Cherry Orchards Research Articles

Planting a new cherry orchard system: evaluation of economic efficiency

Planting a new cherry orchard system: evaluation of economic efficiency

Efficacy and Species Specificity of Baits and Lures for Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Monitoring is an important element in management programs for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), helping users to avoid prophylactic treatments. Factors such as attractiveness, sensitivity, selectivity, longevity, and ease of use must be considered when developing a trap and lure system for monitoring and thresholds. We examined various baits and lures over a 5-yr period in sweet cherry orchards in the semiarid climate of eastern Washington. Using a jar trap, the attractants were evaluated for attractiveness (maximum capture), selectivity for D. suzukii (vs. other Drosophila species), and sex ratio of captured D. suzukii. We examined the relative performance of the attractants during periods of low (≈1 D. suzukii per trap per week) and high (232 D. suzukii per trap per week) density over the course of the growing season, which usually corresponded to mid-summer and autumn temperatures, respectively. The Scentry lure was consistently the most attractive lure, capturing the highest numbers of adult D. suzukii over the series of tests, but also had the highest levels of by-catch. Recipe-based baits (yeast, wine-vinegar, and apple cider vinegar) captured fewer D. suzukii overall, although the commercial baits Dros'Attract and Suzukii Trap were comparable to the Scentry lure in late season tests. The Trécé lures were consistently the most selective of the attractants, but had generally lower D. suzukii captures. Sex ratio varied widely among and within the tests, but with no consistent pattern among the various attractants. All attractants were successful in capturing flies, and the choice of attractant depends on the constraints and goals of the user.

Lure design for Drosophila suzukii based on liquid culture of fruit epiphytic yeasts: Comparing the attractivity of fermentation volatiles for seasonal morphs

AbstractThe spotted‐wing vinegar fly (Drosophila suzukii) is currently one of the most serious, invasive pest of berry crops worldwide. Most drosophilids are known to be attracted to fermentation volatiles produced by fruit epiphytic yeasts. Therefore, vinegar and wine baits are widely used in field trapping. However, these traps are not selective for spotted‐wing drosophila. We wished to exploit the previously discovered tight‐knit relationship between this vinegar fly and a fruit‐colonizing yeast, Hanseniaspora uvarum, and utilize this in the design of a selective lure. Field trapping experiments were carried out in a commercial cherry orchard to evaluate the attractiveness of bottle traps baited with liquid culture of four epiphytic yeast species on stone fruits and soft‐skinned fruits: H. uvarum, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia terricola and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as the mixed culture of the first two species. We also completed experiments using apple juice inoculated with H. uvarum. We compared the attractivity of yeast culture baits for D. suzukii and other drosophilids with that of apple cider vinegar. To explore the relationship between lure volatile emission and trap efficiency, solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) was used to measure the headspace of the freshly prepared and 3‐day‐old lures collected from the field. Headspace samples were analysed for their volatilome with gas chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy. The H. uvarum‐containing lures were more specific for D. suzukii than other yeast tested, and the attractivity was significantly higher if it was inoculated in apple juice. H. uvarum‐fermented apple juice lures were more specific for female D. suzukii than the traditional apple cider vinegar lures. Winter‐morph females showed an altered preference for yeast volatiles in the absence of fruit substrate.

