Cherry Plants Research Articles

Unraveling Morphological, Physiological, and Transcriptomic Alterations Underlying the Formation of Little Leaves in Phytoplasma-Infected Sweet Cherry Trees.

Phytoplasmas are minute phytopathogenic bacteria that induce excessive vegetative growth, known as witches'-broom (WB), in many infected plant species during the later stages of infection. The WB structure is characterized by densely clustered little (small) leaves, which are frequently accompanied by chlorosis (yellowing). The mechanisms behind the formation of little leaves within WB structures (LL-WB) are poorly understood. To address this gap, the LL-WB formation was extensively studied using sweet cherry virescence (SCV) phytoplasma-infected sweet cherry plants. Based on morphological examinations, signs of premature leaf senescence were observed in LL-WB samples, including reduced leaf size, chlorosis, and alterations in shape. Subsequent physiological analyses indicated decreased sucrose and glucose levels and changes in hormone concentrations in LL-WB samples. Additionally, the transcriptomic analysis revealed impaired ribosome biogenesis and DNA replication. As an essential process in protein production, the compromised ribosome biogenesis and the inhibited DNA replication led to cell cycle arrest, thus affecting leaf morphogenesis and further plant development. Moreover, the expression of marker genes involved in premature leaf senescence was significantly altered. These results indicate a complicated interplay between the development of leaves, premature leaf senescence, and the pathogen-induced stress responses in SCV phytoplasma-infected sweet cherry trees. The results of this study provide insight into understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms driving the formation of little leaves and interactions between plants and pathogens. The findings might help control phytoplasma diseases in sweet cherry cultivation.

First report of sweet cherry root rot caused by Fusarium solani in China.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has become an economically important fruit in China. And its cultivation area has significantly expanded over the last three decades (Wang et al. 2020; Zhao et al. 2023). In July 2023, wilting of cherry trees was observed in a cherry plantation in Wenchuan County (31°51'N, 103°56'E, altitude: 1,510 m) in Sichuan Province and approximately 27% of the trees showed symptoms of root rot including soft roots, dark brown to black lesions, yellowing and wilted leaves, and a distinct yellow-brown core discoloration of the inner root core when cut in cross-section. To isolate the causal pathogens, six infected sweet cherry plants with rootstock 'Daqingye' from Cerasus pseudocerasus were randomly selected from the orchard and then the intertwined diseased and healthy roots (5mm× 5mm × 2mm) were washed with sterile water to remove surface soil. The root samples were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 seconds and NaClO for 30 seconds and washed three times with distilled water. The disinfected tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 27°C in darkness for 5 days (Zhao et al. 2024). A total of nine fungal isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained. The colony obtained through single-spore purification displays a red reverse side and a concentric ring pattern on the front, with a sparse surface. Macroconidia were relatively slender with a curve, like sickle shape, 0 to 3 septate measuring (25.8 to 46.1) μm× (4.2 to 7.5) μm, respectively (n=20). The morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Fusarium spp. (Li et al. 2021). Among these isolates, only HB5 was selected for additional molecular identification. Three target genes, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) were amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4, TEF1-728/FTEF1-re, and fRPB2-5F/fRPB2-7r, respectively (Groenewald et al. 2013; Carbone and Kohn 1999; Reeb et al. 2004). Sequences of HB5 was deposited in GenBank (ITS, PP388208; TEF, PP580036; RPB2, PP580035). A BLAST search revealed high similarity to those of F. solani sequences with 99%, 100% and 100% respectively (MN013858.1, JF740846.1, OR371902.1), and a multilocus phylogenetic tree was generated to represent the molecular identification results. Pathogenicity studies were conducted on the rootstocks from 'Daqingye' of Cerasus pseudocerasus in 1 liter plastic flowerpots. The seedlings were incubated in a constant temperature incubator at 25°C with a humidity level of 65% for two weeks. Following the growth of green leaves, 200ml (1x106 spores/ml) of spore suspensions were poured into pots. After 4 weeks of inoculation, the same symptoms of the inoculated plants were observed consistent with those shown in the field , while control plants were inoculated with distill water with asymptomatic. The inoculated pathogen was confirmed both morphologically and molecularly as described earlier, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. It has been reported that Fusarium solani has been reported to cause root rot in various plants in China, including Actinidia sppt, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Fragaria×ananassa Duch (Song et al.2022; Li et al. 2023; Zhao et al. 2024). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium solani causing root rot in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). We here also report the severity and outbreak of this disease, which has been found in other regions in recent years and may become prevalent. Further research on disease management strategies is urgently needed to protect sweet cherry production.

