Chicks In Control Group Research Articles

Effect of Probiotic (Probeads-Ec) Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Aseel Cross Chicks

Background: Supplementation of probiotics play an important role on the growth performance of native chicken to achieve early market weight. It has been observed that there was a development of resistance by pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic mixtures used in the feed as growth promoters. The major concern in using antibiotics is presence of residues in the egg and meat. Probiotics are found to be an alternative to antibiotics to reduce the disease incidences and to improve feed efficiency. Methods: Totally 100 numbers of day old Aseel cross chicks were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 50 chicks each. Chicks in control group (T1) were fed with commercially available feed without probiotic supplementation and chicks in treatment group (T2) were fed with probiotic supplemented commercial feed. Trial period was upto 10 weeks of age. Result: Fortnightly body weight and body weight gain were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in treatment group (T2) compared to control group. Average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio also highly (P less than 0.01) significant in treatment group.

Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on broiler intestinal histomorphology

The present experiment was performed to investigate the influence of two different products of nucleotides as a feed additive for broiler chicks in terms of improvement of intestinal histomorphology. A total number of two hundred and seven-one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into three different treatment groups (A, B, and C), of three replicates (23 chicks / replicate). The chicks in control group (A) were fed negative control diet, group B were fed diet containing (Nucleoforce®) (0.025%) while group C were fed diet containing (Immune force®) (0.1%). Results showed that, groups fed diet supplemented with nucleotides had expressed significant increase in length of intestinal villi when compared with the control one, although group B that was fed Nucleoforce® showed highest values among the three different groups. It was concluded that, inclusion of nucleotides (Nucleoforce® and Immune-force®) in broiler diets had a positive role in improvement of intestinal histomorphology.

Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on broiler performance and economic efficiency

A B S T R A C T A total number of two hundred forty-one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into four different treatment groups (A, B, C and D), of three replicates (20 chicks / replicate). The chicks in control group (A) were fed negative control diet, group B were fed diet containing (Nucleoforce®) (0.025%) in first 10 days of age, group B were fed diet containing (Nucleoforce®) (0.025%) in first 25 days of age. While group D was fed diet containing Nucleoforce® (0.025%) from zero day till slaughtering. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of nucleotide as an immunostimulant for broiler chicks in terms of chick performance and economic efficiency. Results showed that, groups fed diet supplemented with Nucleoforce recorded improvements in live body weight, body weight gain and relative growth rate with no significant difference in feed intake and feed conversion index than the control group. Economic efficiency showed non-significant difference between control group and other groups but group (D) recorded high value 0.94 more than control group (A) 0.84. It was concluded that, inclusion of nucleotide 0.025% in broiler diets had a positive role in improvement of final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and economic efficiency.

Effects of Nigella sativa and amino acids on growth performance and haematological parameters of broiler

Background: Recently, the use of antibiotic growth promoters has been banned in many countries due to cross-resistance among pathogens and residues in tissues, which led to search for the alternative feed additives in animal production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of “Kalo jeera” (Nigella sativa) powder and amino acids supplementation on the growth of broiler chicks and their blood parameters. Methods: A total of 100 day-old (Cobb® 500) chicks were randomly divided into four groups such as T0, T1, T2, T3, and each group contained 25 chicks. The group T0 was used as control and groups T1, T2 and T3 were treated group. Chicks of control group were fed with only basal diet and no supplements were supplied, and chicks of treatment group including T1, T2 and T3 were supplemented with amino acids, Nigella sativa powder and combination of Nigella sativa and amino acids, respectively. Body weight was recorded on 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th and 35th day of age. Haematological tests were performed at 15th, 25th and 35th day of age. Results: The results showed that net weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved in the treated groups than that of the control group. Among the treated groups, the significant level of improvement was achieved in the T3 group followed by T1 and then T2. Total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration were significant (p<0.01) in the treated groups as compared to control. Conclusions: The results suggest that better growth performance could be achieved in broilers supplemented with Nigella sativa and amino acids in combination and those can be used as growth promoters.