Identification and Genetic Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae from Sweet Cherry in Turkey.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, which causes bacterial canker, is the most polyphagous bacterium in the P. syringae complex because of its broad host range. This pathogen is considered the major bacterial disease in cherry orchards. In this study, several samples were collected from infected sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees in different locations of the Marmara region in Turkey between 2016 and 2018. Sixty-three isolates were identified as P. syringae pv. syringae by pathogenicity, LOPAT, GATTa, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry tests. Total genomic DNA was extracted to confirm identity, followed by PCR amplification of syrB and cfl genes. Out of 63 isolates, 12 were randomly selected for repetitive element sequence-based PCR and multilocus sequence typing analyses to gain insight into the relationships of those isolates. The cluster analysis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-, repetitive extragenic palindromic-, and BOX-A1R-based repetitive extragenic-palindromic-PCR techniques could classify the isolates into two distinct clusters. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to obtain the relation between isolates and the location. The multilocus sequencing typing analysis of gyrB, rpoDp, rpoDs, and gltA genes allowed a clear allocation of the isolates into two separate main clusters. The relationships among the isolates were also evaluated by constructing a genealogical median-joining network (MJN). The isolates from six locations produced 11 haplotypes that were illustrated in the MJN. The results of this study proved that location could not be an indicator for showing the genetic diversity of P. syringae pv. syringae from cherry orchards. As the genetic variability of Pseudomonads has been demonstrated, this study also showed high diversity among different isolates even within the populations. While more research is recommended, the results of this study contributed to a better understanding of the evolutionary progress of P. syringae pv. syringae and the genetic diversity of sweet cherry isolates.

Development of the cherry leaf spot epidemics in different regions of Bulgaria

A 2-year research on the epidemics of the cherry leaf spot (CLS) was conducted in unsprayed cherry orchards at two locations in Bulgaria (Krichim and Gabarevo). The primary infections for both years at Gabarevo happened in mid-May during fruit development. In Krichim during 2018 the first symptoms of the disease appeared in early June (fruit ripening), while in 2019 they became evident in the second half of May (fruit development). In both locations and years, the period of a rapid increase in the CLS incidence and defoliation was from mid-June till late July. The maximum of the disease incidence and defoliation was observed in early September. More seasonal rather than regional trend in the disease dynamics was observed. In 2018 the orchards in both locations exhibited delayed the CLS progression compared to 2019 due to the relatively dry conditions in April and May. The higher disease incidence and defoliation in 2019 could be assigned to the high infection background and weather conditions in the beginning of the growing season.

Evaluation of performance indicators for some drip irrigation systems used in cherry orchards in Ankara province

In this study, performance tests of drip irrigation systems were carried out in cherry orchards of some farmers in Ankara. Accordingly, measurements were made on the day of irrigation in the lateral and manifold pipes of the drip irrigation systems used by the farmers. Within the scope of the research, Distribution Uniformity, Emission Uniformity, Application Efficiency, Potential and Actual Application Efficiency measurements were made in drip irrigation systems in 10 different cherry orchards. For this purpose, 4 different dripper points were determined on at least 4 lateral lines in each manifold line. Each lateral pipe and dripper point was chosen to be at the beginning of the line, 1/3 of the line, 2/3 of the distance and at the end of the line. Measurements were made on farmers’ irrigation days and under farmer conditions. According to the obtained results, the CU value was between 77.5%- 93.0%, DU value between 60.1%- 86.9%, EU value between 56.7%- 84.5% and CV value between 0.09- 0.28. As a result of the research, it has been determined that there are important design and application problems in drip irrigation systems.

Conserving wild bees for crop pollination: efficiency of bee hotels in Moroccan cherry orchards (Prunus avium)

Food production is highly dependent on pollination services provided by insects; 75% of the leading global food crops need animals for successful production. Pollinators, including managed and wild bees, are declining in many parts of the world. The loss of natural habitats providing nesting sites is considered as one of the main factors driving the decline of crop-visiting wild bees. The researchers had hypothesized that providing bee hotels in cherry orchards may be a useful strategy to support visitors of cherry flowers (Prunus avium). To test this hypothesis, observation was made on the attractiveness of bee hotels to wild bees in cherry orchards in Sefrou Province (Morocco). Bee hotels were installed at the border of two cherry orchards. Surrounding landscapes were described and pollinator communities were observed and sampled within bee hotels, cherry flowers, and also within the surrounding landscape. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.), Mason bees (Osmia spp.), sand bees (Andrena spp.), and sweat bees (Lasioglossum spp.) are the most abundant genera representing almost two-thirds of all wild bee visitors of cherry trees. Mason bees (Osmia spp.) are the most abundant bees nesting in bee hotels with almost three-quarters of all insects recorded. Bee hotels could therefore be used to sustain or even increase cavity-nesting bees visiting cherry orchards in Morocco.

