Chen's Work Research Articles

Chen Huanzhang's The Economic Principles of Confucius and His School: A Reappraisal

This article offers a reappraisal of Chen Huanzhang's The Economic Principles of Confucius and His School (1911): the published version of his doctoral thesis, completed at Columbia University. The book came with introductory testimonials from Columbia professors Friedrich Hirth and Henry R. Seager that have been read as “accolades,” while reviews from J. M. Keynes and E. A. Ross have been singled out as significant badges of merit. It is demonstrated that Chen's version of “Confucianism” had been taken, without express acknowledgment, from Chen's teacher, Kang Youwei, and that the main purpose of Chen's work was to embellish Kang's “Confucianism” in the service of Kang's political cause. It is argued further that Chen's work suffered from manifest deficiencies, some of which were noticed by other contemporary reviewers. As for the “positive” reviews, it is contended that these were directed more at general and incidental features of Chen's work, in ignorance of Kang's influence, while the “accolades” from Hirth and Seager were, respectively, a terse, unelaborated acknowledgment of Chen's “discipleship” of Kang and an unconvincing effort to claim scholarly merit for Chen's work in deference to his participation in Kang's political cause.

Runse hongye: Hanshu wenben de xingcheng yu zaoqi chuanbo

Runse hongye: Hanshu wenben de xingcheng yu zaoqi chuanbo

Transmedia Uprising

Transmedia Uprising

No Away

Phantom Limb Company's performance, Falling Out, examines the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and subsequent nuclear meltdown in Fukushima, Japan. The University of Utah will present the work in 2020, as part of an ongoing collaboration between the University's multidisciplinary presenter, sustainability office and an interdisciplinary faculty research centre. Timothy Morton states ‘…there is no “away” after the end of the world. It would make more sense to design in a dark ecological way, admitting our coexistence with toxic substances we have created and exploited'. Writing about Falling Out will serve as a record of the work's impact on the co-authors, and help grapple with our task of guardianship of the toxic world we have created for a future we cannot predict. Under the headings 1) Nature, 2) Body and 3) Time we consider ways that the work designs many bodies' coexistence with the toxic substances humans have created. In Nature, we introduce risk through questions of natural hazard resilience and representation. In Body, we use Mel Y. Chen's work on animacies and environmental justice scholarship on Fukushima to describe the entanglement of the puppet, human, human projected and garbage bag bodies in the work. In Time, we conclude with Amitav Ghosh's ideas of the uncanny to consider the cascading effects of the moment that strain in Earth’s crust reached the critical breaking point and the weight of the entire ocean propelled to land with the tsunami to the moment in an imagined future when the impacts of this fallout will no longer be felt. We consider how expanding our sense of time to include the millennia of geologic processes may make hope possible. On these time scales, all is renewed.

Visualizing a protein's sugars.

