Cherry Pits Research Articles

Speed, acceleration, chameleons and cherry pit projectiles

The paper describes the mechanics of cherry pit projectiles and ends with showing thesimilarity between cherry pit launching and chameleon tongue projecting mechanisms. Thewhole story is written as an investigation, following steps that resemble those typicallytaken by scientists and can therefore serve as an illustration of scientific reasoning and howscientific knowledge is built.

Capturing Demand for Functional Foods: A Case Study from the Tart Cherry Industry

Cherry Marketing Institute (CMI) is an industry support organization funded by North American tart cherry growers and processors. In the mid-2000s, the president of CMI was contemplating the future of the U.S. tart cherry industry and how CMI could contribute to industry success in the new century. The year 2002 had been a bell-weather in terms of production (a weather event resulted in an 80% crop loss across North America) and market competition (significant level of imports from outside North America for the first time in history). Changes in consumer preferences for food and food ingredients were putting significant downward pressure on demand for the industry's traditional products and creating incentives for new product development. The tart cherry industry had already proven willing to undertake major changes (e.g., transition to mechanical harvest in the 1970s, along with adjustments in orchard design and processing capacity, processing advances in the 1990s that significantly decreased the risk of cherry pits in the finished product). Would the existing policy and marketing support activities provided by CMI, although successful in the past, be able to move the industry forward? Was it time for another major change in this industry? Or were there marginal adjustments that could be made for survival? Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.

Notches formed by shear failures in tunnels (cherry pit mechanism) – advances in the progress of failure

AbstractRabcewicz was the first to describe the shear failure of cavities in rock (“Cherry pit mechanism”), which he observed in detail not only in tunnelling but also in mining and described into very advanced phases. He also developed an analytical model for this mechanism according to the limit equilibrium hypothesis, which permitted the estimation of the required support resistance. On the basis of model tests, Feder developed an extensive set of formulae for the process of failure. Using the finite difference code FLAC2D and the discrete element code PFC2D, the model presented by Rabcewicz and Feder has been developed further. It will be demonstrated that the process of failure can be split into two phases. In the late failure phase (large deformations), the mechanism observed in the mathematical model differs from the descriptions of Rabcewicz and Feder. While the break surfaces according to Rabcewicz and Feder form exclusively in the area near the cavity, break surfaces form in the mathematical model starting from the interstice of the side wall and extending far into the rock mass, and lead to the formation of trapezoidal regions in the crown and in the invert, which are pressed against each other.Rabcewicz beschrieb als erster das Scherbruchversagen von Gebirgshohlräumen (“Cherry pit mechanism”), das er nicht nur im Tunnel‐ sondern auch im Bergbau eingehend beobachtete und bis in weit fortgeschrittene Phasen beschrieb. Für diesen Mechanismus entwickelte er auch ein analytisches Modell nach der Grenzgleichgewichtshypothese, das die Abschätzung von erforderlichen Ausbauwiderständen erlaubte. Auf der Basis von Modellversuchen entwickelte Feder einen umfangreichen Formelapparat für den Bruchablauf. Mithilfe des Finiten Differenzen Codes FLAC2D und des Diskreten Elemente Codes PFC2D wurden die Modellvorstellung von Rabcewicz und Feder weiterentwickelt. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich der Versagensablauf in zwei Phasen unterteilen lässt. In den späten Phasen des Versagens (große Verformungen) unterscheidet sich der in den numerischen Modellen beobachtete Mechanismus von den Beschreibungen von Rabcewicz und Feder. Während sich Bruchflächen bei Rabcewicz und Feder ausschließlich in den Nahbereichen des Hohlraums ausbilden, bilden sich in den numerischen Modellen Bruchflächen aus, die ausgehend von den Spitzen der Ulmenzwickel bis tief ins Gebirge reichen und zur Bildung von trapezförmigen Bereichen in der Firste und in der Sohle führen, die gegeneinander gedrückt werden.