Effects of deoxynivalenol exposure on cerebral lipid peroxidation, neurotransmitter and calcium homeostasis of chicks in vivo

During current research, the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure on cerebral lipid peroxidation, neurotransmitter secretion and calcium homeostasis in chicks were evaluated. One hundred and twenty Hailan chicks (male, 1-day-old) were randomly divided into four groups. Chicks in low, medium and high dose groups were fed with 0.27, 1.68 and 12.21 mg/kg−1 DON respectively by gavage according to feed intake. Chicks in control group were fed with physiological saline by gavage. The trials were conducted for 36 d. At the end of the trials, twenty chicks per group were sacrificed, and the cerebra were collected for measuring the brain indices. Compared with the control group, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased in treatment groups (P < 0.05), the contents of malondialdehyde in high dose group were increased (P < 0.05), the catalase activities and nitric oxide contents in medium and high dose groups were decreased (P < 0.05), and the activities of T-AOC in high dose group were reduced (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the concentrations of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in high dose group were obviously increased (P < 0.05), while the concentrations of dopamine were decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the concentrations of calcium and calmodulin (CaM) in medium and high dose groups were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the gene relative expression of CaM mRNA in treatment groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that DON exposure can affect the cerebral lipid peroxidation, neurotransmitters secretion and the balance of calcium homeostasis in chicks.

Effect of in ovo supplemented silver nanoparticles on the gut morphology and hemato-serological parameters in broiler chickens

In ovo administration of silver nano particles (AgNPs), 50 μg/egg (T1) was carried out in 18d embryonated eggs (n=200) for assessing it's role in gut morphology and hemato-serological parameters. Additionally, one sham control (injected placebo, T2) and un- injected control group (T3) of 200 fertile eggs each were also maintained to evaluate the effect of AgNPs. In 14th and 21st day old T1 chicks, the villus height and villus width in duodenum was higher but not significant in comparison to control group chicks. The villus height to crypt depth ratio was 6.81 μm in 21 day old duodenum samples from T1 chicks, which was lower than the T2 and T3 groups. In jejunum samples, the villus height was lower in T1 chicks than T2 and T3, both at 14th and 21 day age. No difference was found in the hematological parameters at different periods between the chicks from different treatment groups. The serum total protein values in T1 chicks at day old, 7th day and 14th day age were insignificantly higher than T2 and T3 chicks. However, no difference was observed in the serum total cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT values among the treatment groups. Hence, from the present study it is concluded that in ovo administration of AgNps at 18th embryonic day, had no effect on gut morphology and different hemato-serological traits in broiler chickens.

The Effect of Ionized Water (Alkaline and Acidic) on Body Conformation For Carcasses of Broiler Chicken

This experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of ionized water (alkaline and acidic) on body weight , carcasses weight , body length , circumambient of breast , thighs , back, and length of bon for carcasses of 49 day old broiler chicks. A total of 300 one day old chicks Ross308 strain with 38g initial body weight per chick are randomly allocated into three treatment group of 100 chicks each . Each treatment group are sub-divided into four replicates with twenty fife chicks each. Chicks in control group (T1) are drinking tap water( PH=7-1) , whereas chicks in second(T2) and third group(T3) were drinking ionized alkaline(PH=8.5) and acidic water(PH=4.8) respectively. Results show that chicks in (T2) which drink the alkaline water had higher live body weight and carcass weight but the statistical analysis show that these differences are not significant –Alkaline water seems to improve the body length , circumambient of thigh , flier repletion of body ,the length of thigh , drumstick and sternum bones compared with control treatment (T1) and( T3) which their birds received the tap and acidified water respectively, but also the stastical analysis shows that all these differences were not get the significance (P > In conclusion alkaline and acidified ionized water are not significantly affected the carcasses characteristics and measurement of broiler chicks .

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DRIED TAMARIND PULP ON MEAT CHOLESTEROL, CARCASS YIELD, DRESSING PERCENTAGE AND ABDOMINAL FAT OF BROILER CHICKEN

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of different levels of dried Tamarind pulp on meat cholesterol, carcass yield and dressing percentage of broiler chicken. 300 healthy day old commercial broiler chicks of Vencob’ strain were selected and divided into five groups of 60 chicks in each group, three replicates of 20 birds in each group. The chicks of control group (Group I) were fed with standard broiler diet without dried Tamarind pulp, whereas dried Tamarind pulp was supplemented @250 gm, 500 gm, 1000 gm and 1500 gm per 100 kg of broiler ration respectively to groups -II, III, IV and V.The meat cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in treatments groups than in control group. However, carcass yield and dressing percentage of treatment groups were significantly higher than control Group.The carcass yield and dressing percentage were increased and meat cholesterol level was decreased on supplementation of dried Tamarind pulp in broiler rations.

