Chicago Neighborhoods Research Articles

Parents, Peers, Perceived Risk of Harm, and the Neighborhood: Contextualizing Key Influences on Adolescent Substance Use.

Recent research has affirmed the need to examine contextual influences on adolescent substance use in a multilevel framework. This study examined the role of neighborhood opportunities for substance use in promoting adolescent substance use. Data came from two components of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: the Longitudinal Cohort Study, consisting of interviews with youth and their primary caregivers across three waves of data with an average span of 4.5years; and a Community Survey of neighborhood residents. Analysis used an Item-Response Theory-based statistical approach on 6556 substance use item responses from 1639 youth (49.0% female) within 80 neighborhoods to assess the extent to which neighborhood opportunities for substance use had direct and indirect effects on adolescent substance use. Neither direct nor mediated effects of neighborhood opportunities for substance use on adolescent substance use were detected. But, analyses revealed moderating effects such that higher levels of neighborhood opportunities for substance use: (1) amplified the detrimental effects of parental substance use and peer substance use on youth substance use; and (2) attenuated the protective effect of adolescents' perceived harm of substance use on adolescent substance use. The results suggest that the ways in which neighborhood characteristics impact adolescent behavior are nuanced. Rather than impact individual-level outcomes directly, neighborhood context may be particularly relevant by conditioning the effects of salient individual-level risk and protective factors for substance use.

The Combined Effect of Women's Neighborhood Resources and Collective Efficacy on IPV

AbstractThis study integrates gender stratification and social disorganization theories to examine neighborhood effects on intimate partner violence (IPV). Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, multilevel models assessed the influences of women's neighborhood‐level socioeconomic resources relative to men's and collective efficacy on a woman's risk of IPV victimization by her spouse or cohabiting partner. The findings indicate that women's relative neighborhood resources protect against IPV victimization only in neighborhoods with sufficiently high collective efficacy. Likewise, the results show that collective efficacy protects against IPV victimization only when women have at least a modicum of control over neighborhood resources compared to men. The findings emphasize the importance of considering group resources along with neighborhood social organization to better understand IPV. More broadly, this study demonstrates how a group's position in a neighborhood social hierarchy helps determine the extent to which its members benefit from neighborhood social control.

IT'S IN MY HOOD: UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN AMERICAN BOYS’ PERCEPTION OF SAFETY IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS

Youths' perceptions of their neighborhood are shaped by continued exposure to neighborhood influences. African‐American boys in poor, urban contexts are more directly affected by their neighborhoods and are more likely to develop related difficulties such as victimization experiences, and exposure to violence. This study examines African‐American boys' perceptions of safety in their neighborhood. Data were collected in 1994 from 553 African‐American males at the baseline of an intervention study ‐ the Aban Aya Youth Project (AAYP) ‐ among inner city youth in 12 schools from poor, metropolitan Chicago neighborhoods. We found a significant influence for the interaction between collective efficacy and violent experiences on perception of neighborhood safety. The findings highlight how both neighborhood strengths and risks interact to influence the functioning of African‐American boys in disadvantaged communities. More importantly the study demonstrates how neighborhood support or neighborhood collective efficacy can be especially protective to African‐American boys in high‐risk urban settings.

Public reputation and organised crime: explicating the relationship between racket subcultures and informal social control

This paper examines the influence of traditional organised crime on informal social control in community areas that once had a presence of organised crime while controlling for neighbourhood attachment, satisfaction with the police, social and organisational ties, and tolerance of deviance. The data comes from the Community Survey of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. The comparative quantitative method was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that neighbourhoods with an historic reputation for organised crime can report higher levels of informal social control when compared to current racket areas in the city of Chicago. These findings have important implications for the study of deviance. Not only do they suggest that criminals can play an important role in controlling street crime, the findings also suggest that this public reputation remains long after organised crime activities have ceased in the area.