06/00301 Critical comparison of hydrodynamic models forgas-solid fluidized beds – Part II: Freely bubbling gas-solid fluidized beds: Patil, D. J. et al. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005, 60, (1), 73–84

Bringing our society to a carbon-neutral, clean-energy future is an evolutionary process that must combine technological advances with available infrastructure. By co-firing biomass in existing coal-fired power plants, we can utilize standing equipment to increase the share of renewables in energy generation portfolios. This study investigates the pyrolysis behavior of blends of sweet cherry pit stones and a West Virginia coal using thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 100 K/min under nitrogen to determine mass loss rates and global activation energies as a function of blend composition. Derivative thermogravimetric curves show two distinct peaks for the fuel blends at temperatures corresponding to peaks for the pure cherry pits and coal. The peak mass loss rates for blends are higher than predicted using an additive scheme at the lower temperature peak and lower than predicted at the higher temperature peak. Global activation energies determined using a first order Arrhenius equation were higher than predicted by a linear addition scheme at lower temperatures, and lower than predicted at higher temperatures, suggesting that the incorporation of the cherry pit biomass may promote devolatilization of the coal at lower temperatures.

DETECTION OF PITS IN TART CHERRIES BY HYPERSPECTRAL TRANSMISSION IMAGING

The presence of pits or pit fragments in pitted cherry products poses potential hazard to consumers and thus makethe food industry liable for economic losses. The objective of this research was to develop a hyperspectral imaging techniquefor detecting pits in tart cherries. Hyperspectral transmission images were acquired from Montmorency tart cherries forfour orientations over the spectral region between 450 nm and 1,000 nm before and after pits were removed. Cherries of threesize groups (small, medium, and large), each with two color classes (light red and dark red) for two harvest dates, were usedfor determining the effect of fruit orientation, size, and color on pit detection. Additional cherries were bruised and thensubjected to two different post-bruising treatments (room storage vs. cold storage) to study the bruising effect on pit detection.A feed-forward backpropagation neural network (NN) classifier was developed to classify cherries with and without pits.Single spectra and selected regions of interest (ROIs), covering the spectral region between 692 nm and 856 nm, werecompared as inputs for the NN. ROIs resulted in 3.5% error in incorrect classification of cherries with pits and 3.1% errorfor cherries without pits, which were less than half of those from single spectra, when all cherries of mixed groups were used.Fruit size and defect had a great effect on pit detection; the false negative error (incorrect classification of cherries with pits)increased dramatically when small or defective (bruised) cherries were not included in the NN training. However, the effectof fruit orientation or color on NN classifications was either small or negligible.

Cherry pit ingestion leading to diagnosis of colon carcinoma

A 80-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with ahistory of recurrent attacks of crampy abdominal pain, nau-sea, and vomiting, and without passage of flatus and feces.On physical examination, the patient’s abdomen was dis-tended and remarkably tender to palpation. Bowel soundswere increased. Laboratory findings were unremarkable ex-cept for an elevated hemoglobin level of 18 g/dL. Abdom-inal radiographs revealed a dilated large bowel with multi-ple air fluid levels. The patient was admitted with thepresumptive diagnosis of large bowel obstruction. He un-derwent an abdominal computed tomography scan (Fig. 1),which demonstrated a ring-like foreign body with surround-ing mucosal thickening in the descending colon (arrow).Exploratory laparotomy revealed a large bowel obstructionwith a carcinoma of the descending colon. A left-sided colec-tomy and a transverse colostomy were performed. Examina-tion of the resected specimen showed an annular ulcerativecarcinoma of the descending colon and two cherry pits lodgedin the encircling tumor (Fig. 2). The patient had an unevent-ful postoperative course and was discharged in stable condi-tion.Swallowed fruit pits are no doubt much more commonthan realized. Rarely, they cause symptoms [1], and morerarely, intestinal obstruction [2]. Patient education mightreduce the instances of ingested pits, but on the other hand,ingestion may lead to an earlier diagnosis of a carcinoma.References

Fruit Internal Quality Evaluation using On-line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sensors