As the Human Genome Project was declared complete in the early 21th century, it was obvious that the human genome contains fewer genes than previously predicted [1]. Soon scientists realized that the biodiversity and complexity observed in humans cannot be simply explained by numbers of genes nor by the size of the human genome. Many other factors such as epigenetics and ‘postprocessing’ chemical processes (i.e. post-transcriptional regulation of RNA and post-translational modifications or PTM of proteins) beyond the central dogma exist and contribute significantly to complexity of humans. Among various PTMs, glycosylation—adding sugar molecules or glycans onto the protein backbones— is one of the most ubiquitous and complicated forms. More than half of the proteome consists of glycoproteins and most cell-surfaceproteinsareglycosylated.The glycans are essential for mediating the dynamics and function of the proteins that they are attached to. Many proteins share similar or even same glycan structures. Furthermore, the reactions of attaching glycans to proteins, under the control of an array of metabolic enzymes, usually occur after protein synthesis. Therefore, glycans are traditionally labeled and imaged on the entire proteome [2]. The identity of the individual protein could not be differentiated. However, to elucidate biological effects of glycosylation on a protein of interest, it is highly desirable to visualize glycans in a protein-specific manner by using fluorescence microscopy. This challenge has not been solved in the field for a long time until recently [3]. The research group of Dr. Xing Chen at Peking University reported a method for protein-specific imaging of glycans [3], representing an important breakthrough in chemical glycobiology. Dr. Chen's strategy utilizes a fluorescence imaging technique based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). For FRET to happen, two fluorophores, a donor–acceptor pair, need to be in close proximity (<10 nm). In a FRET imaging experiment, a light is used to excite the donor and the energy is transferred to the acceptor, which emits a fluorescent signal for detection and imaging. Chen and co-workers installed a FRET acceptor to glycans attached to various proteins by taking advantage of the previously developed metabolic glycan labeling technique [2]. Simultaneously, they used a genetically encoded tag [4] to attach a FRET donor to the protein of interest. Since the tag is genetically encoded, the donor only resides on the specific protein of interest. Due to the distance constrain for FRET, only acceptor bound to the glycans on the same protein can be excited through intramolecular FRET, whereas the excess acceptors attached to other proteins will not respond. Therefore, the FRET effect serves to selectively image glycans of the same protein labeled with donor (Fig. 1). Using this technique, Chen and co-workers studied functional roles of sialylated glycans in β2 integrin activation. β2 integrins are adherent receptors expressed on the surface of leukocytes, and their activation is crucial in mediating leukocyte trafficking. They imaged the sialylated glycans on αXβ2 integrin and revealed that sialylation is important for activation; it would be almost impossible for such a study without the protein-specific imaging technique. The team also demonstrated generic applicability of their method to various cell-surface glycoproteins. Figure 1 The FRET-based methodology for protein-specific imaging of cell-surface glycans. Revised from [3] (Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society). Glycobiology has long been impeded by the lack of imaging tools. The metabolic glycan labeling coupled with bioorthogonal chemistry, pioneered by the Bertozzi's group at University of California, Berkeley, has revolutionized molecular imaging of glycome in living cells [2]. The challenge, however, remained for specifically imaging glycans on an individual protein of interest. Chen's work provides a smart solution to this challenge. One beauty of their work is that the methodology builds on the metabolic glycan labeling technique and site-specific labeling of proteins. There are many other protein labeling methods available that could be applied as well [5]. Therefore, this methodology should be readily adopted by the community to study many important glycoproteins.