Development and evaluation of a service-learning model for preclinical student education in cardiovascular disease prevention

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the USA. Medical schools must prepare trainees to address prevention, including improving ability in counseling patients to modify lifestyle risk factors. Most medical students do not receive significant training or clinical experience in preventive medicine until the clinical years of medical school. To enhance student education in disease prevention and lifestyle counseling, and simultaneously target cardiovascular disease prevention in high-risk Chicago neighborhoods, the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Chicago Department of Public Health with support from the GE Foundation, developed the Keep Your Heart Healthy program.MethodsMedical students participated in intensive faculty-led training. They subsequently screened local residents to identify and counsel for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Fifty-one predominantly preclinical medical students screened residents of the Humboldt Park and North Lawndale neighborhoods in Chicago, IL, at 31 screening events from August to December 2013. Fifty students (98% response rate) completed a survey assessing the educational value of various program components following the pilot.ResultsOf all respondents, 92% of students reported improved knowledge of cardiovascular disease prevention and 94% reported improved knowledge of vulnerable populations and health equity. The majority (88%) reported that their participation supplemented material they learned in the classroom. Eighty-six percent of students reported that their encounters with community participants were of educational value. Integration of this program into the medical school curriculum was supported by 68% of students.ConclusionKeep Your Heart Healthy educates primarily preclinical medical students in cardiovascular disease prevention and prepares them to apply this knowledge for patient counseling. Results from student surveys demonstrate that this service-learning initiative enhances medical student knowledge in cardiovascular disease prevention, supplements classroom material, and provides students a valuable opportunity to apply interviewing and counseling skills in a real patient encounter.

The Dynamics of Neighborhood Structural Conditions: The Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Homicide over Time and Space

Several recent spatial analyses conclude the strong positive association typically found between neighborhood concentrated disadvantage and crime in cross–sectional studies significantly differs across neighborhoods. It is possible this spatial variation is due to within–neighborhood dynamics of continuity and change, as suggested by ecological theories of neighborhood crime. Using ordinary least–squares and geographically weighted regression models, I explore the role of within–neighborhood change on the disadvantage–homicide relationship across Chicago neighborhoods and find that controlling for historical changes in disadvantage within neighborhoods reduces—but does not eliminate—spatial variation in the cross–sectional relationship. Within–neighborhood changes in concentrated disadvantage from 1970 to 2000 are positively related to homicide rates, net of the level of disadvantage in 2000. This suggests the relationship is influenced to some degree by temporal continuity or change in the neighborhood ecological structure, consistent with the dynamic conceptualization of neighborhoods inherent to ecological theories of crime like social disorganization.

Crucibles of Black Empowerment: Chicago's Neighborhood Politics from the New Deal to Harold Washington

Crucibles of Black Empowerment: Chicago's Neighborhood Politics from the New Deal to Harold Washington

Direct and Indirect Exposures to Violence Affect Behavior in Young People

Direct violent abuse and trauma have well-known negative effects. To learn more about indirect exposure to violence, researchers prospectively studied 1915 youths — aged 9 to 15 (mean age, 12) from 79 Chicago neighborhoods that were balanced for demographic characteristics — at three time junctures roughly 2 years apart. In addition to home, school, and community characteristics, participants were asked whether in the year before the second time juncture they had …

La variante chilienne

this is one of the finest novels in the series, matched only by The Mao Case. Inspector Chen is a police detective in modern China who is frequently called upon to handle cases that have political sensitivity; he has risen to a position of substantial authority and recognition precisely because in solving cases, he has been able to keep the Communist Party interests and public image in mind. Chen is a man who loves Yang poetry and that of T. S. Eliot; he is somewhat introverted and private but also fully competent in dealing with people and the complexities of the cases he handles. As might be expected, his sensitivity and intellectuality are frequently struggling against the compromises his position requires. Being fair-minded, he is constantly striving for legal and moral justice in situations that require finesse, discretion, and sometimes compromise. He is often asking himself where his main loyalties and responsibilities lie, with his conscience or the greater good stipulated by party bosses. Sometimes they match, but frequently they do not neatly coincide. Reading these novels, one feels a deeper understanding of contemporary China as well as some sense of how an intelligent, sensitive individual might feel inside the current political, post–Mao system, especially the ways in which one might have to navigate among the delicate and notalways -clear boundaries of political correctness . One of the greatest consequences, psychologically speaking, is exampled page after page in the internal contemplations of Chen himself, his constant self-counsel , and his careful editing of his speech to cloak some of his motivations and thoughts, which if shared publicly could result in imprisonment or worse. While these internal precautions are part of any thoughtful person’s process, the political system in which Chen finds himself intensifies his situation to the point of a barricaded loneliness, an island among islands in a system designed, ironically, for greater social unity. All this comes to its greatest tension in this newest novel. I am reminded of Camus’s short story “The Guest,” in which Daru, the main character, is impossibly caught between the demands of the colonizing French and those of the pre-rebellion Algerians, while trying to live a private life without siding with either. His central conflict is that of Chen’s: an individual’s responsibility to himself (his values) versus his responsibility to the society of which he is a part. The stakes are high for Inspector Chen. We won’t divulge anything further. An intensely pleasurable reading experience awaits. Fred Dings University of South Carolina Pierre Raufast. La variante chilienne. Paris. Alma. 2015. 263 pages. Pierre Raufast’s latest novel begins rather grippingly with a getaway scene in which a middle-aged teacher confides in the Philip C. Kolin Pilsen Snow: Poems Finishing Line Press Kolin’s poetic tribute to Pilsen, a neighborhood in Chicago, is a touching reminder of the layers of history and immigration that make up the American story. While celebrating the rich Czech culture that defined his own upbringing, Kolin traces the careful lines of transmission to the Latino community that has inherited the sacred spaces of his childhood. The collection is beautifully designed and documents an important time and place in American history. Yvan Goll Neila, Evening Song: Last Poems Trans. Donald Wellman Spuyten Duyvil Blood and the violence of nature abound in these English translations of German poet Yvan Goll. In fragmented yet rich images typical of a modernist style, the poet evokes feelings of deep pain and anxiety but also possible alleviation through the nebulous figure of Neila, his transformative love. Nota Bene WORLDLITERATURETODAY.ORG 85 reader that he is hiding one of his teenage pupils under a blanket in the backseat of the car. Just as he tells us that he has planned on cloistering her for two months, his car is stopped by a policeman for a routine check. It’s compelling to start a story with such a riveting, risqué incipit, but it’s ultimately a little misleading if the rest of the novel is replete with what André Gide called bons sentiments. Novels don’t have to possess generic coherence, of course, and every author is free to dangle...

