to organize and follow up the residency and nationalities of foreigners, especially children, as they are closely related to the crime of human trafficking.

Practice approaches to combat child trafficking in trafficking-sensitive areas in Ghana: Experiences of practitioners involved in child trafficking interventions

ObjectiveEfforts to identify child traffickers, rescue victims of Child Trafficking (CT) and facilitate a smooth reunification of children with their families remain important child protection components of the CT crisis in Ghana. This study utilizes the experiences of practitioners in three (3) regional offices of a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) – International Needs Ghana, that is at the forefront of implementing national strategies aimed at protecting and safeguarding the welfare of children. MethodWe solicited the views of 15 practitioners involved in CT interventions on the approaches used to identify traffickers and rescue and care for trafficked children in Ghana. Evidence was gathered by means of semi-structured qualitative interviews. Narratives from the practitioners were organized using NVivo and analyzed thematically following reflexive thematic analysis procedures. ResultsThe study identified three inter-connected approaches used by practitioners to rescue and protect victims of trafficking. These include the following: 1) community engagements and participatory efforts, 2) The use of private investigators, 3) The provision of aftercare support to rescued children through placing them in care homes where they are prepared for reunification with their families. ConclusionBased on these, the findings recommend the intensification of trafficking awareness campaigns in rural communities where education is lacking. The National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE) has been identified as an appropriate national body to spearhead such a mandate. Considering that some traffickers are protected by communities, it is recommended that government and non-profits make efforts at creating awareness in communities about the dangers of shielding traffickers through community durbars and informative sessions during cultural festivities like the “Hogbetsotso” festival, “Asogli Yam Festival”, and the “Odwira” festival. Findings also point to the need for state and non-state institutions to prepare poor families financially for the return of their trafficked children through equipping them with technical and vocational skills like bead making, soap making, weaving and carpentering. Finally, the study recommends the incorporation of trauma-informed treatments in the curriculum training of professionals like social workers and psychologists, to ensure that they provide evidence-based services for children in after-care.

ChildGAN: Face aging and rejuvenation to find missing children

Child-face aging and rejuvenation have amassed considerable active research interest, owing to their immense impact on a broad range of social and security applications, e.g., digital entertainment, fashion and wellness, and searching for long-lost children using childhood photos. All current face aging approaches based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) focus on adult images or long-term aging. We present a new large-scale longitudinal Indian child (ICD) benchmark dataset to facilitate face age progression and regression, cross-age face recognition, age estimation, gender prediction, and kinship face recognition to alleviate these issues. Furthermore, we propose an automatic child-face age progression and regression model, namely, ChildGAN, that generates visually realistic images for enhanced face-identification accuracy while preserving the identity. Consequently, we have trained state-of-the-art (SOTA) face aging models on ICD for comprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations. We also present a multi-racial experiments dataset named Multi-Racial Child Dataset (MRCD) containing 64,965 child face images. The images are selected from publicly available datasets and web crawling. Finally, we investigate the generalization of ChildGAN by experimenting with White, Black, Asian, and Indian races. The experimental results suggest that the proposed ChildGAN and SOTA models can aid in reconnecting young children, who were lost at a young age as victims of child trafficking or abduction, with their families. The model and the MRCD web crawled images are available at https://github.com/praveenkumarchandaliya/ChildGAN_Tamp1/.

Victimological characteristics of victims of human trafficking

The article develops the victimological characteristic of victims of human trafficking on the basis of the analysis of materials of 300 criminal proceedings considered by courts of Ukraine for the period from 2010 to 2019. The author summarizes the data concerning 1167 victims of this encroachment.The analysis showed that 1147 (98,3%) victims of this crime were victims of human trafficking for the purpose of exploitation. Of these, 918 (80%) were victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, 124 (10,8%) – for exploitation in the form of forced labor, 49 (4,3%) were forcibly involved in begging, 46 (4%) were victims of trafficking for the purpose of exploitation in the porn business, 10 (0,9%) – for the purpose of organ removal. Another 20 (1,7%) were victims of child trafficking committed by their parents for the purpose of their further adoption by other persons.The paper clarifies socio-demographic and other characteristics of victims of human trafficking. In particular, it is found that among 1167 victims of the analyzed encroachment, 1019 (87,3%) were women and 148 (12,7%) were men. The age of victims of human trafficking was distributed as follows: up to 14 years – 2,6%, from 14 to 18 years – 6,1%, from 18 to 30 years – 75,9%, from 30 to 40 years – 13,2%, from 40 to 50 years – 1,5%, from 50 to 60 years – 0,6%, over 60 years – 0,1%.The article establishes that what the vast majority of victims of trafficking have in common is the vulnerable state in which they find themselves. Only a few victims of human trafficking were employed at the time of the crime, but complained to their recruiters that their income level did not allow them to provide even the most basic needs, that they were in debt, had to support minor children, sick parents and so on. The vast majority of studied persons did not have any paid work or had only occasional earnings. Some of the victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are former prostitutes.The article analyzes peculiarities of victim behavior of victims of human trafficking at different stages of this crime. Among other things, it states that victims of trafficking do not usually look at their job offers through the prism of critical thinking. At the same time, they often demonstrate not just a lack of vigilance, but unjustified (“blind”) trust in a stranger who promises an easy solution to material problems.