Sweet Cherry Plants Prioritize Their Response to Cope with Summer Drought, Overshadowing the Defense Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.

Disease severity and drought due to climate change present significant challenges to orchard productivity. This study examines the effects of spring inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on sweet cherry plants, cvs. Bing and Santina with varying defense responses, assessing plant growth, physiological variables (water potential, gas exchange, and plant hydraulic conductance), and the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) under two summer irrigation levels. Pss inoculation elicited a more pronounced response in 'Santina' compared to 'Bing' at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi), and those plants inoculated with Pss exhibited a slower leaf growth and reduced transpiration compared to control plants during 60 dpi. During differential irrigations, leaf area was reduced 14% and 44% in Pss inoculated plants of 'Bing' and 'Santina' respectively, under well-watered (WW) conditions, without changes in plant water status or gas exchange. Conversely, water-deficit (WD) conditions led to gas exchange limitations and a 43% decrease in plant biomass compared to that under WW conditions, with no differences between inoculation treatments. ABA levels were lower under WW than under WD at 90 dpi, while SA levels were significantly higher in Pss-inoculated plants under WW conditions. These findings underscore the influence on plant growth during summer in sweet cherry cultivars that showed a differential response to Pss inoculations and how the relationship between ABA and SA changes in plant drought level responses.

The Mechanism of Socio-Spatial Evolution in Rural Areas Driven by the Development of the Planting Industry—A Case Study of Yuezhuang Village in Shandong Province, China

Rural industrialisation in China, which has historically been restricted by urban–rural dual development policies, has been largely encouraged since the Rural Revitalisation Strategy released in 2018. Industrialisation has deeply influenced socio-spatial evolution by providing job opportunities and promoting the construction of infrastructure and public services, accelerating the two-way flow of urban–rural factors in rural areas. However, this may lead to social and spatial issues, such as social inequalities and unsuitable living conditions, to some extent. This research aims to investigate how the socio-spatial evolution of rural areas was influenced by rural industrialisation and the two-way flow of urban–rural factors. The cherry planting industry and an active “industrial centre”, Yuezhuang Village, in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China, were selected for the empirical study. This research analysed the evolution of the cherry planting industry, the formulation of rural social networks, and the spatial adaptation of the two using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, followed by a discussion on the current rural planning policies in China. The results show that the cherry industrial chain largely extended the planting areas, and the categories of land use generally increased in Yuezhuang Village over the 30 years studied. The average output value per mu (mu is unit of area measurement used in China, where it is officially standardised. It corresponds to 1/15 of a hectare, or about 666.67 m2). In 2021 was 25 times larger than that in 1996. The population involved in industrial activities increased to over 5000 people countrywide from the initial 17 households. The results also show that urban–rural factors, such as capital, population, techniques, and information, rapidly accelerated in the annual peak season of the cherry industry. This research indicates that small-scale, characteristic, and traditional agriculture could become one of the main driving forces in urban–rural integration and may contribute to sustainable and inclusive rural communities and urban–rural partnerships. This provides the theoretical mechanism of socio-spatial interaction in rural industrialisation in China based on the empirical case study.

Nitric Oxide Mitigates the Deleterious Effects Caused by Infection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Modulates the Carbon Assimilation Process in Sweet Cherry under Water Stress.

Bacterial canker is an important disease of sweet cherry plants mainly caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss). Water deficit profoundly impairs the yield of this crop. Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule that plays an important role in the plant defense mechanisms. To evaluate the protection exerted by NO against Pss infection under normal or water-restricted conditions, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, was applied to sweet cherry plants cv. Lapins, before they were exposed to Pss infection under normal or water-restricted conditions throughout two seasons. Well-watered plants treated with exogenous NO presented a lower susceptibility to Pss. A lower susceptibility to Pss was also induced in plants by water stress and this effect was increased when water stress was accompanied by exogenous NO. The lower susceptibility to Pss induced either by exogenous NO or water stress was accompanied by a decrease in the internal bacterial population. In well-watered plants, exogenous NO increased the stomatal conductance and the net CO2 assimilation. In water-stressed plants, NO induced an increase in the leaf membranes stability and proline content, but not an increase in the CO2 assimilation or the stomatal conductance.