Predicting the Risk of Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Infestation by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a vinegar fly native to East Asia that has rapidly expanded its range to become a pest of sweet cherry (Prunus avium, L. 1753 [Rosales: Rosaceae]) and tart cherry (P. cerasus, L. 1753) in North America and Europe. The goal of the research presented herein was to improve the decision-making process for managing D. suzukii in tart cherry. Knowing that D. suzukii females are attracted to ripening fruit, we measured fruit infestation by D. suzukii as it relates to an existing fruit development model that uses full bloom as a biofix, calculating accumulated growing degree days (GDD) with a lower threshold of 4°C. Increasing larval infestation was highly correlated with fruit development expressed as GDD post-bloom with very few larvae developing in fruit subjected to no-choice assays prior to 530 GDD (base 4°C) and no larvae detected in naturally infested fruit prior to 800 GDD. Our findings provide the first quantification of the relationship between fruit development and D. suzukii infestation that allows for pinpointing the timing of fruit susceptibility and that could be used as the basis for a more sustainable management program for this pest in tart cherry orchards.

Wild bees are less abundant but show better pollination behaviour for sweet cherry than managed pollinators

AbstractPollinating insects provide pollination services to many crop species, including sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and this can be delivered by both managed and wild pollinators. Managed pollinators are often used to pollinate a range of fruit crops, but increasingly the role of wild insects is being studied. However, the importance of pollinator species depends on their relative abundance and pollination effectiveness, which depends on their foraging activity and their variability throughout the day. In this study, insect visitors of blossoms were observed in commercial sweet cherry orchards to explore abundance, diversity and pollination foraging behaviour of different insect pollinator groups throughout the day. A total of 1,174 pollinators from 31 different species were recorded visiting cherry blossoms over 2 years, of which 71.0% of total visits were by managed pollinators (western honeybee, Apis mellifera L. and buff‐tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L.) compared to 29.0% by wild pollinators. On average, solitary bees visited a sweet cherry blossom for the longest duration (20.7 (±2.0 SE) seconds), whereas wild queen bumblebees visited the greatest number of flowers per minute (mean of 19.0 (±1.3 SE)). As both these pollinator groups contacted cherry stigmas more often and moved more frequently between tree rows than managed bees and hoverflies, they are more likely to facilitate cross‐pollination. The different pollinator groups also showed variation in behavioural parameters throughout the day, but less variation was recorded when all pollinator groups were considered altogether. This suggests diverse pollinator communities might be expected to provide a more stable pollination service to sweet cherry. This study demonstrates that whilst cherry blossoms were more frequently visited by managed pollinators, wild solitary bee and bumblebee behaviours are likely to be more effective at enhancing pollination in sweet cherry orchards, which, in turn, might lead to increased yields.

Disentangling the Benefits of Organic Farming for Beetle Communities (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Traditional Fruit Orchards

The conversion of traditional land-use systems into more intensive agriculture forms plays a main role in biodiversity loss. Within this framework, organic management has received widespread attention since it is assumed to enhance multiple taxa, including different groups of insects and plants. However, its contribution to the promotion of organism diversity is still controversial. We developed a study in traditional cherry orchards from the Jerte Valley (western Spain) to examine how coleopteran and plant assemblages are driven by farming system (organic vs. conventional), topographic features, and seasonality. The coleopteran community was examined on the basis of its taxonomic and trophic guild response. Organic orchards supported a higher number of beetle families and a greater plant species richness. Additionally, beetle and plant communities were highly correlated; conventional orchards were more homogeneous in terms of both plant and beetle composition, while organic orchards were more heterogeneous, their composition being also shaped by the hillside aspect. From a more functional approach, the different coleopteran trophic guilds exhibited varying responses to the factors analyzed. The benefits of organic farming were notable even when working in traditional systems: highly valuable habitats for overall biodiversity. Therefore, we highlight the potential of organic orchards for conservation purposes.