Mapping scientific frontiers: the quest for knowledge visualization

Visualization of scientific frontiers is a relatively new field, yet it has a long history and many predecessors. The application of science to science itself has been undertaken for decades with notable early contributions by Derek Price, Thomas Kuhn, Diana Crane, Eugene Garfield, and many others. What is new is the field of information visualization and application of its techniques to help us understand the process of science in the making. In his new book, Chaomei Chen takes us on a journey through this history, touching on predecessors, and then leading us firmly into the new world of Mapping Scientific Frontiers. Building on the foundation of his earlier book, Information Visualization and Virtual Environments, Chen's new offering is much less a tutorial in how to do information visualization, and much more a conceptual exploration of why and how the visualization of science can change the way we do science, amplified by real examples. Chen's stated intents for the book are: (1) to focus on principles of visual thinking that enable the identification of scientific frontiers; (2) to introduce a way to systematize the identification of scientific frontiers (or paradigms) through visualization techniques; and (3) to stimulate interdisciplinary research between informationmore » visualization and information science researchers. On all these counts, he succeeds. Chen's book can be broken into two parts which focus on the first two purposes stated above. The first, consisting of the initial four chapters, covers history and predecessors. Kuhn's theory of normal science punctuated by periods of revolution, now commonly known as paradigm shifts, motivates the work. Relevant predecessors outside the traditional field of information science such as cartography (both terrestrial and celestial), mapping the mind, and principles of visual association and communication, are given ample coverage. Chen also describes enabling techniques known to information scientists, such as multi-dimensional scaling, advanced dimensional reduction, social network analysis, Pathfinder network scaling, and landscape visualizations. No algorithms are given here; rather, these techniques are described from the point of view of enabling 'visual thinking'. The Generalized Similarity Analysis (GSA) technique used by Chen in his recent published papers is also introduced here. Information and computer science professionals would be wise not to skip through these early chapters. Although principles of gestalt psychology, cartography, thematic maps, and association techniques may be outside their technology comfort zone, or interest, these predecessors lay a groundwork for the 'visual thinking' that is required to create effective visualizations. Indeed, the great challenge in information visualization is to transform the abstract and intangible into something visible, concrete, and meaningful to the user. The second part of the book, covering the final three chapters, extends the mapping metaphor into the realm of scientific discovery through the structuring of literatures in a way that enables us to see scientific frontiers or paradigms. Case studies are used extensively to show the logical progression that has been made in recent years to get us to this point. Homage is paid to giants of the last 20 years including Michel Callon for co-word mapping, Henry Small for document co-citation analysis and specialty narratives (charting a path linking the different sciences), and Kate McCain for author co-citation analysis, whose work has led to the current state-of-the-art. The last two chapters finally answer the question - 'What does a scientific paradigm look like?' The visual answer given is specific to the GSA technique used by Chen, but does satisfy the intent of the book - to introduce a way to visually identify scientific frontiers. A variety of case studies, mostly from Chen's previously published work - supermassive black holes, cross-domain applications of Pathfinder networks, mass extinction debates, impact of Don Swanson's work, and mad cow disease and vCJD in humans - succeed in explaining how visualization can be used to show the development of, competition between, and eventual acceptance (or replacement) of scientific paradigms. Although not addressed specifically, Chen's work nonetheless makes the persuasive argument that visual maps alone are not sufficient to explain 'the making of science' to a non-expert in a particular field. Rather, expert knowledge is still required to interpret these maps and to explain the paradigms. This combination of visual maps and expert knowledge, used jointly to good effect in the book, becomes a potent means for explaining progress in science to the expert and non-expert alike. Work to extend the GSA technique to explore latent domain knowledge (important work that falls below the citation thresholds typically used in GSA) is also explored here.« less

Antcin A contributs to anti-inflammatory effect of Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata)

Inflammation is the responses of body to harmful stimuli in many pathological conditions. Prevention and treatment of inflammation are the main indication of a variety of natural products. Recently, Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, has received considerable attention from the public due to its potent bioactivities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, immuno-modulatory and anti-hepatitis activities1. Till now, researchers have identified a total of 26 compounds from Niuchangchih, including 11 succinic/maleic acid derivatives, 8 triterpenoids, 1 benzenoids, 1 benzoquinone derivative, 5 miscellaneous compounds and polysaccharides, that possess anti-inflammatory effect2, 3. However, the mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory actions remain elusive. A recent study by Chen et al elucidated the molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammation of Niuchangchih. The authors isolated and purified 5 major antcins (A, B, C, H, and K) from fruiting bodies of Niuchangchih. They found that antcin A was most similar to glucocorticoids among the 5 compounds in the chemical structure. Furthermore, they demonstrated in human lung cancer cell A549 that antcin A was the active ingredient responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of Niuchangchih, which might act via the same molecular mechanism triggered by glucocorticoids4. Finally, they showed the docking of antcin A to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in a molecular modeling study. Thus, via mimicking glucocorticoids, antcin A may diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to the cytosolic GR that forms a dimmer after dissociated from the heat-shock protein (HSP) and then translocates into the nucleus to initiate the suppression of inflammation at the gene regulation level. Molecular docking showed that C-7 of antcin A was attached to the hydrophobic side of the steroidal backbone of GR, while C-7 of the other antcins was attached to the hydrophilic group, thus being expelled when docking to the binding cavity of GR. Chen's work is an important landmark in research of anti-inflammatory compounds in Niuchangchih. Hsien et al recently showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of antrocamphin A, another anti-inflammatory compound from Niuchangchih, resulted from suppressing pro-inflammatory molecule release via down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression through NF-κB pathway5. Both the studies provide solid evidence for the potential of Niuchangchih to treat inflammation. To elucidate the mechanisms of action of antcin A and antrocamphin A in vivo, more animal experiments and randomized controlled clinical trials should be carried out. Since more than 20 compounds in Niuchangchih have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity6, 7, 8, further studies are needed to elucidate their mechanisms. It is also of interest to figure out whether these compounds act synergistically or independently. Notably, most anti-inflammatory compounds in Niuchangchih have been derived from the fruiting bodies so far. Further research is needed to uncover whether they can also be produced in fermented mycelia. Besides antcin A and antrocamphin A, many unknown ingredients responsible for the anti-infammatory effects of Niuchangchih remain to be discovered.