Bacterial Disease Detection of Cherry Plant Using Deep Features

Although the cherry plant is widely grown in the world and Turkey, it is a fruit tree that is difficult to grow and maintain. It can be exposed to various pesticide diseases, especially during fruiting. Today, approaches based on expert reviews and analyses are used for the identification of these diseases. In addition, cherry producers are trying to detect diseases with their knowledge based on experience. Computer-aided agricultural analysis systems are also being developed depending on the rapid developments in technology. These systems help to monitor all processes from planting, cultivation, and harvesting of agricultural products and to make decisions to grow the products healthily. One of the most important issues to be detected and monitored with these systems is plant diseases. The features of the cherry plant disease will be determined by using a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) model which is DarkNet-19, within the scope of this study. These machine learning-based features have been used for the detection of bacteria-based diseases commonly seen on the leaves of cherry plants. The acquired features are classified with Linear Discriminant Analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machine classifiers to solve the multi-class problem including diseased (less and very) and healthy plants. The experimental results show that a success rate of 88.1% was obtained in the detection of the disease.

An approach for cationic dyes removal from wastewater: Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Prunus avium stems extracts

Metallic nanoparticles with optical, electrical, catalytic, magnetic, and biological properties are structures that can be used in environmental pollution. The use of iron nanoparticles in environmental rehabilitaion is gaining interest due to their large surface area to volume ratio. The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize iron oxide nanoparticles by using cherry plant extracts through a green synthesis approach, and to evaluate the use of cherry plant extracts as an adsorbent of methylene blue in wastewater. The physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles was performed with UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD spectroscopies, SEM microscopy and Zetasizer particle size analysis. As a result of the experiments, the adsorption percentage increased depending on the time and 67.34% methylene blue removal was achieved at the 150th minute. This study highlights the importance of innovative approaches and the increasing use of biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and economical green materials in applications.

Sweet cherry TCP gene family analysis reveals potential functions of PavTCP1, PavTCP2 and PavTCP3 in fruit light responses

BackgroundTCP proteins are plant specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth and development. Despite the known significance of these transcription factors in general plant development, their specific role in fruit growth remains largely uncharted. Therefore, this study explores the potential role of TCP transcription factors in the growth and development of sweet cherry fruits.ResultsThirteen members of the PavTCP family were identified within the sweet cherry plant, with two, PavTCP1 and PavTCP4, found to contain potential target sites for Pav-miR159, Pav-miR139a, and Pav-miR139b-3p. Analyses of cis-acting elements and Arabidopsis homology prediction analyses that the PavTCP family comprises many light-responsive elements. Homologs of PavTCP1 and PavTCP3 in Arabidopsis TCP proteins were found to be crucial to light responses. Shading experiments showed distinct correlation patterns between PavTCP1, 2, and 3 and total anthocyanins, soluble sugars, and soluble solids in sweet cherry fruits. These observations suggest that these genes may contribute significantly to sweet cherry light responses. In particular, PavTCP1 could play a key role, potentially mediated through Pav-miR159, Pav-miR139a, and Pav-miR139b-3p.ConclusionThis study is the first to unveil the potential function of TCP transcription factors in the light responses of sweet cherry fruits, paving the way for future investigations into the role of this transcription factor family in plant fruit development.

NPK fertilization modulates enzyme activity and mitigates the impacts of salinity on West Indian cherry.

