Chicken Blood Research Articles

The effect of methionine and folic acid administered in ovo on the blood biochemical parameters of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Methionine is one of the most frequently supplemented amino acids in raising of poultry. However, an overdose of methionine can cause hyperhomocysteinemia. Folic acid, taking part in the process of homocysteine remethylation, is a factor affecting the reduction of the concentration of this amino acid. The study was carried out in 2 stages. The experiment of step I was to investigate the effect of methionine and/or folic acid administration in ovo in the early stage of embryogenesis (E4), and the experiment of the second stage - in the late stage of embryogenesis (E17) on the following biochemical parameters of chicken blood: glucose concentration in whole blood and concentration of homocysteine and uric acid in plasma of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Our results confirm that methionine supplementation may increase the concentration of uric acid and homocysteine. Moreover, we demonstrated that folic acid administered during embryogenesis decreased homocysteine concentration, also in groups simultaneously supplemented with methionine, especially in the initial stage of postnatal life of the bird.

Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand

Background and Aim: Filarial nematode typically produces a larval stage (microfilariae) in the bloodstream of vertebrate hosts, where microfilariae reside in the blood or subcutaneous tissues. Filarial nematodes cause human diseases, such as river blindness and elephantiasis, which are widely studied. However, in avian species, they are overlooked because they are nonpathogenic. In Thailand, microfilaria can be found in wild birds and domestic chickens. Recently, an increase in the number of blood samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories may have increased the number of microfilariae. Therefore, knowledge about filarial species and reliable detection methods are important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of buffy coat smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens. In addition, parasites were identified using the sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene. Materials and Methods: Giemsa-stained buffy coat smears from a previous study were reanalyzed. These available buffy coat smears were prepared from 55 domestic chickens raised as backyard free-ranging in Southern Thailand. Fifty-seven frozen genomic DNA extracted from chicken blood were used to detect the presence of the COX1 gene in Onchocercidae nematodes. The nested PCR protocol for amplification of the OnchoCOI_ R2-OnchoCOI_ R2 fragment of the COX1 gene was applied from a previous report. Sequences of COX1 were analyzed to identify Onchocercidae nematodes and if they were single or mixed infections. We constructed Bayesian phylogenetics to identify parasites and assessment of the relationship between filarial nematodes in avian species and other vertebrate hosts. Results: Buffy coat smears from 15 samples revealed microfilaria. Of these 15 samples, only eight were positive for COX1 nested-PCR amplification. The other two buffy coat-negative samples were also positive for nested-PCR. Sequencing of these 11 nested PCR-positive samples revealed that almost all of them were Onchocercidae nematodes. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that chicken Onchocercidae spp. were grouped with other avian filarial nematodes. However, all chickens Onchocercidae spp. showed a double peak in the sequencing chromatogram, indicating mixed filarial infection (species or haplotypes). Therefore, no chicken Onchocercidae sequence was deposited on National Center for Biotechnology Information, GenBank. Conclusion: Giemsa-stained buffy coat smear was a reliable method for the detection of chicken microfilaria in routine veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Development of a new PCR-based method is necessary. This method may provide greater sensitivity and specificity of detection. In addition, the PCR method allowed us to access the genetic characteristics of nematodes, which helped us maximize our knowledge of nematodes. Further investigations, such as the pathogenicity of filarial nematodes in chickens and their potential vectors, are required. Keywords: Buffy coat smear, Chickens, Cytochrome c oxidase I, Microfilaria, Nested-polymerase chain reaction.

The chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay revisited – A face-lifted approach for new perspectives in placenta research

The study of very early human placentation is largely limited due to ethical restrictions on the use of embryonic tissue and the fact that the placental anatomy of common laboratory animal models varies considerably from that of humans. In recent years several promising models, including trophoblast stem cell-derived organoids, have been developed that have also proven useful for the study of important trophoblast differentiation processes. However, the consideration of maternal blood flow in trophoblast invasion models currently appears to be limited to animal models. An almost forgotten model to study the invasive behavior of trophoblasts is to culture them in vitro on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), showing an extraembryonic vascular network in its mesenchymal stroma that is continuously perfused by the chicken embryonic blood circulation.Here, we present an extension of the previously described ex ovo CAM assay and describe the use of cavity-bearing trophoblast spheroids obtained from the first trimester cell line ACH-3P. We demonstrate how spheroids penetrated the CAM and that erosion of CAM vessels by trophoblasts led to filling of the spheroid cavities with chicken blood, mimicking initial steps of intervillous space blood perfusion. Moreover, we prove that this model is useful for state-of-the-art techniques including immunofluorescence and in situ padlock probe hybridization, making it a versatile tool to study aspects of trophoblast invasion in presence of blood flow.

The Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Technology for the Differentiation of Fresh Human Blood Cells From Other Species' Blood in the Investigation of Crime Scenes.

The current study used the deep machine learning approach to differentiate human blood specimens from cow, goat, and chicken blood stains based on cellmorphology. A total of 1,955 known Giemsa-stained digitized images were acquired from the blood of humans, cows, goats, and chickens. To train the deep learning models, the well-known VGG16, Resnet18, and Resnet34 algorithms were used. Based on the image analysis, confusion matrices were generated. Findings showed that the F1 score for the chicken, cow, goat, and human classes were all equal to 1.0 for each of the three algorithms. The Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) was 1 for chickens, cows, and humans in all three algorithms, while the MCC score was 0.989 for goats by ResNet18, and it was 0.994 for both ResNet34 and VGG16 algorithms. The three algorithms showed 100% sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the human, cow, and chicken cells. For the goatcells, the data showed 100% sensitivity and negative predictive values with specificity and positive predictive values ranging from 98.5% to 99.6%. These data showed the importance of deep learning as a potential tool for the differentiation of the species of origin of fresh crime scene blood stains.

S Development of an electrochemical immunosensor using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) in chicken blood plasma

The research aims to develop an electrochemical immunosensing assay using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the specific detection of Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) proteins in chicken blood plasma (CBP). The biotin anti-ApoAI antibody was first immobilized on magnetic beads (MBs), while antibody ApoA1 was then conjugated with AuNPs. After a series of sandwich-type immunoreaction complexes was performed on the screen-printed carbon electrode, AuNPs were quantified by subjecting the immunocomplex to a peroxidation process of high potential at 1.2 V for 330 s and immediately reduced and scanned by differential pulse voltammetry (DPASV). This study obtained a linear relationship between reduction peak current signals and ApoA1 concentration from 0 to 100% (correlation coefficient of 0.996 with a detection limit of 5% of chicken blood plasma (CBP). The efficacy of our immunosensor is predicated on the seamless integration of antibodies with MBs to the target analyte, which provide ample surface area, biocompatibility, and user-friendliness. This breakthrough improves preliminary food fraud detection's sensitivity, reliability, and usability. It could improve diagnostic food safety, leading to a worldwide health breakthrough.

Mercury biomagnification in the food web of Agami Pond, Kaw-Roura Nature Reserve, French Guiana

Freshwater ecosystems are among the most important ecosystems worldwide, however, over the last centuries, anthropogenic pressures have had catastrophic effects on them. Mercury (Hg) is one of the main environmental contaminants which globally affect ecosystems and particularly freshwater wildlife. While Hg originates from natural sources, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, biomass combustion, and gold mining increase its concentrations.Gold mining activities are the main drivers of Hg emission in tropical ecosystems and are responsible for up to 38% of global emissions. Once in its methylated form (MeHg), mercury biomagnifies through the trophic chain and accumulates in top predators. Due to the toxicity of MeHg, long-lived predators are even more subjected to chronic effects as they accumulate Hg over time.In the present study we quantified Hg contamination in two top predators, the Black caiman Melanosuchus niger and the Agami heron Agamia agami, and in their prey in the Kaw-Roura Nature Reserve in French Guiana and evaluated the biomagnification rate in the trophic chain.Our results show that despite a TMF in the range of others in the region (4.38 in our study), top predators of the ecosystem present elevated concentrations of Hg. We have found elevated Hg concentrations in the blood of adult Black caiman (2.10 ± 0.652 μg g−1 dw) and chicks of Agami heron (1.089 ± 0.406 μg g−1 dw). These findings highlight the need to better evaluate the potential impact of Hg in freshwater top predators, especially regarding reprotoxic effects.

Assessment of the microbial electrochemical sensor (SENTRY™) as a potential wastewater quality monitoring tool for common pollutants found in Malaysia.