Examining Change in Adolescent Street Efficacy and Its Association With Violent Outcomes.

Research suggests that street efficacy-the perceived ability to avoid dangerous situations in one's neighborhood-is related to violent outcomes. We investigated change in street efficacy using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Measures of street efficacy and violence (offending, victimization, secondary exposure) were constructed at Waves 2 (1997-2000) and 3 (2000-2002) from youth interviews and parent reports. Results from hierarchical overdispersed Poisson models indicated that street efficacy was a malleable construct with stronger contemporaneous than enduring effects. Furthermore, rates of all three violent outcomes were reduced as individuals increased their levels of street efficacy. Findings support (a) teaching youths to safely navigate violent neighborhood situations and (b) continuously reinforcing youths' perceived ability to navigate danger.

Protocol for a Systematic Review: Targeted School‐Based Interventions for Improving Reading and Mathematics for Students With or At‐Risk of Academic Difficulties in Grade 7 to 12: A Systematic Review

Protocol for a Systematic Review: Targeted School‐Based Interventions for Improving Reading and Mathematics for Students With or At‐Risk of Academic Difficulties in Grade 7 to 12: A Systematic Review

Nature in “The Jungle”: Ethnic Workers, Environmental Inequalities, and Subaltern Cultures of Nature in Chicago's Packingtown