Salt stress causes several physiological and biochemical disorders and impairs plant growth. However, adequate fertilization can improve the nutritional status and may reduce significantly the harmful effects caused by salt stress. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of different combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the antioxidant activity and accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes in West Indian cherry leaves, in the second year of production. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 10 × 2 factorial arrangement corresponding to ten fertilization combinations (FC) of NPK (FC1: 80-100-100%, FC2:100-100-100%, FC3:120-100-100%, FC4:140-100-100%, FC5:100-80-100%, FC6:100-120-100%, FC7:100-140-100%, FC8:100-100-80%, FC9:100-100-120%, and FC10:100-100-140% of the recommendation) and two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw) (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1), with three replications. The multivariate analysis showed that irrigation with water of different electrical conductivities (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) resulted in different responses concerning the enzyme activity, production of organic compounds, and accumulation of inorganic solutes in the leaves. Under irrigation with low salinity water, there was greater accumulation of K+, soluble carbohydrates, and proline, and lower activity of antioxidative enzymes, especially SOD and APX. Under high salinity water, greater enzyme activity and higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were observed. The results indicate that the response of West Indian cherry to salinity was more towards redox homeostasis than osmotic homeostasis through the accumulation of compatible solutes. Fertilization combination FC5 (100-80-100% corresponding to 200, 24 and 80 g plant-1 of NPK) modulates the enzyme activity of SOD and APX attenuating the impacts of salinity, being an efficient combination to preserve redox homeostasis in West Indian cherry plants grown under salt stress.

Shading Alleviates Damage of Short Term Salinity and Protects Leaf Pigments in Sweet Cherry

Salt stress negatively influences fruit yield and quality in trees. In addition to environmental stresses, excess energy from sunlight possesses harmful effects on plant metabolisms. Here we reveal the effects of shading on short term salinity stress in cherry plants. Salinity and shading treatments were introduced approximately two months after planting. Three shading levels (40%, 60%, and 80%) were applied. To induce moderate salinity stress, 35 mM NaCl (sodium chloride) was utilized for one month. Many morphological and physiological aspects and chlorophyll metabolism were evaluated. We found that the plant growth, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll biosynthesis were significantly retarded under salinity during a month. However, shading treatments alleviated the salinity damage. Moreover, salt stress hindered the biosynthesis of chlorophyll at Mg-Proto IX step. Shading treatments mitigated salinity damage associated with decreasing air and leaf temperature and preventing the loss of chlorophyll and the precursors and increasing anthocyanins. The results of the study showed that shading treatments possessed a protective effect on short term salinity in cherry plants.

Variations in growth and biochemical parameters in annual cherry plants under the infl uence of growth regulators

This study addresses the influence of the Applin drug on the growth and biochemical parameters of the leaves in three annual cultivars of cherries (Tyutchevka, Podarok Ryazani and Chermashnaya) grafted onto the Izmailovsky rootstock. The research was carried out in 2021-2022 both in field and laboratory conditions at the Federal Horticultural Centre for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery. It was established that following treatment with Applin, the biometric indicators improved, with the yield of branched annual cherry seedlings increasing to 100 %. The treatment and removal of apical leaves stimulated the formation and growth of lateral branches in annual plants. The number of lateral shoots in experimental plants of the Chermashnaya cultivars increased by 6 times, while in the Tyutchevka and Podarok Ryazani cultivars, it increased by 3-4 times relative to the control. Growth regulators induced an increase in the average length of lateral shoots to 30-50 cm in all cultivars. The total length of the branches in the experimental Chermashnaya cultivar was 118.5 cm, which is 6.7 times higher than in the control. The other two cultivars exhibited a 4–4.5 times increase in total growth in treated plants compared with the control. Biochemical studies revealed an increase in photosynthetic pigment content in leaves following Applin treatment. The total content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity exhibited significant changes. A positive correlation (r = 0.709) was observed between the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract and the amount of phenolic compounds. The content of chlorophylls (a+b) in the leaves of treated plants increased by 5-10%. Depending on the cultivar, the content of carotenoids varied from 1.1 to 1.8 mg/g, remaining practically constant following treatment. All cultivars showed an increase in the “chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids” ratio. Applin treatment also influenced the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, stimulating an increase in the content of carbohydrates (fructose, sucrose, turanose, and trehalose) and phenolic compounds (quinic and chlorogenic acids) in cherry plant leaves

