Chest Height Research Articles

Abstract 256: Active Compression Decompression CPR With 5 Centimeters Lift and an Impedance Threshold Device Significantly Improves All Markers of Cerebral and Cardiovascular Hemodynamics and Blood Flow After 8 Minutes of Standard CPR

Introduction: Active compression decompression (ACD) CPR performed along with the use of an impedance threshold device (ITD) has been shown to improve cerebral and coronary hemodynamics compared to standard CPR (SCPR). In this study, we demonstrate that ACD+ITD provides significant benefits even when initiated after 8 minutes of SCPR as measured by cerebral and cardiovascular perfusion pressures, cerebral oximetry, and blood flow as determined by neutron-activated microsphere analysis. Methods: Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 10 female Yorkshire farm pigs (40.6 ± 0.7 kg) and left untreated for 6 minutes. All animals then received 8 minutes of SCPR, followed by ACD+ITD for an additional 6 minutes. CPR was performed at a rate of 100 compressions/minute at a depth of 20% (~ 5 cm) of anteroposterior chest height. During ACD there was also an active lift component of 5cm beyond resting chest position. Microspheres were injected 4 minutes after starting SCPR and 2 minutes after starting ACD+ITD. Millar catheters were placed to measure right atrial, aortic, and intracranial pressures and NIRS was used to assess regional cerebral oxygenation. 3 minute averages obtained prior to the end of each intervention were compared with Student’s t-test and reported as mean ± SEM. Results: Mean coronary perfusion pressure and cerebral perfusion pressures were significantly improved during ACD+ITD (p<0.002, Fig 1). ACD+ITD also resulted in a 7% increase in cerebral oxygenation (47 ± 2 vs 50 ± 2%, p<0.001), a 30% increase in cerebral blood flow (0.3 ± 0.1 vs 0.4 ± 0.1ml/min/gm, p<0.004), and a 30% improvement in coronary blood flow (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1ml/min/gm, p<0.004). Conclusion: This study reveals the significant benefit of ACD+ITD as measured by currently available invasive and non-invasive blood flow measurements following 8 minutes of SCPR. Initiating ACD+ITD earlier can only result in further improvement of these parameters and offer a higher likelihood of survival.

Forest Diversity and Structure in the Amazonian Mountain Ranges of Southeastern Ecuador

We analyze the structure of diameter, richness, and diversity of the forests in the upper limit of the great Amazon basin located in the Ecuadorian territory of the Cordilleras del Cóndor and Cutucú. Our hypothesis was that the forests of the eastern mountain ranges are not homogeneous, but rather present differences in their structure, richness, and floristic diversity. Our main objective was to classify the types of forests based on the characteristics of the diameter structure and the species composition of the Amazonian forests of the eastern mountain ranges in southern Ecuador, and we determined the influence of critical edaphic, environmental, and geomorphological factors, For this we installed eight permanent plots of one hectare in homogeneous and well preserved forest stands, four plots in the province of Zamora Chinchipe and four in the province of Morona Santiago. We identified and measured all trees >10 cm at chest height and for each plot, soil samples, as well as environmental and slope data were taken. We performed an non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) analysis to evaluate changes in climatic and geomorphological gradients, and used the CCA analysis to assess the relationship between the composition of the species at the plot level and the edapho-climatic variables. Finally, we modeled the change in diversity ad species (Fisher’s alpha) in relation to climatic, altitudinal, and geomorphological gradients using a GLM. We determined the existence of two different types of forest, the first called Terra Firme, characterized by the presence of a greater number of species and individuals per plot as compared to the second type of forest called Tepuy or Sandstone forest. Species richness was negatively correlated with the phosphorus content of the soil and the pH, annual average temperature, annual rainfall, and altitude. Terra Firme forests, settled in more stable and nutrient-rich climatic areas, were more diverse and Sandstone forests are poor in nutrients and develop in areas with greater seasonality.