Estimating the spatial variability of water needs using the soil ECa, rooting depth, and fruit developmental stage in sweet cherry orchard

ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops Estimating the spatial variability of water needs using the soil ECa, rooting depth, and fruit developmental stage in sweet cherry orchard

Evapotranspiration of a rain-fed sweet cherry orchard in Eastern Free State, South Africa

Evapotranspiration of a rain-fed sweet cherry orchard in Eastern Free State, South Africa

Thinning Methods to Regulate Sweet Cherry Crops—A Review

In perennial fruit crops, bearing can be influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, germplasm, rootstocks, and cultivation methods. Cherries, one of the most important and popular fruit species from the temperate climate zone, achieve high prices on the market. New agricultural technologies and environmental factors force a change in the approach to cherry cultivation. Old-type cherry orchards, with their high demand for water, nutrients, and manual work, are replaced by orchards of self-pollinating cherry cultivars grown on dwarf rootstocks. These changes make it necessary to search for ways to regulate fruiting, in particular to thin buds, flower, and fruit. In light of environmental regulations and consumer pressure, thinning methods are being sought that either do not involve the use of chemicals or that use eco-friendly chemical agents. This review examines recent progress in understanding the effect of thinning methods on the physiology, tree growth, and fruit quality of cherries; discusses horticultural practices aimed to ensure regular cropping and their influence on fruit quality; and provides suggestions for future research.

Investigation of Distribution, Population Development, Flight Period, Infestation and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), Associated with Cherry and Sour Cherry Orchards

Investigation of Distribution, Population Development, Flight Period, Infestation and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), Associated with Cherry and Sour Cherry Orchards

Ресурсозберігаючі елементи технології краплинного зрошення інтенсивних насаджень черешні (Cerasus avium Moench.) в умовах Південного Степу України

The research is dedicated to establishing the parameters of the micro-irrigation regime in cherry orchards in the south of Ukraine using meteorological indicators and the amount of evapotranspiration as a basis for further determining the optimal irrigation regime. Field experiments were conducted in 2019-2020 on the lands of the M.F. Sydorenko Melitopol Research Station of Horticulture of the Institute of Horticulture, NAAS of Ukrain. In the investigation the following variants of the experiment are provided: a control variant – natural moistening, variants with the use of irrigation at pre-irrigation soil moisture level (PISML) of 70 % of least soil moisture (LSM) at different moisture layers of 0.4 m, 0.6 m, and 0.8 m, and variants with deficient irrigation at 100 %, 75 % and 50 % evapotranspiration compensation (ET0). As a result of research, it was established that the compensation of evapotranspiration (ET0) at the level of 75 % determines the maintenance of soil moisture in a layer of 0.6 m not lower than 67-70 % HB. The deviations of irrigation rates between this option and the PISML of 70 % LSM (0.6 m) do not exceed 6 % due to the increase in irrigation efficiency. Maintenance of 70 % LSM in the 0.4 m layer and at 50 % ET0 leads to a weakening of cherry production processes, which indicates the inconsistency of such a moisture regime with the biological requirements of cherry culture. The advantages of the irrigation regime for PISML 70 % LSM in a layer of 0.8 cm and for 100 % ET0 in terms of influence on cherry production processes were not revealed. At the same time, water consumption increases by 28-33 % due to a decrease in irrigation efficiency relative to compliance with this moisture regime in a layer of 0.6 m. The best indicators of irrigation efficiency were in the options of 75 % ET0 - 2.8 kg/m3 and with PISML 70 % LSM (0.6 m) – 2.2 kg/m3. Such data indicate the expediency of using the calculation method for determining the irrigation regime of cherry trees, as an alternative to the thermostatic-weight method.