Family-Controlled Trafficking in the United States: Victim Characteristics, System Response, and Case Outcomes

ABSTRACT Though limited research has explored trafficker relationships involving family members as perpetrators, it is well documented that some victims of child trafficking are exploited by a family member or by a non-relative facilitated by a family member. This study utilized administrative data from the United States’ Kentucky child welfare system to examine how victim characteristics, case factors, system responses, and case outcomes are related to whether a child is trafficked by a family member perpetrator versus non-relative (only) perpetrator. Analyses were based on 698 alleged victims of child trafficking reported between 2013 and 2017. Findings suggest that victims of family-controlled trafficking were more likely to have a higher number of perpetrators, live in rural communities, and be younger. Further, instances of family-controlled trafficking were found to be more likely reported by anonymous, non-relative community members, and relative reporting parties compared to reporting parties of professionals, law enforcement, courts, and juvenile justice, as reflected in previous literature. Important findings revealed that having a family member involved as the perpetrator of trafficking predicted that the case would not be substantiated and/or founded, compared to cases not involving a family member. Implications for future research regarding the dynamics of family-controlled trafficking cases are discussed. Findings suggest opportunities for enhanced practice, training, and capacity-building in rural communities. To make a significant impact on the reduction of family-controlled trafficking, this study sheds light on the need for enforced penalties for family members as traffickers.

"It takes a community to save a child": Child trafficking knowledge of the Portuguese community.

This study aims to explore the knowledge of the Portuguese community on child trafficking. Through an online inventory, with a sample of 492 community members, with a mean age of 40.53 and mostly female (70.7%), participants were more knowledgeable about forms of exploitation, risk and vulnerability factors, the profile of the victims, and the situation in Portugal about child trafficking. On the contrary, they were less knowledgeable about the dynamics of child trafficking. Having a college education, and contacting with the subject through informal or/and formal sources were predictors of a higher level of knowledge of child trafficking. This study reinforces the importance of the community as a whole in fighting child trafficking. To protect children against child trafficking, public policies should prioritize the role of the community. An empowered community can actively contribute to the prevention, signaling, and (re)integration of victims of child trafficking.

Responding to orphanage trafficking from an information gathering perspective

Estimates suggest that close to 3 million institutionalized children internationally have some family to whom they could go home. A proportion of these children is recruited from their communities under false pretenses and has false documentation that describes them as legal orphans. The orphanages where they live exploit them on the basis of their orphanhood. These children are known as paper orphans. The aim of the current article is to provide a profile of their origins and networks based on current available evidence, from an investigative interviewing perspective. Increased discussion and research of this problem will assist in supporting efforts towards reunification of children with families, investigations by law enforcement into orphanages, and successful prosecution of orphanage trafficking. The article provides an overview of the orphanage trafficking context, followed by a comparison of orphanage trafficking victims with other child trafficking victims from the perspective of investigative needs. Investigative needs are outlined with respect to two primary groups who would interview paper orphans and other involved parties (e.g., birth parents, orphanage staff)–law enforcement and reunification officers. In the final section of the article, we encourage further research on orphanage trafficking and provide initial guidance for interviewing in this unique context. This paper serves as a step to raise further awareness of paper orphans, orphanage trafficking, and the specific characteristics of their cases that affect research and planning into how to identify and interview them and others involved.

Konsep Advokasi Terhadap Anak Korban Perdagangan Anak

Child victims of child trafficking in Indonesia need to take action that leads to forms of defense, assitance, protection and support from various parties. Law number 21 of 2017 concerning the eradication of the criminal act of trafficking in persons in article 35 explains that during the process of investigation, prosecution, and examination at court proceedings, witnesses and/or victims have the right to be accompanied by an advocate and/or other companion needed. The purpose of this paper is to provide an advocacy concept for child victims of child trafficking, for the realization of legal protection. This research is a normative legal research using a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. Meanwhile, the results of this study reveal that the concept of advocacy for child victims of child trafficking consists of legal consultation, legal assistance and legal protection. Meanwhile, the rights of children who are victims of child trafficking that need to be given are: reparation rights, compensation rights, restitution rights and rehabilitation rights.