Post Independence Development of Fisheries in Sri Lanka

The Island Sri Lanka has a coast line of about 1640 km. she is ideally located in the Indian Ocean to harvest thefish stocks all the Imy to Antarctic and be one ofthe leadingfishing nations of the world. However. the reality is quite opposite to the above assumption. Her fish production was about 10.000 mt until middle of 20th century, around 1948: harvested, primarily using very primitivefishing gear made out of coir; cotton and hemp, Out of the above total catch. about 47 percent was by beach seine (madel). one of the sluggish and inefficient method offishing in the word Fish has to approach the gear instead of gear chasing after the fish. Further. the fisherman ventured into the sea to operate their primitive fishing gear in dug out canoes, wooden plank rafts or vaded out into sea up to chest height. These were traditional fishing crafts and operated in the continental shelf waters up to a distance of about 10-12 kmfrom shore. The change in the gearfrom coir nets and ropes to nylon nets and lines commenced around I958, amidst resistance from other fisherman due to their inability to absorb new technology. Infact fishermen even destroyed nylon nets by dynamiting them, at the same time, traditional log rafts and dug out canoes were fitted with out board motors to increase the efficiency ofcrafts. There were 104 such mechanized crafts in 1958 and 861 in 1963. This led to increase fish catch from 25.2 mt in 1952 to 91.2 mt in 1963 an increase of 10,000 mt/year. Subsequently, in mid 1960s more 3 1/toners, 40 of 11 toners were added on to the fleet; the latter were owned and operated by Ceylon Fisheries Corporation. Further 07 trawlers to operate in Wadge Bankfrom Colombo and tuna clippers to operate in the Oceanic waters were introduced Research and technology got underwayfunded by Colombo Planfrom mid 1950s; that was a turning point in most development of our fishing industry. Titus, the Colombo Plan was the sheet anchor of post independent fisheries research in Sri Lanka The work of Medcoff and Sivalingam brought a wealth of research information on fish resource. These later paved the wayfor the introduction of multidayfishing boats withfreezing facilities. Universities. namely. Vidyodaya started to teachfisheries science in 1966 under the leadership of Dr K. Sivasubraniam. followed by other Universities to provide scientific manpower for research and management. Then hy 1972 our total fish production was about 93.000mt. Around 1970s beach landing Fiber Reinforced Plastic Boats (FRP Boots due to plastic industry and shortage of timber) entered the industry and became very popular. The total fish production was about 179.000 mt around 1979. The declaration of the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in /976. with an area of 517.000 km helped to increase the fish product ionfurther. although, Sri Lanka lost Wedge Bank and northern half 0f Pedro Bank to India. 1n mid 1980s Government owned trawlers were disposed of as the fishery was unprofitable. More fish resource surveys were undertaken by R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nonsen (1970s and 1980s) and other surveys by NARA and the Universities. This led to expansion of thefishing industry. A great leap in the offshore with multiday boats development took place at the end of 1970. The offshore fishery. mostly for large pelagic species like tuna. sharks. and hill fish like marlins. swordfish and sailfish rose sharply after 1993 to 70 mt/boot/year by 2007 and its rising Its development initiated around 1960s with the introduction oftuna long liners in the Oceanic waters. By then the coastal fishery for small pelagic species had started to decline due /0 huge increase in effort, thus, its cpue is now dropping below 5mt/boat/year. The demersal fishery seems to be still in dormant stage due to lack of information on the species and stocks. Therefore, thefuture of the coastal fishing industry in the future could lie on coastal demersal species and offshore fishery that started to develop after independence.

Structural Analysis and Distribution Patterns in Lowland Tropical Forest, Eastern Amazon

Floristic surveys allow us to make a momentary assessment of the structure and degree of conservation of the vegetation, supporting future actions for the sustainable use of forest resources. The aim of this work was to study the floristic and structural composition of fragments of floodplain forest in the Cajari River Extractive Reserve, Amapá state, Brazil. Systematic sampling was applied with the allocation of 27 plots of dimensions 10 m x 100 m each, with inclusion level of individuals greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter at chest height. The floristic diversity of species was determined by the Shannon Diversity Indexes and Pielou Equability. The characterization of the horizontal structure was determined by the parameters: density, frequency and relative and absolute dominance, values of ecological importance and the diametrical distribution. The families Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the ones that obtained the highest richness of species and number of individuals. The species Virola surinamensis Warb., Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell. Arg., Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze and Mora paraensis (Ducke) Ducke, were the most abundant. The várzea forest fragments presented high diversity and high ecological dominance of species. The J-inverted diametric distribution, characteristic of natural forests, indicates that it is a mature forest component with an expressive group of dominating (hyperdominant) species, such as the species V. surinamensis and M. paraensis. Most species presented aggregate distribution. It is hoped that these results may serve the environmental control and control bodies as strategies for the use of forest resources and in the design of the management plan of Resex.