Bioelectrochemical sensors for environment monitoring have the potential to provide facility operators with real-time data, allowing for better and more timely decision-making regarding water and wastewater treatment. To assess the robustness and sensitivity of the Sentry™ biosensor in local conditions, it was tested in Malaysia using domestically available wastewater. The study objectives included (1) enrich the biosensor locally, (2) operate and test the biosensor with local domestic wastewater, and (3) determine the biosensor's responsiveness to model pollutants through pollutant spike and immersion test as well as response to absence of wastewater. Lab-scale operation shows the biosensor was successfully enriched with (1) local University Kebangsaan Malaysia's, microbial community strain collection and (2) local municipal wastewater microflora, operated for more than 50days with a stable yet responsive carbon consumption rate (CCR) signal. Meanwhile, two independent biosensors were also enriched and operated in Indah Water Research Centre's crude sewage holding tank, showing a stable response to the wastewater. Next, a pilot scale setup was constructed to test the enriched biosensors for the spiked-pollutant test. The biosensors showed a proportional CCR response (pollutant presence detected) towards several organic compounds in the sewage, including ethanol, chicken blood, and dilution of tested sewage but less to curry powder, methanol, and isopropanol. Conversely, there was no significant response (pollutant presence not detected) towards hexane, Congo red, engine oil, and paint, which may be due to their non-biodegradability and/or insoluble nature. Additionally, the biosensors were exposed to air for 6h to assess their robustness towards aerobic shock with a positive result. Overall, the study suggested that the biosensor could be a powerful monitoring tool, given its responsiveness towards organic compounds in sewage under normal conditions.

FcRY is a key molecule controlling maternal blood IgY transfer to yolks during egg development in avian species.

Maternal immunoglobulin transfer plays a key role in conferring passive immunity to neonates. Maternal blood immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in avian species is transported to newly-hatched chicks in two steps: 1) IgY is transported from the maternal circulation to the yolk of maturing oocytes, 2) the IgY deposited in yolk is transported to the circulation of the embryo via the yolk sac membrane. An IgY-Fc receptor, FcRY, is involved in the second step, but the mechanism of the first step is still unclear. We determined whether FcRY was also the basis for maternal blood IgY transfer to the yolk in the first step during egg development. Immunohistochemistry revealed that FcRY was expressed in the capillary endothelial cells in the internal theca layer of the ovarian follicle. Substitution of the amino acid residue in Fc region of IgY substantially changed the transport efficiency of IgY into egg yolks when intravenously-injected into laying quail; the G365A mutant had a high transport efficiency, but the Y363A mutant lacked transport ability. Binding analyses of IgY mutants to FcRY indicated that the mutant with a high transport efficiency (G365A) had a strong binding activity to FcRY; the mutants with a low transport efficiency (G365D, N408A) had a weak binding activity to FcRY. One exception, the Y363A mutant had a remarkably strong binding affinity to FcRY, with a small dissociation rate. The injection of neutralizing FcRY antibodies in laying quail markedly reduced IgY uptake into egg yolks. The neutralization also showed that FcRY was engaged in prolongation of half-life of IgY in the blood; FcRY is therefore a multifunctional receptor that controls avian immunity. The pattern of the transport of the IgY mutants from the maternal blood to the egg yolk was found to be identical to that from the fertilized egg yolk to the newly-hatched chick blood circulation, via the yolk sac membrane. FcRY is therefore a critical IgY receptor that regulates the IgY uptake from the maternal blood circulation into the yolk of avian species, further indicating that the two steps of maternal-newly-hatched IgY transfer are controlled by a single receptor.

Evaluation morphofunctional state of broiler chickens body's under the applica-tion of various doses of Combiiod

One of the key and mandatory prerequisites for the creation and approbation of new veterinary preparations, both in the context of national legislation and the requirements of the International Community for Registration of Veterinary Medicines, is clinical studies in compliance with the provisions of “Good clinical practice” (GCP). This primarily concerns medicines with a new substance, pharmacology, and efficiency, which have not yet been studied. The technology of growing poultry requires the use of veterinary drugs not only for the prevention of infectious diseases but also for the improvement of metabolic functions and correction of the body’s resistance. One of the priority tasks is to ensure the complete work of the digestive system since it depends on the body's absorption of the nutrients required for the growth of poultry. Among poultry farms, there is considerable interest in drugs with antibacterial, general stimulating action, and coccidiostatics, especially those that do not have an elimination period. The company “Brovafarma” LLC has developed a new form of drug based on Povidone-iodine and sodium selenite for oral use of poultry for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, myxomycetes, protozoa organisms sensitive to iodine, and for metabolic disorders. That is why the purpose of our experimental studies was to study the safety of a new veterinary drug “Combiiod”, a “solution for oral use”, for healthy broiler chickens. According to the results of the study, it was found that the feeding of the drug “Combiiod” chickens-broiler at a therapeutic dose (0.2 ml per 1 liter of water) and in 5 multiple therapeutic doses (1.0 ml per 1 liter of water) within 5 days for two courses with weekly interval was well tolerated by the experimental poultry, did not cause death and violation of the morphofunctional state of broiler chickens bodies. In the blood of broiler chickens, which received the drug “Combiiod” at the therapeutic dose, most studied morphological and biochemical indicators were within the physiological values for this type of poultry. They did not differ significantly from the indicators of the control group. In the serum of poultry, which used 5 multiple therapeutic doses, a significant decrease in the content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and uric acid and an increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the content of bile acids were revealed. Analyzing the coefficients of individual internal organs and mass of broiler chickens, no significant difference in indicators between experimental and control groups has been noted. Pathomorphological examination has not established a violation of the morphofunctional state of broiler chickens ’ bodies, which received a therapeutic dose. Histological changes in the structure of the kidneys, liver, and heart, which were reversed, were found in the poultry that received 5 multiple therapeutic doses of the drug.