Comparative diversity of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) in fruit orchards

Among phytophagous insects, the Heteroptera (Hemiptera), true bugs, are economically important because of damage crops by sucking plant organs and by transmitting plant pathogens. The diversity and distribution of Heteroptera species associated with fruits were investigated in hazelnut, cherry, and apple orchards in the crop season of Bolu and Düzce provinces from May 2015 to October 2016. The species were collected with a Steiner funnel from three fruit varieties from two provinces and for each area at different vegetation in the western Black Sea Region. The highest number of sucking bug species and the greatest diversity occurred on hazelnut. A total of 48 species belong to 12 families. 16 Miridae, 14 Pentatomidae, 5 Lygaeidae, 3 Ropalidae, 2 Coreidae, 2 Pyrrhocoridae, and 1 Anthocoridae, Cydnidae, Nabidae, Rhyparochromidae, Scutelleridae, and Stenocephalidae species were recorded at the two areas from three fruit varieties. Among them, 27 species were recorded from hazelnut, 22 from cherry, and 19 from apple orchards. Pentatomid family was the most dominant (61%) in both studied areas, with a higher abundance of Miridae (21%) in the number of species. The species Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761) (17%) and Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (16%) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) stood out for their abundance relevance during both years. The most economically significant pests were P. prasina, N. viridula, and A. amygdali from the Pentatomidae family, which feed on hazelnut, apple, and cherry, respectively. The values of the Margalef diversity index showed minor differences between fruit varieties: it was highest in cheerier than both other fruit varieties. The Shannon-Weaner diversity index varied between 2.58 and 4.85. The maximum species diversity was recorded in hazelnut, whereas the minimum level was observed in apples.

Biochemical Composition of Sweet Cherry Leaves Depending on the Method of Soil Maintenance in an Organic Garden

Conducting sustainable agriculture involves not only increasing the productivity of crops and increasing the volume of crop production, but also preserving ecosystems. Mulching the soil in orchards is one of the ways to preserve the natural balance of agricultural landscapes. But the effect of competition with grasses on the biochemical composition of fruit tree tissues has not yet been definitively elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of soil retention under mulching (compared to pure steam) on the biochemical composition of cherry leaf tissues. The research was conducted in an organic cherry orchard (Prunus avium L. / Prunus mahaleb) during 2017-2019 in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. A significant decrease in the content of ascorbate, glutathione, sugars, total reducing activity and activity of antioxidant enzymes was established under conditions of prolonged drought and an increase in the content of titrated acids. The total reducing activity under mulching conditions tended to increase. A gradual increase in the content of titrated acids, ascorbate, sugars, phenolic substances, and glutathione was recorded in the leaves of cherry trees from the flowering phase to November. In the autumn phase, a significant increase in sugars and phenolic substances was established in cherry leaves under the conditions of mulching in 2017, and in 2018 – phenolic substances; in 2019 – phenolic substances and ascorbate. An increase in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was found during the growing season of cherries in both variants of the experiment. In the November phase only in 2019, the MDA content was significantly higher by 14% under the condition of mulching. Under mulching conditions, a significant increase in ascorbate peroxidase (by 28-30%) and polyphenol oxidase (by 45-46%) was determined. In 2018 and 2019, a 2.4-fold increase in peroxidase activity in cherry leaves was determined. Research results help to understand the mechanisms of adaptation of fruit plants to stress factors (drought, competition with natural grasses) and can be used as an argument in favour of mulching in organic cherry orchards.

Changes of the agrochemical soil characteristics in the stone fruit orchard with the permanent application of nitrogen and potash fertilizers

The purpose of the research was to evaluate the changes in the agrochemical properties of the sour cherry orchard soil after the permanent soil fertilization with urea and potassium sulfate. The field experiment was conducted during 2017-2021 in the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Russian Upland (Oryol region). ‘Turgenevka’ sour cherry trees grafted on the rootstock V-2-180 were planted in 2015 at a distance of 5x3 m. The soil of the orchard is loamy Haplic Luvisol with the following parameters: pHKCl - 5.8, organic matter content - 2.8%, available phosphorus - 383 mg/kg, exchange potassium -120 mg/kg, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen - 108 mg/kg. Experimental scheme: 1. Control (no fertilizers); 2. N30К40; 3. N60К80; 4. N90K120; 5. N120K160. Fertilizers were applied once a year in early spring. The annual use of fertilizers in N90K120 dose or more contributed to an increase in the reserves of mobile phosphorus, exchange potassium, and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen in the orchard soil, but did not have a stable effect on the tree productivity. At the same time, there was an increase of soil acidity and loss of exchange calcium under the influence of fertilizers, which indicates the beginning of degradation processes.