Crescimento do guanandi e produção de mandioca e araruta em sistemas agroflorestais

No Vale do Paraíba do Sul, entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, a substituição da Mata Atlântica para o cultivo do café degradou os solos e os cursos d’água. O cultivo de espécies florestais pode ajudar a restaurar esse ambiente. O guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) é uma espécie florestal nativa com grande potencial de exploração econômica da madeira. O seu cultivo em sistema agroflorestal – SAF pode tornar-se mais vantajoso devido o seu moderado crescimento. Os objetivos com essa pesquisa foram comparar o crescimento do guanandi em monocultura e na diversificação agroflorestal em SAFs simples e biodiverso, assim como avaliar o desempenho da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) e araruta (Maranta arundinacea L.) nesses sistemas, em ciclos com alta precipitação pluvial e escassez hídrica. O SAF biodiverso foi acrescido de feijão guandu, bananeira, palmeira juçara e diversidade arbórea. Os sistemas agroflorestais não prejudicaram o crescimento do guanandi, que incrementou a circunferência a altura do peito no SAF simples após três anos de conversão. As culturas alimentares de mandioca e araruta apresentaram desempenho compatível com a densidade de plantio utilizada nos SAFs, com produções significativamente superiores no SAF simples. A araruta suportou o estresse ambiental em ambos SAFs e dispensa o replantio, ocupando naturalmente o sub-bosque. O SAF simples é um sistema para agricultores interessados em obter o máximo rendimento de cultivos anuais em associação com a espécie florestal. O SAF biodiverso é adequado para diversificar a produção agrícola e restaurar o ambiente concomitantemente.

Análisis con componentes principales y estimación de parámetros genéticos para medidas zoométricas en caballo pura raza española de México

En el Caballo de Pura Raza Española (CPRE), los objetivos de selección son las disciplinas ecuestres en las que se desenvuelve, y los criterios de selección son las medidas zoométricas (MZ). El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el CPRE con análisis de componentes principales (ACP); estimar parámetros genéticos (PAG) para MZ, y los componentes generados con el ACP. Las MZ analizadas en 1806 individuos (n) fueron: perímetro torácico (PT), perímetro de rodilla, perímetro de caña, longitud escápulo – isquial (LEI), anchura de pecho (AP), altura del hueco sub – esternal (AHS), altura de pecho (ALP), altura a la cruz. El ACP se realizó con la matriz de correlaciones y el software SAS. Para los PAG se realizaron dos análisis multivariados: con todas las MZ, y otro a partir del ACP. Con el software MTDFREML se estimó la heredabilidad (h²) para cada variable y las correlaciones genéticas (rg) entre variables. Del ACP, cuatro componentes se utilizaron para PAG. Del ACP, las variaciones en tamaño se atribuyen a PT y ALP, para conformación media a AHS; AP y LEI, definen caballos pequeños. Las h2 para MZ oscilaron de 0.12 a 0.55 y un promedio de 0.31; todas las rg fueron positivas en el intervalo de 0.12 a 0.98 (promedio de 0.65). Las h² en los componentes fluctuaron de 0.29 a 0.47 (promedio de 0.38); las rg en su mayoría fueron positivas de 0.12 a 0.65, y una negativa (-0.13). En las MZ la respuesta a la selección directa estará en función de h², y la posible respuesta correlacionada será por la magnitud y el signo de las rg. El ACP caracterizó al CPRE a través de tres estratos, y pueden ser utilizados en los criterios de selección.

Who Are You Online?

The authors conducted an experiment to determine the effects of gender, race, online video gaming experience, and the experimental context in which participants played the video game (online vs. offline vs. no information control) on avatar selection. The qualities of the avatar compared were based on eight objective differences between avatars and individuals: attractiveness, skin tone, height, girth chest size, waist size, hip size, and height. As predicted, those with online gaming experience selected avatars that were taller, thinner, and more attractive relative to their real selves than did participants with no prior online game experience. Non-white participants selected avatars with lighter skin-tones, whereas white participants selected avatars with darker skin-tones. Surprisingly, male participants selected shorter avatars than female counterparts did.