Effect of cuprum proteinate on blood parameters in broiler chickens

The data obtained during the scientific and economic experiment show that the replacement of copper sulfate with copper proteinate in broiler chickens, even in smaller doses, did not significantly affect hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Some increase in the total level of albumins and globulins, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the content of calcium, phosphorus and copper in blood serum was noted. Introduction of cuprum proteinate to compound feed to broiler chickens of the third experimental group in doses of 13.9; 12.6 and 9.0 g/t (on average for 42 days – 12.5 g/t) contributed to a probable increase in total protein by 14.2 % (Р < 0.05) on the 30th day of the experiment and by 12.3 % (Р < 0.05) on the 42nd day of the experiment compared to the control group. At the same time, the level of albumins increased by 11.9 % (Р < 0.05) and 15.8 % (Р < 0.05), and globulins by 12.0 % (Р < 0.05) and 10.7 %, respectively. This fact shows that reducing the dose of cuprum proteinate has a positive effect on protein synthesis, activation of albumin and globulin synthesis occurs, which reduces the load on the immune system of broiler chickens and has a positive effect on protein metabolism. On the 42nd day of the experiment, the calcium content in the blood of all groups increased, but in the experimental groups it was higher than the control indicator in the second group by 4.8 % and by 5.6 % in the third experimental group. Regarding the level of Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental groups of broiler chickens, its amount increased to 1.85–1.96 mmol/l on the 42nd day. The content of cuprum in the blood of broiler chickens, which were fed cuprum proteinate as part of compound feed, was probably higher than the indicator of the control group. Chickens of the second experimental group, which were fed cuprum proteinate in quantities of 18.2; 16.8 and 12.0 g/t of compound feed exceeded their counterparts by 14.0–16.3 % (Р < 0.05). Broiler chickens of the third experimental group, which were added to compound feed with cuprum proteinate in doses of 13.9, 12.6 and 30 g/t, prevailed on day 30 of the experiment by 18.8 % (Р < 0.01), and on day 42 day by 18.9 % (Р < 0.01). A higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental broiler chickens indicates an increase in the resistance of the bird to infections and better mineralization of bone tissue. Feeding of cuprum proteinate to broiler chickens makes it possible to reduce the dose of the trace element in compound feed, which reduces the burden on the bird's body and increases the biological availability of mineral compounds.

Purification, characterization, and in vitro digestion of novel antioxidant peptides from chicken blood hemoglobin.

The study aimed to purify and characterize antioxidant peptides from chicken blood hemoglobin hydrolysate. The fraction M2 (<3KDa) with the strongest antioxidant activity was isolated by ultrafiltration, and its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging rate, ABTS [2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)] free radical scavenging rate, and iron ion chelation activity were 82.91%, 77.49%, and 80.99%, respectively. After in vitro digestion, the antioxidant capacity of chicken blood hydrolysate was significantly higher than that before digestion (p<0.05). M2 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity after stomach digestion, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate and iron ion chelating power of 82.91% and 79.61%, respectively. Component A was purified from M2 by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography. The peptide sequences were identified by LC-MS/MS from fraction A, and four peptides, AEDKKLIQ (944.54Da), APAPAAK (625.36Da), LSDLHAHKL (1033.57Da), and LSNLHAYNL (1044.54Da) were synthesized using the solid-phase peptide method, among which APAPAAK was a novel antioxidant peptide. Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding of these four peptides to the key active site of Keap1 via hydrogen bonding. This study suggests that chicken blood may provide a new natural source of antioxidant peptides.