Сучасні тенденції в доборі підщеп для промислового вирощування черешні (Cerasus avium L.)

The authors present the results of analysing retrospectively the modern tendencies in the selection of rootstock for the sweet cherry industrial cultivation throughout the world and in Ukraine. In the practice of the world industrial horticulture clonal rootstocks for this crop began to be used widely only at the end of the previous century, that is almost 20 years ago, however their role was obviously overestimated. At present ideal rootstocks for sweet cherry are absent there fore main countries - producers of that crop fruits, as role, use the forms of their own breeding as well as various local adapted or introduced low clonal rootstocks. That’s why under the comparatively not large volume of the world sweet cherry fruits production (about 2,6 mln t) in the practice of the crop industrial growing a great rootstocks amount is utilized in different countries. According to the botanical origin their great versality are divided into derivatives from the largest rootstock group is constituted by the forms derivative of from remote and interspecial hybrids among which such known as Colt, Gisela, Piku, PHL, Studenykivska and others. The examples of the successful application of rootstocks are also interesting which have been selected from the promise myrobalan plum forms like Adara (Spain) and Myrobalan RI-I (USA). In the intense sweet cherry orchards on semidwarf and dwarf rootstock its average fruit mass has appeared to reduce considerably. That is not characteristic for the apple plantations on such rootstocks as well as does not meet the requirements of the global trade networks to the products marketable quality in accordance with which the fruit diameter must be not less than 28 mm. The mentioned fact shows that unlike apple at the present day fruit growing intensification stage the vigorous and average rootstocks are major ones in the sweet cherry orchards structure which provide the high products marketable quality during the long plantations productive application period. Thus that crop cultivation intensification must be accomplished on the basis of the thorough talking into consideration its biological peculiarities and the market requirements to the products marketable quality but not by means of its into the apple super dense analogues.

تأثير الرش بالزنك والبورون في نسبة العقد والإنتاج للكرز الحلو (Prunus avium L. var. Bing)

هدفت الدراسة إلى زيادة نسبة عقد ثمار أشجار الكرز الحلو وتقليل نسبة تساقطها وزيادة نسبة الاحتفاظ بالثمار التي تصل إلى مرحلة النضج وأجريت خلال العامين 2019/2020 في بستان كرز يقع في منطقة الزبداني- سرغايا- محافظة ريف دمشق في سورية، حيث شملت التجربة 4معاملات رش ورقي (T1: المقارنة (بدون أي إضافة)، T2: Zn(100 ppm)، T3: B (500 ppm)، T4: (100 ppm Zn + 500 ppm B) على أشجار الكرز الحلو (Prunus Avium L.) صنف (Bing)، تم حساب نسبة العقد ونسبة التساقط ومعامل الإثمار وكمية الإنتاج لكل المعاملات. أظهرت النتائج تفوق جميع معاملات الرش (T4, T3, T2) على معاملة المقارنة (T1) مع عدم وجود فروق معنوية فيما بينها بنسبة العقد حيث وصلت إلى ((% 76.25, 76.35, 74.83 على التوالي في حين كانت لدى معاملة المقارنة (72.76%)، كما تفوقت معنويا المعاملة (T4) على بقية المعاملات حيث حققت اعلى نسبة لمعامل الإثمار (41.40%) مع عدم وجود فروق معنوية بينها وبين المعاملة (T3) (37.12%)، وأعلى إنتاج (19.98 كغم)، تلتها المعاملتين (T3,T2) (10.80, 9.39 كغم/ الشجرة) على التوالي، في حين لم يتجاوز الإنتاج لدى المقارنة (5.93 كغم/الشجرة)، وبالتالي يمكن القول أن المعاملة (T4) قد نجحت في التقليل من تساقط ثمار الكرز الحلو حيث لم تتجاوز نسبة التساقط (70.27%)، تلتها المعاملتين (T3,T2) (74.94، 72.99%) على التوالي، في حين وصلت في معاملة المقارنة إلى (80.64%).