Investigation of chest girth and height variation affecting other body dimensions for men’s upper body clothes pattern grading

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chest girth and height related to men’s upper body dimensions to develop men’s grading system for semi-customized clothing. Design/methodology/approach A data set of the 3,012 men between the age group of 18 and 59 years from 6th Size Korea was used in this study. The men’s upper body dimensions were tested in terms of five horizontal lengths, seven circumferences and seven vertical lengths. Experiment and data analysis were carried out with two methods: one is multiple linear regression with chest girth and height as each independent variable and the other is calculating variation among chest girth size groups and height size groups, respectively. Findings Regression analysis showed that some horizontal lengths are affected not only by chest girth, but also by height, and some vertical lengths are affected not only by height, but also by chest girth. In variation analysis it was found that the variation value for each part of the body is different and it was observed that with an increase in chest girth vertical length also increases. In variation analysis of height, it is found that some horizontal body dimensions and hip girth increase with an increase in height. In the comparison of upper body dimension variation among height groups with the size based on the chest girth, we found that a tall person who already has long vertical length is less affected by the increase in dimensions by increases in their horizontal girth than a short person. Originality/value The findings showed detailed numerical body shape changes according to chest girth and height, and it may be used as the basis for determining pattern grading values by chest girth or height.

Progeny Test on Plant Growth Of 2-Year-Old Jabon Merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Roxb. Havil.) in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia :Preeliminary Study

Jabon Merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Roxb. Havil) is a fast growing local species and has bright economic and market prospects. However, the cultivation is unable to accelerate the productivity of this species. One of the breeding strategies to overcome this problem is to establish Seedling Seed Orchard of progeny test were later converted into seed orchard after one up to several selective thinning. This research was aimed to study the growth of Jabon merahs’ families from ten seed zonations in Sulawesi. It was conducted in a Randomized completely block design (RCBD) consisted of 108 families, four treeplots, and seven blocks with planting spacing of 4x3 meters. The measurement was performed at 24 month-old trees, i.e., tree height and diameter. Percentage of the living tree after two years based on progeny test was 69% with 6.1 m of mean height and 7.8 cm of mean diameter at chest height. Heritability of family for height and diameter at chest height were 0.2337 and 0.1873, respectively. Correlation between genetic and tree height and diameter traits was 0.9121.

Cardiology fellows-in-training are exposed to relatively high levels of radiation in the cath lab compared with staff interventional cardiologists-insights from the RECAP trial.

BackgroundInterventional cardiologists are inevitably exposed to low-dose radiation, and consequently are at risk for radiation induced diseases like cataract and left-sided brain tumours. Operator behaviour may possibly be the largest influencer on radiation exposure. We hypothesised that awareness regarding radiation exposure grows as skill and the general experience in the catheterization laboratory increase.ObjectivesIn this study we determined the difference in the relative radiation exposure of staff interventional cardiologists compared with cardiology fellows-in-training.MethodsDuring this prospective trial the operator’s radiation exposure (E in µSv) was measured at chest height during 766 diagnostic catheterisations and percutaneous coronary interventions. Also, the patient exposure (DAP in mGy·cm2), representing the amount of radiation administered by the operator per procedure, was collected. The primary outcome of this study was the difference in relative exposure between staff interventional cardiologists versus cardiology fellows-in-training (E/DAP).ResultsFrom January to May 2017, staff interventional cardiologists performed 637 procedures and cardiology fellows-in-training 129 procedures. The performance of relatively complex procedures by staff interventional cardiologists resulted in a 74% higher use of radiation compared with fellows-in-training. Consequently, staff interventional cardiologists were exposed to 50% higher levels of actual radiation exposure. However, when correcting for the complexity of the procedure, by comparing the relative operator exposure (E/DAP), fellows-in-training were exposed to a 34% higher relative exposure compared with staff interventional cardiologists (p = 0.025).ConclusionsIn the current study, when corrected for complexity, cardiology fellows-in-training were exposed to significantly higher radiation levels than staff interventional cardiologists during catheterisation procedures.

The influence of genotypic factors on the forming of the economic use of values of ukrainian bleck and wheat milk breeds