DETECTION OF PLUM AND CHERRY VIRUSES IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF ROMANIA

Plum plantations which included 'Anna Späth', 'd'Agen', 'Stanley', 'Čačanska Lepotiča', 'Centenar', 'President', 'Topend plus' and 'Tophit' cv. and sweet cherry plantations with the 'Kordia', 'Skeena', 'Ferrovia', 'Sweetheart', 'Regina', 'Prime Giant', 'Stella', 'Van', 'Maria', 'Bigarreau Burlat', 'Vanda', 'Karina', 'Lapins', 'Penny', 'Summit' cv., from the areas of Muntenia and Oltenia, Romania, were evaluated to identify the main viruses ACLSV, ApMV, PPV, PDV, PNRSV for plum and ACLSV, ApMV, ArMV, PPV, PDV, PNRSV, CLRV, TBRV, SLRSV, RpRSV for sweet cherry. The diagnosis was established by the DAS-ELISA technique, PPV being also identified by the AGRISTRIP method. The degree of viral infection was different, thus, in plum, PPV was identified between 0.00% and 57.50%, ApMV between 0.00% and 1.50% and PDV between 0.00% and 0.5% and in sweet cherry plantations TBRV between 0 and 20.00%, ArMV 0.00% and 15.00% and ACLSV 0.00% and 5.00%.

First Report of Epicoccum nigrum Causing Brown Leaf Spot of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) in China

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has become an important economic fruit in China, mainly produced in Shandong Province. In recent years, the planting area of Aba Prefecture in Sichuan Province has increased. In June 2022, sweet cherry brown leaf spot was found in a cherry plantation (100ha) in Wenchuan County (30°54′50.21″N, 103°24′49.10″E), with an incidence of 50 - 70%. The symptoms appeared as brown circular spots on the leaf, gradually expanding until multiple lesions coalesced to form large irregular brown spots; eventually entire leaves were killed. To isolate the causal pathogens, 10 diseased trees were randomly selected from an orchard, one diseased leaf was taken from each tree, and samples (4×4 mm2) were cut from the border between diseased and healthy tissues of 10 diseased leaves, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 sec, washed three times with sterilized water, dried on sterilized filter paper and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 5d at 25℃, five morphologically similar colonies were obtained, colony appears yellow fluffy and released a large amount of red-orangepigment. Microscopy revealed circular to ovoid, verrucose, and multicellular conidia measuring 20×25 μm diameter (n = 30) were produced on the mycelia. The morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Epicoccum nigrum (Lima et al 2011). To further identify the strains, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) gene regions were amplified with ITS1/ITS4 , Bt2a/Bt2b, and 5f2/7cr (White et al. 1990; Glass and Donaldson 1995; Sung et al. 2007), respectively. BLAST analysis revealed that the ITS, β-tubulin, and RPB2 sequences were 99.2%, 100% and 99.6% homologous, with those of E. nigrum (KU204750.1, OL782123.1, and MW602294.1), respectively. The sequences of the five isolates were identical; and those of representative strain TY3 were deposited in GenBank (ITS, OP410968; β-tubulin, OR502448; RPB2, OP484927). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were performed for the combined data set with ITS , β-tubulin and RPB2 using MEGA6 under the Tamura–Nei model (Tamura et al. 1993). Isolate TY3 clustered with E. nigrum type strain CBS 505.85. The pathogenicity of TY3 was tested on 10 sweet cherry trees aged 3 years (there were about 50 leaves per plant). Five plants were sprayed with 50 mL of spore suspension (1×105 spores/mL), while the controls (Five plants) were sprayed with 50 mL of sterile water. All plants were in closed plastic bags to maintain high humidity, placed in a greenhouse, and incubated at 25℃with a 12-h photoperiod. Twelve days after inoculation, 35% of the inoculated leaves showed lesions; that were consistent with those observed in the field, and the control group was asymptomatic. To confirm Koch´s postulates, two isolates were taken from the margins of leaf lesions and both were confirmed to be E. nigrum based on morphological observations and molecular identification using ITS β-tubulin, and RPB2 sequences. This is the first report of brown leaf spot caused by E. nigrum on P. avium in China. This discovery needs to be considered in developing and implementing disease management programs in sweet cherry production.