Функциональные морфоденситометрические параметры хроматина ядра и цитоплазмы эритробластов и эритроцитов птиц в постэмбриональном онтогенезе

Abstract. The purpose is to characterize the development of the synthetic activity of polychromatophilic erythroblasts and erythrocytes, in particular the status of the hemoglobin-synthesized function of avian erythroid cells in early postembryonic ontogenesis. Methods. The experimental part of the study was carried out in the conditions poultry farm of “Chebarkul’skaya ptitsa” (Chebarkul district of the Chelyabinsk region, Russia). The whole blood of Hubbard ISA F15 broiler chickens of four age groups (n = 40) was studied: group I – 1-day-old chicks; II – 7-day-old chickens; III – 23-day-old broilers; IV – 42-day-old chickens. The scientific novelty. Functional morpho-densitometric parameters of chromatin of the nucleus and cytoplasm of erythroblasts and red blood cells of birds in postembryonic ontogenesis. Cytophysiological and epigenetic parameters of hemoglobin synthesis by erythroblasts and young erythrocytes are important in elucidating the regulation of the functions of blood cells in normal, adaptation and disorders. Criteria for the synthetic activity of erythroblasts and maturing erythrocytes of animals and humans are optical density as an indicator of the concentration of euchromatin and the metabolic dynamics of the cytoplasm, as well as area as an indicator of the distribution of euchromatin in the stroma of the nucleus and the size’s of the cytoplasm. Results. According to the results of calculation of spectral, morphometric and opticometric values of nuclear chromatin, cytoplasm and their indexed ratios for polychromatophilic erythroblasts and erythrocytes, hemoglobin synthesis in early postembryonic ontogenesis is characterized on a model organism of broiler chickens. According to the results of determining the geometric (n = 30) and optical (n = 300) parameters of euchromatin, heterochromatin of the nucleus and cytoplasm, their ratios and indices were calculated for polychromatophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythrocytes and mature erythrocytes in peripheral blood smears (n = 158) stained by Pappenheim. Cytochemical reactions reflecting the physiological and biochemical interrelations of erythroblasts and erythrocytes are the basis of a complex morpho-densitometric test of the activity level of hemoglobin synthesis by erythroid cells in early postnatal ontogenesis.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticoagulant Properties of Chitosan Extracted From Mole Crab, Emerita emeritus (Linnaeus, 1767)

The present study evidences the immunological properties of chitosan extracted from the shells of Emerita emeritus which includes antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant activity. The extraction proceeded by subjecting the shells to demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation reactions. The presence of chitosan was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity of chitosan displayed maximum inhibition for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, the extracted chitosan highly inhibited Candida albicans than Aspergillus fumigatus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chitosan for different bacterial and fungal strains was also documented. The free radical scavenging activity of chitosan using 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), increased by 60.40%. The anticoagulant activity of chitosan was discovered when mixed with chicken blood. Overall, the study emphasizes the conversion of aquaculture waste products like crustacean exoskeleton into a beneficial chitosan and signifies the effectiveness of chitosan against invading microbes in aquaculture.

ДИНАМИКА МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КРОВИ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ КРОССА РОСС-308 НА ФОНЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРЕПАРАТА АРГУМИСТИН

The paper presents experimental data on the effect of Argumistin on the dynamics of morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross. It has been established that the use of Argumistin is promising for improving hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and improving metabolic processes in broiler chickens.

Effect of supplementation of polyherbal mixture (Nargrophyt) on performance, blood and carcass indices of broiler chicken

Effect of supplementation of polyherbal mixture (Nargrophyt) on performance, blood and carcass indices of broiler chicken