Quality assessment chicks from different hatcher temperatures with different scoring methods and prediction of broiler growth performance

The aim of the current study was to determine the quality of chicks from different hatcher temperatures for the prediction of broiler growth performance. The hatcher temperatures were applied as follows: control (36.8–37.0°C), acute high hatcher temperature (38.8–39.0°C for 3 hours daily, 36.8–37.0°C in remaining time) and chronic high hatcher temperature (38.8–39.0°C). The chick quality was measured with Tona score, Pasgar score, chick-hatching weight, yolk-free chick weight and chick length. Whereas the chicks of control group were the highest quality with Tona and Pasgar methods, the chicks of the control and acute high temperature groups were better than the chronic high temperature group according to chick weight and yolk-free chick weight as chick quality indicators. Between days1 and 7, the relative growth was the highest in control group with a value of 373.0%. The correlations between chick weight on day 1 and Tona score, Pasgar score, chick weight, yolk-free chick weight and chick length were significant. The correlation between chick quality scoring methods and relative growth between days 1 and 7 was varied among the treatment groups. In conclusion, short- or long-term high hatcher temperatures affected one-day-old chick quality and first-week broiler growth performance.

Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium on haematological parameters in sub-acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in Broiler Chick

Background: Chromium (Cr), a naturally occurring heavy metal, exists in many states, but the trivalent Cr (III) and hexavalent Cr (VI) forms are the most common in the environment. Acute and chronic toxicity in both animal and man are mainly caused by Cr (VI) compounds. Studies on hematological parameters in sub-acute toxicity of potassium chromate in broiler chicks are limited. Aims & Objective: The study was envisaged to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin E and Selenium on haematological parameters in sub-acute oral toxicity of potassium chromate [Cr (VI)] in broiler chicks. Materials and Methods: Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) used as test compound and Vitamin E and Se powder as Tocosel® contained 5 g of Tocopherol acetate and 30 mg of sodium selenite per 10 gm. LD50 was calculated before initiating the experiment by graphical probit analysis method. Experiment was conducted in randomly divided four equal groups (n=6) of day old chicks. Chicks of each group were maintained up to the age of 45 day and sacrificed on 46th day. Chicks of control group (T1) were provided only with basal diet and drinking water. While groups T2 and T3 was fed different concentrations of K2CrO4 and T4 as treatment group supplemented with Vitamin E and Se. Results: LD50 of K2CrO4 in broiler chick was calculated as 277.95 mg/kg. Feeding potassium chromate [Cr (VI)] in group T2 (1/5th of LD50) and T3 (1/3rd of LD50) for 30 days, decreased haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit values, total erythrocyte count and total leucocyte count while increased the clotting time in a dose dependent manner. In group T4 chicks fed 1/3rd of LD50 of K2CrO4 and simultaneous treatment of Vitamin E and Se, normalised these haematological values, signifying its protective effect in sub-acute hexavalent chromium toxicity produced by potassium chromate. Conclusion: It may be concluded that above mentioned changes might have reduced erythrocyte number, leucocyte number, haemoglobin value and increased clotting time. Vitamin E and Se containing glutathione peroxidase are among the principle in vivo chain breaking antioxidants, thus had protective effect.

Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens supplemented with chicken-specific Lactobacillus CSL-13 in drinking water

Effect of chicken-specific Lactobacillus CSL-13 isolated from the digestive tract of chickens on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens was investigated. 1-day-old AA broiler chicks (900) were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups with 3 replicates for raising over 42 days. Chicks of control group 1 were fed the basal diets that did not supplemented with CSL-13. The chicks of groups 2 and 3 were fed the basal diets same to that of group 1, but supplemented with 1 and 2 ml of CSL-13 for each in feed water per day, respectively. The results indicated that the body weight (BW), average daily weight and feed conversion rate (FCR) were all significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased by the dietary inclusion of CSL-13. The birds fed with the level of CSL-13 of 2 ml exhibited the highest BW and FCR, however there was no significant difference in mortality rate among different groups. Additionally, CSL-13 is giving a contribution towards an improvement of the chemical, nutritional and sensorial characteristics of breast fillet. Improved protein and free amino acid contents, and decreased fat content in chicken breast fillet (P &lt; 0.05), were detected in birds by the supplement of CSL-13 in drinking water. Meanwhile, improvement in sensory attributes was also noticed in broilers fed with CSL-13. So chicken-specific CSL-13 can be used as a growth promoter and meat quality enhancer on broiler poultry.