NPK combinations mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on the morphophysiology of West Indian Cherry

Under salt stress, plant growth and development are negatively affected due to physiological changes,requiring strategies such as fertilization management to minimize these effects. In this scenario, this study aimedto evaluate the effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the growth, leaf waterstatus, electrolyte leakage, and gas exchange of West Indian Cherry grown under water stress in the secondyear of production. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment in Campina Grande - PB.The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design with a 2 × 10 factorial arrangement with threereplications corresponding to two electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water– ECw (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1)and ten combinations of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (80-100-100; 100-100-100; 120-100-100; 140-100-100; 100-80-100; 100-120-100; 100-140-100; 100-100-80; 100-100-120, and 100-100-140% of therecommendation in the second year of production). Irrigation with the ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 negatively affectedplant growth, the leaf water status, electrolyte leakage, and the leaf gas exchange of West Indian Cherry.However, the 40% increase (C4 -140-100-100% of the recommended N-P2O5-K2O level) in the nitrogen levelmitigated the deleterious effects of salt stress on the relative water content, internal CO2 concentration, and theCO2 assimilation rate of West Indian Cherry plants in the second year of production.

The Exploration of Flowering Mechanisms in Cherry Plants

Flowering cherry (Cerasus sp.) are significant spring-blooming trees. However, the short blooming period and the rarity of early and late-flowering varieties limit their use in gardens in northern China. The experiment incorporated annually early-flowering species such as Cerasus discoidea, Cerasus pseudocerasus ‘Introtsa’, Cerasus dielsiana, Cerasus campanulata ‘Youkou’, Cerasus yedoensis ‘Somei-Yoshino’, and Cerasus spachiana f. ascendens, as well as twice-a-year flowering species like Cerasus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ and Cerasus subhirtella ‘Accolade’. We observed the timing of natural events and growth measurements for specific plants over a span of two years. This research involved a thorough examination of their ability to withstand cold temperatures, considering their physiological aspects. We examined the levels of nutrients and hormones in the flower buds at various stages of development in plants that bloom yearly and every two years. The findings indicated that C. subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ is adaptable, offering the lengthiest autumn blooming phase lasting 54 days. The hierarchy of cold tolerance was as follows: C. pseudocerasus ‘Introtsa’ > C. discoidea > Cerasus × subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ > C. dielsiana > C. ‘Youkou’. Furthermore, the soluble protein content in leaves increased before autumn flower buds’ sprout of twice-a-year flowering varieties but declined in C. yedoensis ‘Somei-Yoshino’ within the same time. We determined that changes in nutrient content significantly contribute to the autumn opening of C. subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ robust short branch flower buds. During the final phase of flower bud development, the rise in trans-Zeatin-riboside (ZR) and indolacetic acid (IAA) promotes the initiation of the first flowering period in C. subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ prior to its mandatory hibernation. The occurrence of secondary flowering involves a multifaceted regulatory process. These findings serve as valuable references for delving deeper into the mechanisms governing cherry blossom formation and secondary flowering.

Продуктивность перспективных сортов вишни (Prunus cerasus L.) в условиях южного садоводства

Abstract. The features of the implementation of the production potential of cherry varieties in the conditions of southern horticulture are presented. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the Prikubanskaya fruit growing zone of the Krasnodar Krai in 2016–2022. The objects of research were 7 varieties of common cherry of various origins. The purpose of the research was to study the productive potential of cherry varieties and its main components, depending on the negatively changing environmental conditions. Methods. The research was carried out according to the “Program and methodology for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops” and “Program and methodology for the selection of fruit, berry and nut crops”. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out according to the method of B. A. Dospekhov. The studies were carried out using generally accepted and standard methods. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identified patterns and features of the implementation of the production potential of cherry varieties in unstable environmental conditions and the impact of stress factors. According to the results of the research, early-fruiting varieties of cherries, Prizvanie and Ivanovna, which begin to bear fruit 2–3 years after planting, have been identified. It was found that the average fruit weight of the varieties varied from 2.98 to 6.38 g, depending on the biological characteristics of the variety and the conditions of the year. Large-fruited varieties with a fruit weight exceeding 5 g have been identified: Prizvanie (5.38 g), Timati (5.43 g), Ivanovna (6.38 g) and Khodosa (6.33 g). It was found that the yield also varied depending on stress factors and the degree of adaptability of varieties to them. Stably fruitful and high-yielding cherry varieties Ivanovna and Khodosa were identified, the average yield of which was 15.7 kg/tree. or 10.5 t/ha. It has been established that the dependence of the yield of cherry varieties of different origin on average annual temperatures is average (r = 0.65), on the sum of active temperatures – average (r = 0.37) and on the sum of precipitation – strong (r = 0.87). To create highly productive cherry plantations in the conditions of southern gardening, varieties Ivanovna and Khodosa are recommended.