The evaluation of dairy cows` exterior plays a key role in the system of breeding because well-defined breed typology and high exterior evaluation cause high production efficiency. The objective of the study was to evaluate the exterior of the cows in Ukrainian Black and White dairy breed, to analyze the effectiveness of the selection of first-calf cows according to the body measurements and to study the influence of genotype factors on the formation of the exterior. For research purpose animal groups were formed on the principle of analogues, taking into account the part of Holstein inheritance, parentage, linear belonging, and age. Depending on the part of Holstein inheritance researched livestock was divided into three groups: 75,0-87,4 %, 87,5-99,9 % and 100 %. As a result of our own research it has been established that simultaneously with an increasing of the part of Holstein inheritance the body measurements increase too. It indicates about the improving effect of the Holstein breed on the formation of the exterior in the Ukrainian black-and-white milk breed. The first-calf cows with part of Holstein inheritance 100 % have advantages over the cows with the same age with part of Holstein inheritance 75,0-87,4 % with the withers height – 4 cm (P < 0,001), sacrum height – 4 cm (P <0.001), depth of chest – 1 cm, width of chest – 1 cm, width of hips – 1 cm, length of thoracic – 3 cm, chest girth – 2 cm, width of pins – 1 cm (P <0,001); the advantage over the first-calf cows with part of Holstein inheritance 87,5-99,9 % was 3 cm in withers height, 2 cm in sacrum height and 1 cm in all other cases. An increasing of the part of Holstein inheritance is accompanied by an increasing of milk yield, milk fat and milk protein. The higher milk yield had cows with the part of Holstein inheritance 100 % – by 294 kg compared to cows of the same age with the part of Holstein inheritance 87,5-99,9 % and by 2017 kg (P < 0,001) compared to cows of the same age with the part of Holstein inheritance 75,0-87,4 %. Fat content in milk of cows with the part of Holstein inheritance 100 % was lower by 0,02 % compared to cows with the part of Holstein inheritance 87,5-99,9 % and 0,21 % (P < 0,001) compared to cows with the part of Holstein inheritance 75,0-87,4 %, it was expected – the higher milk yield, the lower fat content in milk. The effectiveness of the simultaneous complex selection of dairy cattle on several grounds depends on the existence of correlation between them. The correlation between the body measurements of cows and 305-milk yield is positive, but varied in strength. The average strength of the correlation is observed between the milk yield and withers height (r = +0,233, P < 0,001), milk yield and length of thoracic (r = +0,332, P < 0,01), in other cases, the strength of the correlation is weak, but with sacrum height (P < 0,01), chest girt (P < 0,01) and depth of chest (P < 0,05) is significant. One-factor dispersion analysis was carried out to determine the level of determinism of live weight and body measurements by genotype factors. According to the results it was established that the influence of the bull's origin on the live weight of their first-calf daughters was 72,8 %, on the body measurements – 31,5- 91,3 %, the influence of line belonging amounted 81,0 % and 36,1-69,4 %, the influence of the part of Holstein inheritance was 26,3 % and 15,9-39,5 %, respectively. All genotypic factors have a significant effect on the live weight of the first-calf cows (P < 0,05 ... 0,001), withers height (P < 0,05...0,01), width of chest (P < 0,01...0,001) and width of pins (P < 0,05...0,001). Thus, the greatest influence on the body measurements and live weight of first-calf cows has the bull's origin, just below – the line belonging, the lowest – the part of Holstein inheritance, but in all cases it is rather high. It was established that for improvement of the cows` exterior will be promote the using of bulls and lines that have the desirable indicators of live weight and body measurements of daughters, as well as animals with a high part of Holstein inheritance, which have by good exterior characteristics. For effective selection it is needed to use of detected correlations between milk yield and body measurements. Key words: exterior, body measurements, part of Holstein inheritance, bull's origin, milk productivity.

Inventario y valoración económica de las especies forestales de alto valor comercial del CURLA

En Honduras existe una gran diversidad de especies forestales de alto valor económico las cuales son apetecidas en el mercado local e internacional. Dentro de los predios del Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Atlántico - CURLA (216 ha) se desconoce la cantidad de individuos por especie que entran en la clasificación de tradicionales y potenciales según su valoración económica en el mercado. Esto resulta en un control irracional de árboles aprovechados desconociendo su respectivo volumen, pie tablar, ubicación exacta y valor monetario. En este sentido se define como objetivo de investigación el recopilar y cuantificar el valor monetario de los datos del inventario de las especies forestales de alto valor comercial ubicadas en el CURLA, en los sectores del 1-8 de la Etapa I en el año 2018. La novedad de este trabajo reside en la cuantificación y georreferenciación de cada individuo por especie, creando una tabla de atributos con sus datos de crecimiento pertinentes como son el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura comercial, volumen, pie tablar y valor económico según el mercado actual. La metodología empleada se basó en el análisis dasométrico, empleando herramientas de medición directa, sistemas de información geográfica y las tendencias del mercado. Los resultados demostraron la presencia de 421 árboles distribuidos en doce especies dentro de los ocho sectores, encontrándose que las especies con mayor valoración económico son la Tectona grandis (teca) y la Swietenia macrophylla (caoba).