Feng Chen's work on translational and clinical imaging.

Dr. Feng Chen is a chief medical doctor and the vice chairman of the Department of Radiology in Zhong Da Hospital at Southeast University, Nanjing, China and a senior researcher in the Department of Radiology at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His main areas of interest are translational imaging research including stroke, tumor angiogenesis, assessment of therapeutic response in solid tumors, and magnetic resonance contrast media. Dr. Feng Chen has published 44 scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals. He and his colleagues have developed an imaging platform which includes animal models, animal preparations and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols for translational animal imaging research using clinical machines. His MRI findings on rodent stroke are considered to "serve as a model for future laboratory investigations of treatment of acute stroke and unify the approaches developed for clinical studies". He and his colleagues have introduced a novel liver tumor model in rodents, in which a series of studies concerning the antitumor activity of vascular disrupting agents have been successively conducted and assessed by in vivo MRI, especially by diffusion weighted imaging as an imaging biomarker. His goal is to provide valuable references for clinical practice and to contribute to the translation of animal imaging research into patient applications.

Generic warped product submanifolds of locally conformal keahler manifolds

Warped product manifolds are known to have applications in physics. For instance, they provide an excellent setting to model space-time near a black hole or a massive star (cf. [9]). The studies on warped product manifolds with extrinsic geometric point of view were intensified after the B.Y. Chen's work on CR-warped product submanifolds of Kaehler manifolds (cf. [6], [7]). Later on, similar studies were carried out in the setting of l.c.K. manifolds and nearly Kaehler manifolds (cf. [3], [11]). In the present article, we investigate a larger class of warped product submanifolds of l.c.K. manifolds, ensure their existence by constructing an example of such manifolds and obtain some important properties of these submanifolds. With regard to the CR-warped product submanifold, a special case of generic warped product submanifolds, we obtain a characterization under which a CR-submanifold is reducesd to a CR-warped product submanifold.

Fitting Lanchester's square law to the Ardennes Campaign

In this research, we try to improve Bracken's and Chen's work to significantly better fit our extended Lanchester model into the Ardennes Campaign live data. Essentially, we adopt the concepts of the tactical factor variable and the shift time variable to improve the original Lanchester's model. Moreover, we use the Lanchester square law model instead of Lanchester linear law model to reflect the fact that the Ardennes Campaign was not an indirect-fire but a direct-fire combat. According to our numerical experimental result, we improved Bracken's work by 39.26%, and Chen's work by 19.51%. The contribution of this research is that we propose a much better qualitative analysis model for the explanation of modern combat.