The effects of Nigella sativa powder (black seed) and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extract on performance, some blood biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa (NS) powder and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extract (EP) on performance and some blood biochemical and haematological parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 144, one day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were divided into three treatment groups, with four replicates per treatment and 12 chicks per replicate. Chicks in control groups were fed basal diets and received water without any supplementation. Birds in treatment groups two were fed on feeds supplemented with 1% NS. For birds in treatment groups three, drinking water was supplemented with EP at the rate of 0.25 ml/kg body weight (BW). Body weights of broilers were measured at one, 21 and 42 days, feed intake was measured at the same periods and feed conversion was calculated, accordingly. Blood samples were taken weekly until 6 th weeks, for biochemical and hematological analysis. Result of this experiment show that, supplementing 1% NS improved body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at starter and grower periods (P 0.05) influenced. Supplementing 1% N. sativa decreased serum triglyceride and total cholesterol of broilers in overall (P<0.05). In conclusion, results of this study show that addition of 1% NS powder seem to have a positive influence on growth performance and it could be considered as a antibiotic growth promoter substitution for broiler chicks. Key words : Nigella sativa, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, performance, serum biochemistry, blood hematology, broiler.

Leukocytic responses and intestinal mucin dynamics of broilers protected with Enterococcus faecium EF55 and challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis

The protective effect of Enterococcus faecium EF55 in chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (SE PT4) was assessed. The antibacterial effect on the bacterial microflora in the small intestine in relation to white blood cell count, phenotyping of peripheral blood and intestinal lymphocytes, functional activity of lymphocytes and phagocytes and mucin quantitation were investigated. Day-old chicks (85) were randomly divided into four groups. The probiotic group (EF) and Salmonella+probiotic group (EFSE) received E. faecium EF55 (109 CFU – 3g/group/day) for 21days. The Salmonella group (SE) and EFSE group were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis (108 CFU in 0.2ml PBS) in a single dose per os on day four of the experiment. The control group chicks (C) were fed a commercial diet without added bacteria. Supplementation of EF55 in the diet of the chickens in the EFSE group, challenged with S. Enteritidis, caused the density of the intestinal mucin layer to increase significantly in non-specific regions (duodenum and jejunum), but decrease significantly in target regions (caeca) for S. Enteritidis. Probiotic treatment also appeared to result in a significantly higher number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and a tendency to increase CD3, CD4, CD8, and IgM positive cells 3days post-infection with S. Enteritidis. The results demonstrated an antibacterial effect and suggested that EF55 had a moderating effect on intestinal mucin production and leukocytic response in the early phase of S. Enteritidis infection.

사료 내 β-Glucanase 활성이 강화된 복합효소제 급여가 육계의 생산성과 혈청성분 및 육질에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 Ross 208 종의 broiler 31,800수를 대조구와 복합 효소제 첨가구로 나누어 5주간에 걸쳐 대조구는 옥수수-대두박을 기초로 한 시판 육계사료를 급여하고, 시험구는 <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX>를 강화한 복합 효소제를 0.3% 첨가 급여하여 생산성과 혈청성분과 육질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험기간 동안의 각 시험구의 증체량 및 사료 효율, 생산지수, 육성율을 측정하였고 무작위로 각 시험구당 20수를 선발하여 혈청 콜레스테롤 및 glucose 농도를 측정하였다. 또 ND와 IBD 항원을 음용 투여한 브로일러의 ND와 IBD에 대한 항체역가를 조사하였으며, 육질검사로 도체의 pH 및 육색, 가열감량, 보수력, 전단력을 측정하였다. 사육시험 결과, 0.3% 복합 효소제 시험구가 대조구에 비해 평균체중 19%, 생산지수 6.8%, 사료효율 5.5%, 육성율 5%의 증가를 나타내었다. 복합 효소제 시험구는 대조구보다 혈청내 HDL-콜레스테롤 양을 증가시키고 glucose의 양을 감소시켰다. 육계 혈청 내 ND 및 IBD 항원에 대한 항체역가도 복합 효소제 시험구가 대조구보다 높았다. 육질검사에 있어서는 복합 효소제 시험구가 대조구보다 육색과 전단력은 차이가 없었으나 보수력(p<0.05)과 가열감량이 개선되는 결과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX> 활성을 강화한 복합 효소제의 첨가 급여는, 육계의 생산성과 혈청성분과 면역기능과 육질을 개선시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme mixture fortified with <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX> on the growth performance, serum components and meat quality of broiler chicks. 31,800 Ross 208 male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into 2 groups, the control and 0.3% enzyme diet with <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX> supplementation groups. Control group chicks were fed the control (corn-soybean meal based) diet and the treatment group chicks were fed the 0.3% enzyme mixture supplemented with <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX>. The growth performance, serum components and meat qualities such as pH, color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shearing force of meats were investigated. The results showed that the growth performance of chicks fed the 0.3% enzyme mixture diet were improved compared to that of the control group, as much as 5% in growth rate, 19% in average weight, 6.8% in performance index, and 5.5% in feed efficiency. Although, there were no significant differences in the muscle color degrees (<TEX>$L^*a^*b^*$</TEX>) and shearing force between the control group and experimental group, the water holding capacity and cooking loss of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group (p<0.05). The antibody titers in serum against the antigens of Newcastle disease and Infectious Bursal disease were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Altogether, these suggest that the broiler diet containing 0.3% enzyme mixture fortified with <TEX>${\beta}-glucanase$</TEX> activity can improve the growth performance, immune reaction, and meat quality of broiler chicks.