Dependence of coagulation activity of chicken blood IN VITRO on temperature

The paper presents the results of examine the relationship between blood plasma incubation temperature and the hemostasis parameters in chickens. The purpose of this research was to study of the blood coagulation parameters in chickens during hypo-, normo- and hyperthermia in vitro. In addition, to assess the possibility of using a coagulometer to identify hemostasis activity and the use of hemostatic reactions in chickens as models for human medicine. The Vologda region was where the study was conducted. The coagulogram was examined for the following parameters: thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen activity, and antithrombin III activity (AT-III). It was found that at 46° C activation of blood clotting occurs, manifested as an acceleration of the TT by 29% (13 seconds), PT by 72% (111 seconds), and decrease in the antithrombin III activity by 6% (1.5 seconds) compared to normothermia. The parameters of secondary hemostasis also responded to hypothermia (18 °C) with hypercoagulation. It was an acceleration of PT of 81% (125 sec), an increase in fibrinogen activity by 77% (84 sec) and a decrease in AT-III activity by 55% (14 sec), with the exception of thrombin time, which was extended by 70% (104 seconds). There were no significant changes in the APTT at different temperatures. The correlation-regression and one-factor analysis of variance revealed a significant correlation between the temperature and the TT and the fibrinogen activity, where the coefficients of determination for which were 71% and 39%, respectively. Plasma hemostasis activity measured on a coagulometer (at 37 °C) showed no significant differences from those measured at 43 °C, except for prothrombin time, which was 71.51 seconds (47%) less than that measured at 43 °C.

Productivity and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens blood serum when fed bile

With the rapid development of intensive poultry farming, fats and oils are widely used as the most effective high-energy feed ingredients. Bile acids are powerful "digestive surfactants" that aid in the emulsification and absorption of lipids, including fat-soluble vitamins. Cattle bile was added to the diet of broiler chickens of the experimental groups, group I - 0.05%, group II - 1%. In the blood serum, a significant decrease in palmitic FA (C16:0) is observed in experimental groups I and II, so the difference with the control was 2.9% (p

Yolkin, a Polypeptide Complex from Egg Yolk, Affects Cytokine Levels and Leukocyte Populations in Broiler Chicken Blood and Lymphoid Organs after In Ovo Administration.

Yolkin is a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk that exhibits immunomodulating properties. The aim of the present study was to determine whether in-ovo-delivered yolkin affects leukocyte populations and cytokine levels in broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on eggs from Ross 308 broiler breeder birds. Yolkin was administered in ovo on the 18th day of incubation, once, at the following three doses: 1, 10, or 100 µg/egg. The immunological parameters were assessed in 1-, 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, 35-, and 42-day-old birds kept under farming conditions and routinely vaccinated. The leukocyte populations were determined in the thymus, spleen, and blood. The cytokine (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) levels were determined in the plasma of the broiler chickens. Each experimental group included eight birds. The most pronounced effect of yolkin was an increase in the population of T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+, mainly in the blood. This effect on the lymphocyte subsets may be valuable regarding chicken immune responses, mainly against T-dependent antigens, during infection or after vaccination.

Voltametric and molecular docking investigations of ferrocenylmethylaniline and its N-acetylated derivative interacting with DNA

N-ferrocenylmethylaniline (FA) and its N-acetylated derivative (NFA) have been synthesized and fully characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, their interactions with chicken blood DNA (CB-DNA) were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and molecular docking (MD). The obtained results suggested that both FA and NFA bind strongly via electrostatic interactions to the minor groove of double helix DNA, these electrostatic interactions were evidenced by the findings like a negative formal potential shift in CV and ionic strength effect. The results further show that the obtained binding constants and free binding energies by MD analysis are matched roughly to those obtained from CV. Furthermore, the binding site size was evaluated from voltametric data.

ԹՌՉՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ԿԼՈԱՑԻՏԸ ԵՎ ԱՌԱՋԱՑՄԱՆ ՊԱՏՃԱՌՆԵՐԸ

The article presents the prevalence of cloacitis in chickens in the private poultry farm of Jrashen village, Erebuni administrative district, Yerevan. The disease was recorded in all seasons of the year, but the incidence rate was especially high in spring months /extensiveness 14.54%/. The complex method of diagnosis also included the biochemical examination of the blood of chickens during the pre-clinical stage of the desease, the results of which were compared with similar indicators of healthy chickens from the same farm. As a result of research, an increase in indicators characterizing both protein (uric acid) and mineral metabolism (basic phosphatase activity) was recorded, which suggests that the etiology of cloacitis is based on the nutritional factor - the large consumption of protein-based feed. One-sided feeding, insufficient amount of minerals and vitamins in feed led to metabolic disorder, as a result of which large amount of uric acid salts formed irritated the mucous membrane of the cloaca, causing both pharyngeal and fibrinous inflammation. The movement of biochemical indicators from physiological norms, during the initial stage of the disease, has a retrograde nature and is considered a functionaladaptive response of the organism to pathogenic stimuli. In the conditions of the implementation of preventive measures, as well as the improvement of the quality of feed, the pathological processes will stop developing and the affected cells of the organs will gradually restore their function.