Nature in “The Jungle”Ethnic Workers, Environmental Inequalities, and Subaltern Cultures of Nature in Chicago’s Packingtown Colin Fisher (bio) Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where Nature may heal and cheer and give strength to body and soul alike. This natural beauty-hunger is made manifest in the little window-sill gardens of the poor, though perhaps only a geranium slip in a broken cup. —John Muir, The Yosemite Like Walden Pond, Manhattan’s Central Park, or Yosemite National Park, Chicago’s Packingtown is a common place for US environmental historians. The stockyards figure prominently in dozens of articles and monographs, including Nature’s Metropolis (1992), William Cronon’s seminal urban environmental history. Packingtown, or Back of the Yards as it was better known by residents, appears in environmental history textbooks as an important example of urban environmental inequality during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. And each semester, professors of US environmental history classes ruin the lunches of thousands of undergraduates by reading passages directly from Upton Sinclair’s 1906 muckraking classic, The Jungle.1 What more can we say about a place that has become a cliché of urban environmental blight and injustice? As I will show in this article, by moving beyond seeing residents as mere environmental victims and exploring how they actually responded to the industrial environment on the South Side of Chicago, we shed new light on the environmental [End Page 330] history of Chicago’s Packingtown and the environmental experience of industrial workers in general. As we will see, workers viewed places of leisure as a crucial antidote to an urban living and working environment that many found profoundly unnatural and alienating. Of particular interest to urban environmental historians is the fact that a surprisingly large number of residents found relief from the industrial milieu by escaping to green spaces: wilderness parks on the urban fringe, city parks, public beaches, commercial groves, riverbanks, and vacant lots. Like more-privileged Anglo Americans, many ethnic workers in Back of the Yards reacted to the urban environment by seeking out nature. But unlike middle-class Anglo Americans, who used the landscapes of “Nature’s Nation” to forge a hegemonic American identity, working-class residents on Chicago’s South Side used green spaces to imagine themselves as old-world villagers, citizens of diasporic nations, representatives of Chicago neighborhoods, and ultimately members of an industrial working class. Environmental Historians and Back of the Yards We know that since the Civil War, Chicago meatpackers profited by industrializing one of the world’s oldest forms of labor: the killing and butchering of animals. Railroads enabled meatpackers to exploit Chicago’s far-reaching hinterland. From short-and long-grass prairies formerly dominated by Native Americans and bison now came millions of domesticated animals that were sent via railcar to Chicago’s Union Stockyard, which at its largest was one square mile. Inside that square mile, meatpackers constructed stock pens that could hold tens of thousands of animals; laid out tracks and rail yards; and built killing floors, fertilizer plants, rendering facilities, glue factories, tanneries, and warehouses. It was a harsh, gray industrial environment designed to transform millions of living animals quickly and efficiently into commodities: steak, hairbrushes, bacon, fertilizer, canned meat, glue, lard, and dozens of other products.2 Environmental historians have also shown us that workers suffered meatpacking’s considerable environmental effects. Back of the Yards was notorious for being smelled before being seen. As Sinclair wrote, the neighborhood had a “strange, fetid odor . . . a ghastly odor, like all the dead things of the universe.”3 And we know that the smell was probably [End Page 331] the least dangerous environmental hazard in Back of the Yards. Flies bred prolifically at the fertilizer plants, in the stinking heaps of trash, and in decaying animal skins drying in “hair fields.” And there was smoke. Small, residential, coal-burning stoves and furnaces produced significant air pollution, but this was nothing compared to adjacent industry. The meatpackers’ furnaces and the coal-burning freight trains that ran on the rails that circled the neighborhood fouled the air. According to labor activist A. M. Simons, great...

The Gilded Age and the Commodification of the Medieval: George Barrie's American Edition (1880) of Michaud's History of the Crusades

The Gilded Age and the Commodification of the Medieval:George Barrie's American Edition (1880) of Michaud's History of the Crusades Mark Johnston Modern manifestations of medievalism exist in almost every American urban environment. Around Chicago, where I live, they range from the neo-Gothic fantasy of the former Scottish Rite Masonic Cathedral at 935 North Dearborn Street to the ersatz experience of indoor jousting at Medieval Times in suburban Schaumburg. And sometimes, the modern medieval materializes in unexpected ways and places . . . 1 Last year, my wife was helping a friend clear debris from the flooded basement of a late-Victorian three-flat in the Chicago neighborhood of Bridgeport. In the basement's mid-century "party room," standing on the bottom shelf of two bookcases flanking a faux fireplace, was a somewhat water-damaged copy of the first and only American edition of Joseph-François Michaud's Histoire des Croisades, translated into English by William Robson and illustrated by Gustave Doré. The two massive tomes (each measuring 15 by 11 inches and almost three inches thick) demanded rescue, and my attention. Despite my long career studying the European Middle Ages, I was, to be honest, almost completely ignorant of Michaud (1767–1839) and his work.2 Little research was necessary to learn that his Histoire des croisades was a monument of Romantic medievalism, a "major landmark in European crusade historiography," in the words of Elizabeth Siberry.3 Originally released in a series of seven octavo volumes between 1812 and 1822, Histoire des croisades was a best-seller, reprinted at least twenty times in nineteenth-century France. It also sold throughout Europe, thanks to translations into English, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and even Turkish.4 The English version by the prolific British translator William Robson (1785–1863), first published at London by Routledge in 1852, remains today the only one available for Anglophone audiences. [End Page 23] Thanks to the wide dissemination of Michaud's work, Jonathan Riley-Smith considers it directly responsible for fostering several enduring conceptions of the Crusades, like those enumerated in Andrea and Holt's Seven Myths of the Crusades. According to Riley-Smith, Michaud helped shape, above all, representation of the Crusades as "proto-colonialist experiments,"5 motivated as much by economic opportunism as by religious zeal. For Michaud, this was not a bad thing: he presented the medieval Crusades as an example for nineteenth-century Europe to emulate, in a final triumph of Western Civilization over Oriental Barbarism. Christopher Tyerman's characterization of Michaud's ideology is almost as histrionic as Michaud's own florid prose: Michaud's crusades, for all their horrors, follies, and blunders, were in essence events to be wondered at, central to the development of the global supremacy of western European civilization. An obvious academic challenge, this altered the terms of engagement. The crusades became politicized in an immediate partisan and national fashion inconceivable a century before. Concurrently, riding and encouraging the tide of popular medievalism, Michaud's Histoire asked its readers to share the crusaders' hopes, aspirations, and fears, to enter their world. One of his cleverest tricks was to pretend that he was writing from an objective, carefully researched, contemporary medieval perspective; that his empathy stemmed from understanding not prejudice. In fact, purple passages of invented imaginative narrative and sculpted analysis according with early nineteenth-century sensibilities and politics drew readers in. Few western European writers on the crusades after the 1830s could entirely be free from a popular backdrop that owed something to Michaud.6 Although Tyerman and other modern scholars may deplore Michaud's failings as a historian, he did in fact research his Histoire des croisades with extensive consultation of primary sources, many gathered in his four-volume Bibliothèque des croisades. He also helped establish one of the most important serial collections of crusade source materials, the Recueil des historiens des croisades. And he actually visited the Middle East from 1830 to 1831, seeking further source materials to amplify his work. Giles Constable has praised the "scholarly impulse" of these endeavors.7 Unfortunately, Michaud died without revising his Histoire, although he did manage to complete an abridged version for young readers...