Formulation and Activity Testing of a Preparation of Cherry Fruit (Muntingia calabura L.) Syrup as Acute Antidiarrhea in Mice

The problem of diarrhea is an important problem to overcome, especially in the Samarinda area, East Kalimantan Province. The number of diarrhea cases is increasing every year. In 2021, there were 34,436 cases nationally and 4,706 cases in Samarinda. Viruses and bacteria can cause diarrhea. The cherry plant has antibacterial and antidiarrheal properties because of its Alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin content. This research focuses on investigating the potential of syrup from the secondary metabolite juice of cherry fruit syrup in curing acute diarrhea in male Wistar rats. The research method used was to compare 5 groups with varying concentrations of cherry syrup. Measurements include assessing when the diarrhea started, how often the diarrhea occurs, its texture, severity, and how long the diarrhea lasts. Research shows that cherry syrup has a positive effect in reducing diarrhea symptoms such as bowel movement frequency, consistency, weight and duration. Based on the results of research conducted, it shows that cherry fruit syrup (Muntigia calabura L.) can treat acute diarrhea.

Mucuna and Avocado-Seed Residues as Sustainable Fertilizers and Biostimulants for Cherry Tomatoes

The global demand for sustainable agricultural practices is increasing, necessitating the preference for fertilizers and organic stimulants with minimal chemical transformation. This study investigates the potential use of Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens sp.) and avocado (Persea americana Mills) seed residues in the cultivation of cherry-tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) var. cerasiforme. After extracting L-dopa, the Mucuna ground residual seeds were incorporated into the soil substrate as an edaphic fertilizer. In contrast, the hydrolyzed avocado seed was mixed with water or the nutrient Long Ashton and applied as a foliar biostimulant to cherry plants grown in a greenhouse. We report the nutrients and amino acid content in hydrolysates of the avocado and Mucuna’s residue seeds and experiment with their effect in plants employing a completely blocked random design of eight treatments with four replicates. Data inspection involved analysis of variance, and mean differences were determined using Fisher’s least significant difference test. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the treatments regarding the number of flowers (70%), fruits (23%), and dry weight fruits (25%) in favor of those using these seed residues. A second experiment revealed that treatments containing both seed residues slightly increased the °Brix in fruits. This study supports with evidence that residual seeds benefit tomatoes and probably other important plants, contributing to the path to sustainable agriculture.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФЕНОТИПИЧЕСКИХ И ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЗНАКОВ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫХ СОРТОВ ЧЕРЕШНИ

One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.

Analysis of modern technologies for growing cherry varieties in temperate climates

The research relevance is predefined by the need to optimise fruit crop cultivation systems considering weather conditions. The research aims to test the grafting technology of intensive sweet cherry plantations on small and medium-sized rootstocks. The leading method in achieving the research goal was a field experiment. The main results of this study are as follows: the leading technologies for increasing the yield of sweet cherry varieties depending on the impact of environmental stress factors are presented; the use of clone rootstock technology in sweet cherry plantations in temperate climates is substantiated. According to a set of indicators of productivity formation, the yield of plantations of different designs was predicted. Namely, the scheme of variety-rootstock combinations of intercalary placement, its length, and parameters of the growth complex for plants were revealed; indicators of physiological activity, growth, productivity, fruit quality, and economic efficiency in intensive sweet cherry plantations were determined. It has been established that the application of this technology will increase yields and improve the quality parameters of sweet cherry fruits by developing varieties with compact crowns, which will allow to compact the plantations. It has been analysed that climatic conditions are the main factor in the process of harvest formation. A list of stress factors of temperate climate that affect the yield of sweet cherries has been identified. It is proved that the introduction of clonal rootstock technology is the most effective for growing intensive plantations of sweet cherries in a temperate climate. Practically, the research aims to determine and test a set of elements of physiological indicators of the potential yield of sweet cherry plantations of different designs, to introduce them into production and use them in further breeding