An on-line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quality evaluation sensor was designed, constructed and tested. The device consists of a superconducting magnet with a 20 mm diameter surface coil and a 150 mm diameter imaging coil coupled to a conveyor system. The conveyor was run at speeds ranging from 0 to 250 mm/s. The NMR spectra of avocado fruits and one-dimensional magnetic resonance images of fresh cherries were acquired while the fruits were moving on a conveyor bet. The NMR spectra were used to measure the oil/water ratio in avocados and this ratio correlated to percent dry weight, the correlation coefficient varied between 0·97 and 0·89 and decreased with increasing speed. One-dimensional magnetic resonance images of cherries were used to detect the presence of pits in cherries. Different belt speeds (up to 250 mm/s) were used and results of the pit detection tests were compared with static measurements. Higher classification errors occurred under static conditions as compared to dynamic conditions. An algorithm based on the change in shape of the one-dimensional image between a cherry with and without a pit yielded good classification of the fruits under static and dynamic conditions.

Quarantine treatment of cherries using 915 MHz microwaves: temperature mapping, codling moth mortality and fruit quality

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) were treated by 915 MHz microwaves in a pilot-scale multimode microwave system with an auxiliary hot air heater to determine heating characteristics and the effect of treatments on insect mortality and fruit quality. Quality parameters of the microwave-treated ‘Bing’ cherries were compared with control fruit and those subjected to methyl bromide fumigation. When heating cherries to average pit temperatures of 45, 50 and 55°C, the cherry pits heated faster than the surface, and larger cherries heated more quickly than smaller ones. Cherry temperature increased linearly with time with heating rates dependent on the microwave power, sample weight, cherry size and radial location inside the cherry. With a 2 min holding and 5 min hydrocooling protocol after microwave treatments, adjusted percentage 3rd instar codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) mortality ranged from 5 to 62% and 39 to 98% without and with 1–2 days cold storage, respectively. A higher mortality rate was obtained for insects in ‘Bing’ than ‘Rainier’ fruit. Firmness, percentage soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit weight, and objective fruit colour of microwave-treated ‘Bing’ fruit were comparable with these properties of control fruit and to those of cherries fumigated with methyl bromide. Stem greenness colour was reduced after the microwave and dry hot air combined treatments. Microwave energy may provide an alternative non-chemical quarantine treatment against codling moth in export cherries, but further study is needed to optimize the treatment protocol for insect control and fruit quality.

Characterization of pit oil from Montmorency cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

Triolein, 1,2,3-tri-(Z)-9-octadecenoylglycerol, was reported earlier as the constituent of the purified pit oil from Montmorency cherry. The findings proved that the clarified kernel oil from Michigan tart cherries, P. cerasus L. var. Montmorency, consisted of a single product 1,3-di[(Z)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoyl] glycerol (1). Triolein was not present in the Montmorency cherry pit oil in detectable quantities. The structure of 1 is elucidated by chemical and spectral methods and by direct comparison with triolein. The fatty acids present in Montmorency pit oil were identified to be oleic and linoleic acids by spectral and GC analyses

Quantification of benzaldehyde and its precursors in montmorency cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) kernels

AbstractKernels from Michigan‐grown tart cherry Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency were frozen at −40°C, lyophilized, crushed and extracted sequentially with hexane and methanol. Amygdalin, mandelonitrile and benzaldehyde were present in the kernel extracts and were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Amygdalin was found to be the major component, while free mandelonitrile is detected for the first time in the tart cherry pit kernels.

Endoscopy of the partitioned stomach.