Association of Biometric Traits with Growth Hormone Gene Diversity in Raini Cashmere Goats

In recent years, the important effects of growth hormone on a broad variety of physiological parameters, such as lactation, reproduction, growth, and metabolism, have attracted many researchers' attentions. To detect GH gene polymorphism and its association with the biometric traits of Raini Cashmere goats, 300 animals were selected and the animals’ genotype was determined using PCR-RFLP. Two different genotypes (AA and AB) were observed in exons 2 and 3 within the goat GH gene. The genotype frequencies for AA, AB, and BB were 0.15, 0.85, and 0, and frequencies of the A and B alleles were 0.575 and 0.425, respectively. The number of observed alleles, number of effective alleles, expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, mean of heterozygosity, expected homozygosity, observed homozygosity, Nei’s index, Shannon’s index, and Fixation index (Fis) were 2, 1.96, 0.49, 0.85, 0.49, 0.51, 0.15, 0.49, 0.69, and -0.74, respectively. Birth type had a significant effect on the Chest height to earth (T26) trait (P-value = 0.032304). Furthermore, a significant effect of age on some biometric traits were observed in this study. The frequency of the AB genotype for most of the traits were higher in comparison to the AA genotype, although some traits did not show a significant effect, which might be explained by the heterosis phenomenon. According to the results, it can be concluded that allele A of growth hormone is a suitable allele for the THH (Toe height of hand hoof), THF (Toe height of foot hoof), HHF (Heel height of foot hoof), and CHE (Chest height to earth) traits, and allele B is a worthy allele for the NI (Nasal interval), LCI (Lip corner interval), NL (Neck length), CC (Chest circumference), AC (Abdominal circumference), LLF (Leg length of foot), WHC (Wither height to under the chest), and DAD (Dorsal angle distance of scapula to Hänsch point) traits. Therefore, better results in the breeding programs for these traits can be achieved from this information, along with other phenotypic records.

KERAGAMAN SIFAT KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF SAPI KUANTAN PADA BERBAGAI TINGKATAN UMUR DIKECAMATAN BENAI

This research aims to know the diversity of the nature of qualitative and quantitative kuantan cows age on many levels in Benai District of Kuantan Singingi regency. The number of samples was observed 88 cows kuantan which consists of 71 cows female and 17 male cows with levels 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months and 18-24 months. The parameters observed in the qualitative nature of hair and skin color is, horns shape and color away, while the nature of quantitative measurements of the body namely chest circumference, length, shoulder height, in the chest and hip height. The results showed that the qualitative nature of the cows kuantan females include the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,21% white, curved Horn shape up and short horns and small alike 29.5% and the dominant leg color is 68% white and male cow whereas in kuantan, the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,30% white, horned 53% not horned and short small 29% , and the dominant leg color is white 76%. Quantitative trait cow kuantan females include the dominant length is age 18-24 months 96,28 ± 10.70 cm, chest circumference: 20,71 ± 12.52 cm, in the chest: 43,28 ± 0.14 cm, shoulder height: 96,57 ± 7.25 cm and a height of hips: 101,71 ± 9.94 cm and while the average body size of cow kuantan males include the dominant length is aged 6-12 months 87 ± 6.05 cm, chest circumference of 6-12 months ± 16,52 112,75 cm chest, in 12-18 months 41,33 ± 1.53 cm shoulder height, age 18-24 months orders of 4.16 ± 91,67 cm high hip and age 12-18 months of 6.08 ± 101 cm.

Navigating snowscapes: scale-dependent responses of mountain sheep to snowpack properties.

Winters are limiting for many terrestrial animals due to energy deficits brought on by resource scarcity and the increased metabolic costs of thermoregulation and traveling through snow. A better understanding of how animals respond to snow conditions is needed to predict the impacts of climate change on wildlife. We compared the performance of remotely sensed and modeled snow products as predictors of winter movements at multiple spatial and temporal scales using a data set of 20,544 locations from 30 GPS-collared Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA from 2005 to 2008. We used daily 500-m MODIS normalized difference snow index (NDSI), and multi-resolution snow depth and density outputs from a snowpack evolution model (SnowModel), as covariates in step selection functions. We predicted that modeled snow depth would perform best across all scales of selection due to more informative spatiotemporal variation and relevance to animal movement. Our results indicated that adding any of the evaluated snow metrics substantially improved model performance and helped characterize winter Dall sheep movements. As expected, SnowModel-simulated snow depth outperformed NDSI at fine-to-moderate scales of selection (step scales < 112 h). At the finest scale, Dall sheep selected for snow depths below mean chest height (<54 cm) when in low-density snows (100kg/m3 ), which may have facilitated access to ground forage and reduced energy expenditure while traveling. However, sheep selected for higher snow densities (>300kg/m3 ) at snow depths above chest height, which likely further reduced energy expenditure by limiting hoof penetration in deeper snows. At moderate-to-coarse scales (112-896 h step scales), however, NDSI was the best-performing snow covariate. Thus, the use of publicly available, remotely sensed, snow cover products can substantially improve models of animal movement, particularly in cases where movement distances exceed the MODIS 500-m grid threshold. However, remote sensing products may require substantial data thinning due to cloud cover, potentially limiting its power in cases where complex models are necessary. Snowpack evolution models such as SnowModel offer users increased flexibility at the expense of added complexity, but can provide critical insights into fine-scale responses to rapidly changing snow properties.