Child trafficking, comprehensive needs and professional practices: A systematic review

• Education, health, social, justice services are vital for protecting child victims. • Child trafficking is complex and requires collaborative and multidisciplinary work. • Professionals must receive specific qualifications and training on child trafficking. • Practices must follow a victim-centered approach, by responding to the victim’s needs. • It is important to adopt a culturally sensitive and trauma-informed care approach. Human trafficking is a crime that affects adults but also children and youngsters, who are subjected to extreme violence and inhumane conditions. Associated with their immaturity, the inability to protect themselves and the difficulty accessing support systems make them even more vulnerable, creating conditions for traffickers to abuse and control them. It is crucial that professionals from several areas (education, health, protection and social services, justice) who come in contact with child trafficking be prepared to do the necessary screening, needs assessment, and act according to international recommendations. This systematic review of the literature aims to know the professionals’ practices and their understanding of comprehensive needs when working with victims of child trafficking. Six databases were consulted: Sage, Science Direct, WebScience, PubMed, Scopus and Psycinfo (Ovid). From the analysis of the results, 17 studies were selected. This systematic review followed the protocol based on PRISMA recommendations. All studies selected in this systematic review were developed in the last decade (2010–2018), in 14 different countries. The participants were professionals from education, health, protection and social services, justice fields and/or stakeholders in child trafficking or/and other professionals (e.g., religious leaders). The studies used mainly a qualitative methodology, using semi-structured interviews in the data collection. The results presented in those studies were organized into two main categories of analyses: comprehensive needs and professional practices. Regarding comprehensive needs, when working with child trafficking, professionals identified that it is necessary to pay attention to the specific needs of the victims, the needs in terms of the functioning of institutions and human resources, the needs in the macro-societal level and finally the importance of investing in scientific research. Based on the results, it was also possible to organize professional practices, according to international recommendations, into (in)adequate, barriers and difficulties faced. Professionals who have contact with child victims of trafficking must act according to their needs. Thus, an efficient practice refers to a collaborative action assumed by a multidisciplinary team, which should integrate into their work a culturally sensitive posture, trauma-informed care and victim-centered approach. For that, professionals must receive specialized qualifications and training. This work may have implications for scientific research, public and institutional policies, but mainly for professionals’ education and practices when dealing with this phenomenon, from screening to the (re)integration of the trafficked children into society.

Safe at Home? Narratives of Reintegrated Victims of Child Trafficking from Lake Volta, Ghana

Safe at Home? Narratives of Reintegrated Victims of Child Trafficking from Lake Volta, Ghana

Protection for Trafficking Victims: The Perspectives of Law and Psychological Health

Human trafficking is a crime carried out by a dark society of some people, and its network is betweencountries and in international borders. Most victims come from developing countries. The main aim ofthis crime is to force young boys and girls to work in sexual sectors. There is economic oppression asthey are exploited for the interests of the agents, distributors, and crime syndicates as what is similar toother illegal activities which regard trafficking, such as trafficking of domestic workers, fake marriage,illegal jobs, and illegal adoption. This research analyzes the legal protection for human trafficking victimsand the health impacts. This is a doctrinal legal research, strengthened by the qualitative field research. Ituses the constitutional and case approaches. Based on the results of the study and the discussion, it can beconcluded that there are some impacts of the child trafficking in the aspects health and other aspects for thechildren. T The government needs to formulate and to refine the constitutional regulations regarding thehealth protection for victims of child trafficking

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK KORBAN PERDAGANGAN ORANG

Trafficking in Persons is the act of recruiting, transporting, holding, sending, transferring, or accepting someone with threats of violence, the use of force, kidnapping, confinement, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, bondage or giving payment or benefits, thus obtaining approval from People who have control over other people, whether done within the country or between countries, for the purpose of exploitation or causing people to be exploited, is a problem that must be resolved immediately. The research method used by the writer is descriptive research type with a normative legal approach. The results showed that children and women were the most victimized, because they were often the targets and were considered the most vulnerable. The aim of this research is that the state will protect child victims of trafficking in persons from the perpetrators of these evil acts in accordance with Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection.Keywords: legal protection, child, victims, trafficking

Promoting the welfare, protection and care of victims of child trafficking during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on victims of child trafficking. It highlights findings from research on other pandemics and outbreaks, the impact of child trafficking on children, the impact of COVID-19 on children and the impact of COVID-19 on victims of child trafficking. Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on the global impact of COVID-19 on victims of child trafficking. It highlights findings from research on other pandemics, the impact of child trafficking on children, the impact of COVID-19 on children and the impact of COVID-19 on victims of child trafficking. The findings provide a useful framework to guide the development of social policies to address this global crisis and to empower social workers and allied professionals to implement effective service responses. This is a crucial time for the entire world to diminish the impact of COVID-19, address this unprecedented crisis and uphold the human rights of all children. Findings These findings provide a useful framework to guide the development of social policies to address this global pandemic and to support social workers and allied professionals to implement effective service responses. Originality/value The author proposes three basic action items: commit to the promises made in international and regional mandates and guidelines; address the risk and vulnerability factors that have been identified; and implement the promising prevention activities described in the literature.