Fiberoptic endoscopy is an important diagnostic modality for evaluation of the patient with upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms following gastric bypass and gastroplasty. During a 3-year period, 182 patients underwent gastric partitioning procedures and 22 patients (12%) developed upper GI symptoms requiring endoscopic evaluation. Eight patients had undergone Mason vertical banded gastroplasty, 12 patients had undergone Gomez gastroplasty, and two patients had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. In four of five patients with abdominal pain, gastritis of the proximal pouch was observed. Of the two patients with symptoms of obstruction of the proximal gastric outlet, one patient was found to have a cherry pit occluding the channel. Intraoperative endoscopy was performed in one patient who developed upper GI bleeding after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the pylorus was scarred and stenotic and multiple superficial ulcerations were seen in the excluded distal stomach. In eight patients with symptoms suggestive of channel stenosis, four were found to have a stenotic channel and underwent endoscopic dilation of the channel. Upper GI endoscopy was performed in eight patients with Gomez gastroplasty to confirm suspected dilatation of the channel between the upper and lower gastric pouches. Upper GI contrast studies did not estimate accurately the diameter of the channel as determined during endoscopy. No complications were observed following any of the endoscopic procedures. As the collective experience with gastric partitioning procedures increases, the need for endoscopic examinations of the upper GI tract will also increase. Endoscopists should be familiar with the altered gastric anatomy and with the spectrum of upper GI lesions that develop following these operations.

Doubling and Duplicity in Donald Harington's The Cherry Pit

Doubling and Duplicity in Donald Harington's The Cherry Pit

Static Pressure-Airflow Relationships in Packed Beds of Granular Biological Materials Such as Cherry Pits

Static Pressure-Airflow Relationships in Packed Beds of Granular Biological Materials Such as Cherry Pits

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer during the cooling of a deep bed of biological products under varying inlet air conditions

The cooling and dehydration of a deep bed of high moisture content cherry pits was investigated experimentally and the data were analysed by writing three heat and mass transfer balances. The inlet air conditions were changed continuously during the test period; the initial product temperature distribution within the bed was not uniform. The set of coupled equations resulting from the transfer balances were solved numerically with the aid of a digital computer. The empirical and theoretical heat and mass transfer agreed well.

DERMATITIS NODULARIS NECROTICA

In 1910, Werther 1 first described and reported an unusual cutaneous manifestation (fig. 1) to which he gave the name dermatitis nodularis necrotica. Since that time, there have appeared reports of only four other cases presenting an identical clinical picture. During the past three years, such a case has been under observation at the University Hospital, and therefore it was deemed advisable to add a detailed description of this case to the existing literature. Werther's 1 case had been under his observation for eleven years. The patient, a man, presented a chronic and recurrent eruption which was symmetrically placed, and was most marked about the dorsa of the hands and feet, the knees and elbows, the penis and the ears. The eruption consisted of bluish-black papules, averaging in size that of a cherry pit, bluish-red plaques, vesicles filled with blood or blood and pus and ulcers as large as a

A NEW METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL

A mother recently brought her daughter, aged 9, to me for the removal of a cherry seed in the right ear canal, which had been there for ten months. Various attempts at removal during this time had failed, and the youngster was quite sensitive with regard to any manipulation about the ear. A smooth, round, large cherry pit could be seen, which entirely filled the auditory canal, and was movable, but stayed close to the drum. Sudden movement of the head produced dizziness and a slight nausea, but no nystagmus. The mother's description of previous unsuccessful attempts to remove this foreign body induced me to try a new method. I dipped a camel's hair brush in liquid glue and held it firmly against the cherry pit for a minute or two. Apparently, the warmth of the ear canal prevented the glue from setting, as there was no cohesion whatever. Next

APPENDICITIS.DEDUCTIONS FROM TWO HUNDRED AND SEVEN CASES OPERATED ON, WITH TABULATED REPORT.

In many of the recent periodicals we find these ideas expressed: pendulum of operative appendicitis is now swinging in the reverse direction. frequency of operation on the appendix is going through the same course as did removal of the uterine appendages. The frequency of operation has not been irrationally swung, nor carried to its present position so-called excessive, but has found the strongest opposition from the very onset and is only now by the sheer force of pathologic necessities approaching its proper position in frequency of performance. The expressions quoted are used almost exclusively by men who have not yet realized the pathologic conditions nor the true importance of early operation. Their intellectual vision is still in the shadow of the grape seed, cherry pit, catarrhal inflammation, and rheumatism of the appendix. They have not the slightest idea of the destructive effect of an infection of the appendix.