THE RELATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUAL- AND COMMUNITY-LEVEL SOCIOCULTURAL AND NEIGHBORHOOD FACTORS TO THE MENTAL HEALTH OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN TWO LARGE U.S. CITIES

Using multilevel modeling, the present study examines psychological well-being as a function of sociocultural factors, neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood fragmentation, and neighborhood integration, along with individual factors among a sample of 1,306 African and Latino/a Americans living in New York City and Chicago neighborhoods. Neighborhood blocks were prestratified based on racial/ethnic and economic characteristics and then randomly selected within predefined strata, resulting in a total of 140 block (neighborhood) groups. A means-as-outcome and slopes-as-outcome model was fit to the data. Intraclass correlation coefficients for psychological well-being for the fully unconditional model revealed that 15% of the variance in psychological well-being is between neighborhoods. Results from subsequent model building revealed differences in mean levels of psychological well-being as well as heterogeneity between neighborhoods through varying predictor effects on psychological well-being (i.e., certain predictor effects varied across neighborhoods). Sociocultural variables such as cultural identity, religious/spiritual coping, and family obligation were significantly associated with psychological well-being, generally beneficial, and sometimes varying with generation status and across neighborhoods. Different dimensions of neighborhood disadvantage and fragmentation emerged as important factors, although neighborhood integration did not. Our final models explained a substantial proportion of the variance in psychological well-being within and between neighborhoods. They also revealed the contextual and conditional nature of sociocultural factors.

Neighborhood-level social processes and substantiated cases of child maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a preventable public health problem. Research has demonstrated that neighborhood structural factors (e.g. poverty, crime) can influence the proportion of a neighborhood's children who are victims of maltreatment. A newer strategy is the identification of potentially modifiable social processes at the neighborhood level that can also influence maltreatment. Toward this end, this study examines neighborhood-level data (maltreatment cases substantiated by Illinois’ child protection agency, 1995–2005, social processes measured by the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, U.S. Census data, proportions of neighborhoods on public assistance, and crime data) that were linked across clusters of contiguous, relatively homogenous Chicago, IL census tracts with respect to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. Our analysis—an ecological-level, repeated cross-sectional design utilizing random-intercept logit models—with a sensitivity analysis using spatial models to control for spatial autocorrelation—revealed consistent associations between neighborhood social processes and maltreatment. Neighborhoods higher in collective efficacy, intergenerational closure, and social networks, and lower in disorder had lower proportions of neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse substantiated cases, controlling for differences in structural factors. Higher collective efficacy and social network size also predicted a lower proportion of substance-exposed infants. This research indicates that strategies to mobilize neighborhood-level protective factors may decrease child maltreatment more effectively than individual and family-focused efforts alone.

Bronzeville Community Microgrids: A Reliable, Resilient and Sustainable Solution for Integrated Energy Management with Distribution Systems

A community microgrid is a replicable solution to achieve advanced energy management in modern electric grids. This article explores the advanced design, control and test approaches used to implement a community microgrid in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, and the way a seamless integration of the microgrid into the existing distribution management system (DMS) was achieved.