도심 가로수 뿌리의 융기특성 연구† - 대전 서구 가로수를 대상으로 -

This study investigated root damage characteristics and correlations between roadside trees and street furniture through the investigation of the root damage conditions and the current status of roadside trees and street furniture in Seo-gu, Daejeon City where the occurrence of pavement uplift is frequent. The study area was divided into six areas by species of trees as <italic>Metasequoia glyptostroboides</italic> and <italic>Platanus occidentalis</italic> focusing on the streets that were installed with trees chest height and 8cm round planted at the time of the development of the Dunsan-dong Housing Site Development in Seo-gu, Daejeon metropolitan city (1990～1994). The damage rate of roadside protection frames (95.3%) was higher than that of curbstones (19.7%) at the study site. Streets without a protective frame were more likely to have damaged pavement. In addition, the frequency of breakage of protective frames was lowered when a drinking water area was increased to more than a certain level. The frequency of the type of uplift in the sidewalk pavement surfaces is in the order of tail type &gt; mounding type &gt; irregular type, and the frequency of the uplift direction is the highest in Direction 1 (0～44〫 ), Direction 2 (45～89〫 ), and Direction 3 (95～134〫 ) when 180^° of the street direction is based on 90^° parallel to the curbstone. The uplift length is about 31–60cm and it is most often at a height of 3–6cm. When comparing the results of uplift deformation, <italic>Metasequoia glyptostroboides</italic> was found to be higher than the deformation of <italic>Platanus occidentalis.</italic> In addition, it can be seen that the larger the length, width and height of the ridge, the larger the deformation becomes. The relationship between the diameter at breast height, the dimension of the pavement width, the frequency of the ridge phenomenon and the deformation amount is not necessarily proportional, and there seems to be a gap due to external factors such as soil humidity and planting base. Therefore there is a need for a multi-directional approach in reducing uplift.

Inbreeding may affect phenotypic traits in an Italian population of Basset Hound dogs

The influence of inbreeding depression on phenotypic traits of a Basset Hound dog Italian population was evaluated. Moreover, this paper reports the first results of a survey on morphological traits and analyse the genetic variability of the population using genealogical information. The following traits were studied: height at withers, height of chest, depth of chest, body length, length at rump, ischiatic width of rump, circumference of chest, circumference of cannon, length of ear, and length of nose. The inbreeding coefficient (F) of each dog was computed by genealogical data. Traits were taken from 75 adult (mean age 2.17 ± 1.545 years) dogs (36 males and 39 females) belonging to 19 different Italian farms. A linear regression of each trait on inbreeding coefficient was used to estimate inbreeding depression. ANOVA was used to test the differences in morphological traits between the sexes, among breeders and among animals with different F level. Despite the good level of genetic variability and the low coefficients of inbreeding observed in the population, a significant weakly effect of inbreeding on the depth of chest was observed. In addition, the present study revealed no significant differences in morphological traits between sexes and among farms.