Study Of Chick Embryo Vaccination Against Newcastle And Newcastle With Gumboro

This study is considered the first trail study in our country to apply In ovo-vaccination to immunize chicks against avian viral diseases. This method was conducted by using 150 chick embryos classified into three equal groups (50 embryo each group). The first group was inoculated with Newcastle disease virus-NDV (B1-strain). Second group was vaccineted with NDV. and GV( Gambaro virus). All vaccinated groups were inoculated in the amniotic sac, thethird group (control group) was inoculated with sterile phosphate buffered saline. Result should the both vaccine did not reveal any negative effect on the percentage of hatchability and liaviability of the vaccinated chicks.Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) , ELISA and challenge test were used to evaluate the level of immunity in chicks vaccinated with (NDV.) alone and (GV.) &amp; (NDV.) double vaccine beside the control group chicks. The result revealed in spite of lower level of mean antibody titer of HI and ELISA in age of 28 days the two vaccinated group were resistant to challenge with virulent NDV. with 60% mortality rate in the control group.

Dissociation of stress behaviors in the chick social-separation-stress procedure

Separation from conspecifics in chicks produces an increase in distress vocalizations and a decrease in response to a noxious stimulus (stress-induced analgesia). This study questioned the relative contributions of novelty to the test chamber and social separation in mediating these stress responses. Eight-day-old chicks were tested either in isolation or in the presence of two social companions for a 3-min observation period in which distress vocalizations were recorded as well as the frequency of footlifts in response to a 50-μl injection of 0.10% formalin into the plantar surface of the footpad. In Expt. 1, chicks received six, 3-min test chamber habituation trials (vs. no habituation) one per day before testing; in Expt. 2, chicks were tested with mirrors placed in the chambers (vs. no mirrors). In both studies, isolated chicks in control groups (i.e., no habituation or no mirror) exhibited increased distress vocalizations and decreased nociceptive responses. In Expt. 1, habituation to the test chamber attenuated stress-induced analgesia but did not affect distress vocalizations. In Expt. 2, placement of mirrors in the test chamber attenuated distress vocalizations but did not affect stress-induced analgesia. These findings demonstrate a dissociation of stress behaviors in the chick social-separation-stress procedure: the stress-induced analgesia response is primarily mediated by novelty to the test apparatus while the distress vocalizations response is mediated by separation from conspecifics.

Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine Serpulina pilosicoli.

Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes were observed in chicks challenged with North American Serpulina pilosicoli, a weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochete (WBHIS) associated with human and canine intestinal spirochetosis. Chicks in control groups received trypticase soy broth or canine Serpulina innocens. The birds were necropsied at weekly intervals, and the ceca were processed for bacteriologic and pathologic examinations. No WBHIS were isolated from the ceca of chicks in the control groups, but WBHIS with genotypes similar to the parent isolates were isolated from the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Gross examination revealed no significant changes in the ceca of chicks at any time post-inoculation. Light microscopic examination revealed no spirochetal attachment in the ceca of chicks in control groups. In contrast, focal to diffuse thickening of the brush border of the surface epithelium along with dilation of the crypt lumina and mild focal lamina propria heterophil infiltration were present in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed focal to confluent spirochetal attachment mainly in the furrow region at the periphery of the crypt units. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed spirochetes attached to the brush border of the cecal epithelium, causing effacement of the microvilli and disruption of the terminal web microfilaments. The cecal epithelium of chicks inoculated with the canine S. pilosicoli also had caplike elevations of the apical membrane at the point of attachment of the spirochetes together with large numbers of vesicles in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the terminal web and evidence of spirochetal invasion beyond the mucosal barrier. The changes observed suggested that the mechanism of attachment of human and canine S. pilosicoli to the cecal epithelium of chicks was analogous to but different from that described previously for other attaching and effacing gastroenteric bacterical pathogens of human beings and animals.