Risk Factors for and Behavioral Consequences of Direct Versus Indirect Exposure to Violence.

Research suggests that direct exposure (personal victimization) and indirect exposure (witnessing or hearing about the victimization of a family member, friend, or neighbor) to violence are correlated. However, questions remain about the co-occurrence of these phenomena within individuals. We used data on 1915 youths (with an average age of 12 years at baseline) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine this issue. Results indicated that youths who tended to be personally victimized were also likely to witness violence; conversely, youths who disproportionately witnessed violence were relatively unlikely to experience personal victimization. In addition, direct and indirect exposures to violence were associated with subsequent adverse outcomes in similar ways. The key distinguishing factor was, rather, the cumulative level of violence (both direct and indirect) to which youths were exposed.

Abstract 18364: Barriers to Community CPR Training in High-risk Neighborhoods- Lessons Learned From the Hands-only CPR Program

Background: Improving the performance of bystander CPR in high-risk communities is essential for decreasing disparities in cardiac arrest survival. In this study, we identified the barriers to community CPR training in high-risk neighborhoods as part of the multi-centered trial of the Hands-Only™ CPR Program - a novel intervention targeting neighborhoods with high incidence of cardiac arrest and low bystander CPR rates. Methods: The Hands-Only CPR program was implemented in high-risk neighborhoods in Tampa, FL, Columbus, OH and Chicago, IL. Participants underwent group-based Hands-Only CPR training (1 hour) with a CPR Anytime kit, which includes a DVD and manikin. A $10 gift card incentive was offered to participants who used the kits to train family and friends and returned data at 2 weeks. Study coordinators identified barriers and facilitators to recruitment, training and follow-up. Results: In 20 weeks, 815 participants were recruited (Tampa, n=580; Columbus, n=165; Chicago, n=70). Participant demographics differed by site. Participants in Columbus and Chicago were predominantly Black (81% and 88%, respectively) whereas in Tampa they were White (42%) and Hispanic (38%). Annual income was < $30,000 for 45% of participants. Recruitment was challenging even with participants receiving a $10 incentive, CPR Anytime kit, and meal with training. This may be related to CPR training being a low priority compared to other needs (i.e work, child care, neighborhood safety). Communication challenges with the community was cited as another barrier leading to low return response rate of 11%. Highest response rates occurred in Columbus (33%) where community liaisons lived in the neighborhood and interacted with residents daily. Participants did feel comfortable training others using the CPR Anytime kits (P<0.001) The average number of family and friends trained was 4.1 (range: 1 to 15) individuals per respondent. Conclusion: The Hands-Only CPR program facilitates training in high-risk neighborhoods and minority populations through a train the trainer model. The biggest challenges faced by the sites were recruiting participants and response rates on family and friends trained. Future research will need to assess methods to improve outreach to this population.

Racial Discrimination, Weakened School Bonds, and Problematic Behaviors

Objectives: This article examines a core hypothesis of Unnever and Gabbidon’s theory that racial discrimination should diminish the ability of African American youths to build strong bonds with their school, which in turn should increase their likelihood of engaging in problematic behaviors over time. Their thesis further argues that these relationships should persist after controlling for affectional ties with parents and other covariates. Methods: This hypothesis is assessed using data from two cohorts included within the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Longitudinal Cohort Study. Results: The results show that racial discrimination predicts changes in problematic behaviors from wave 1 to wave 3 and weakens the attachment that African American youths have with their teachers and their commitment to their education while controlling for affectional ties to parents and other covariates. Conclusions: The results lend support to Unnever and Gabbidon’s thesis that a holistic understanding of African Americans’ offending must be grounded in their everyday experiences with what it means to be Black in a racialized society.

Crime and the Life Course in a Changing World: Insights from Chicago and Implications for Global Criminology

This paper assesses the state of life-course criminology and argues that its major limitation to date is the general failure to incorporate social change. Invoking the concept of cohort differences in aging because of macro-level change, I discuss some of the watershed changes of recent times, including the historic crime decline, the technological revolution, massive immigration and urbanization, rises in inequality, and the Great Recession. I then introduce a new study from Chicago that attempts to link individual development and pathways of crime to some of these large-scale social changes, capitalizing on a cohort sequential design from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. I conclude with implications for global criminology, especially the role of urbanization, ethnic diversity, and inequality in Asia.