The Erotic Wounds of War

The Erotic Wounds of War Paisley Rekdal (bio) This loneliness for you is like the wound That keeps the soldier patient in his bed . . . —Dunstan Thompson, "This Loneliness for You Is Like the Wound" Ifirst saw the Dying Gaul when I was eight. The statue, a plaster cast of the original, was tucked away under a back staircase in the Burke Gilman Museum. The Burke Gilman was my favorite place: my mother, who was studying at the University of Washington, took me there frequently, even leaving me (once I got older) on my own while she retrieved books from the library. She must have been trailing behind me the day I found the Dying Gaul, because I know I was too young to have seen, or understood, the statue on my own. I stood for minutes, stunned, at chest height to this life-sized naked man slumped on his marble shield, a sword tossed by his thigh, a trumpet like a whip of sea kelp coiled beneath his propped leg. His head was bowed, his hair wild in tuft-like peaks that looked like waves breaking against shore. His large hand clasped his inner thigh. The day I saw him, sun glowed through the glass windows, turning his flesh a paste of creamy white, as if it had been mashed with milk and paper, not composed of plaster and stone. I moved closer. The broad moustachioed face, contorted in pain. The whorls of his pubic hair like the intricate lines etched on a clamshell. His heavy sex, and the slight slit at his right side that traced the crease of skin under his breast, blood chiseled down his ribs in droplets. I stared. He was massive and yet, folded in upon himself with pain, surprisingly intimate in emotional scale. The white light made him seem alive. I could imagine him bleeding; I could practically feel him dying before me. I stared at the wound, wanting to touch it, knowing that touching art was forbidden. But wasn't looking at a man like this also forbidden? I put my finger to the wound, drawing it across the lips of his peeled-back flesh, the way I'd felt (and imagined) my own self peeled back when, once, I touched myself between the legs. I didn't think the fact he was a soldier was what made this dying so electric, so powerful. I ignored the sword, the shield, focused on his wound. He was real because of this wound. I could look at him, could touch him because of it. And yet I must have understood, instinctively, the statue's connection with violence and sex. I was supposed to pity the Gaul for his beauty and his injury; I [End Page 177] could picture the horror of the battle he'd fought by being moved by its mortal outcome. Reading the poetry of war, I understand that the Dying Gaul is a common elegiac trope: I have come to recognize the complex roles that sex, physical beauty, and the erotic play in our literary imagination of soldiers and war. I understand that the sexualization of the dying soldier is in many ways a natural extension of the poetic elegy itself, in which the charge of death becomes an erotic charge, death and Eros twinned in our imaginations of men who died young. Here is Milton's "Lycidas," an elegy for Milton's drowned childhood friend, Edward King: So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted highThrough the dear might of him that walk'd the waves;Where, other groves and other streams along,With nectar pure his oozy locks he laves,And hears the unexpressive nuptial song,In the blest kingdoms meek of joy and love. And here is Shelley, writing of Keats, in "Adonaïs": But now, thy youngest, dearest one, has perish'd, The nursling of thy widowhood, who grew, Like a pale flower by some sad maiden cherish'd, And fed with true-love tears, instead of dew; Most musical of mourners, weep anew! Thy extreme hope, the loveliest and the last, The bloom, whose petals nipp'd before they blew Died on the promise of...

Non-biotic factors determining plasticity of the prospective oil-rich macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata)

Although macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm native to neotropics with wide distribution in Brazil and has significant potential for biofuel production, little is known regarding its variability and adaptability to environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of macauba palm phenotypes to soil attributes and other environmental factors. Macauba palms from 18 locations of three geomorphological provinces from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated regarding chemical, physical and morphological soil attributes and plant morphological attributes. Data were analyzed by uni- and multivariate statistics. Univariate statistical analysis showed that there is great variability of botanical components due to soil fertility, particle size distribution and drainage and to atmospheric climate conditions. Principal component analysis identified the botanical variables fruit weight and size and palm tree circumference at chest height, and the soil variables organic matter of A horizon contents of sand and clay, and exchangeable calcium, manganese, copper, potassium and phosphorus from subsurface horizons as those with the greatest contribution in distinguishing the studied environments. Redundancy analysis identified total sand—inversely associated to water retention—pH—directly influenced by exchangeable bases—and micronutrients Zn and Mn from subsurface horizons, together with soil organic matter from A horizon, as those most associated to the botanical variables fruit weight and size. These associations show that soil fertility and particle size distribution are determining factors for the productive potential of macauba palm.

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RUBBER TREE DENDROMETRICS CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES

The objective of this study was to determine the spatial variability of rubber tree dendrometrics characteristics (diameter and height) and its relationship with soil physical attributes (soil penetration resistance and hydraulic conductivity). The experiment was located in Campinas, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil in a experimental station of the Instituto Agronomico, in a 10 ha area with rubber trees grown since 1992. Samples were taken from 232 points in a grid of 20 x 20 m. The average diameter at the chest height and the height of the trees were determined using the average of four plants. The following soil physical attributes were studied: soil resistance to penetration up to 0.40 m deep and water infiltration in two depths (0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m). All plant and soil variables showed moderate to weak spatial dependence among samples. There was also correlation between spatial variability maps of the rubber tree dendrometric characteristics and the soil physical attributes studied.