Defining Modernity: Guomindang Rhetorics of a New China, 1920-1970 (review)

Reviewed by: Defining Modernity: Guomindang Rhetorics of a New China, 1920-1970 Steven J. Hood (bio) Terry Bodenhorn , editor. Defining Modernity: Guomindang Rhetorics of a New China, 1920-1970. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 2002. vi, 288 pp. Hardcover $50.00, ISBN 0-89264-161-4. In recent years there has been increasing scholarly attention given to the efforts of the Guomindang (GMD) in China prior to their retreat to Taiwan. It is becoming clear that many assessments of the GMD have been too harsh. The Nationalists have often been portrayed simply as a band of corrupt leaders who colluded with rich financiers and industrialists and cared little for China's workers and peasants. This excellent volume, free of partisan ideological baggage, helps us realize just how misunderstood the GMD experience on the mainland has been. The Nationalists did try to build a vibrant and dynamic state but failed for a whole number of reasons. Both the efforts and the failures of the GMD have been largely glossed over by those who have either sided with the Chinese Communist Party's version of history or accepted early interpretations of the Nationalists' failures. This book considers a wide variety of GMD policies and programs and demonstrates how complex the Party's activities were in building a new China. [End Page 372] Michael G. Murdock's chapter demonstrates the GMD's complicated attempt to accommodate Christian missionary activity in China at the higher levels of government while at the same time portraying missionary activity as an egregious example of imperialism among the masses. Fighting against the churches was deemed a much safer way to spread the anti-imperialist message of the GMD than taking on foreign firms and governments when the GMD felt vulnerable without their support. Murdoch convincingly argues that the anti-Christian movements were important tactically for gaining the support of students and others in society who were angry at the influence of outsiders in China. Robert Culp wrestles with the difficult task of unraveling how the GMD taught civics in the schools. The GMD called for rights for workers, women, and children, but Culp points out the difficulty in teaching rights when the goal of individual development was deemed not an end in itself but a way to foster support for national development. As in some of Sun Yat-sen's writings, civics lessons pointed to the necessity of manners, good posture, neat dress, and Confucian ethics for developing national character. The problem with this approach, of course, is that these sorts of things may not have anything to do with democracy; the individual is not necessarily free and equal but merely one component of the state in the process of national development. Terry Bodenhorn's chapter shows how Chen Lifu tried to develop his own concept of revolution and political thought, which he thought could guide the nationalists' efforts. Bodenhorn convincingly portrays Chen as a man far more interested in ideology than his reputation as one of the Chen brothers of the CC Clique would suggest. Chen's "vitalism" theory was an attempt to create a world-view that combined traditional Chinese philosophy with contemporary ideas of modernization. He wanted to collectivize the nation and unify people behind the common cause of building a vibrant and modern state based on superior traditional Chinese virtues and modern methods of political organization. A hierarchical system of leadership and mutual assistance at every level of society would foster national harmony and mutual trust. Chen's work proved difficult, if not impossible, to teach to all but a few ideologues and revealed a disconnect with those GMD ideologues who rejected modern notions of liberalism by insisting that they could provide a more appropriate way of bringing discipline and unity to the Chinese people. Julia C. Strauss writes about the government's efforts to train effective leaders. Initially a military method of training, xunlian, became a tactic for training civilian leaders as well. The martial values of confidence, ambition, and hard work were taught in order to correct the bad habits of civil servants. The GMD realized that the civil service had imperfections that needed to be addressed but...

Re-consideration of Chen's problem by finite difference method

Many people have compared their results of dynamic stress intensity factors with that of Chen. However, there are still some unclear points in Chen's work. In this paper, we consider Chen's problem again by a finite difference method (conservation form). It is found that there are three incoming waves formed by impact, each of which consists of two δ -periods. Based on this analysis, some new explanations to Chen's problem are found.

Conflict-free broadcasting algorithms for graph traversals and their applications

In this paper, using an adapted graph representation: double links adjacency arrays, we present conflict-free algorithms for solving some graph proglems under the single-channel broadcast communication model. These graph problems include depth first search, breadth first search, finding spanning trees, finding connected components, and finding articulation points and bridges. All the proposed algorithms broadcast 2 n - 1 messages and run in O( n 2 / p) time when p processors are used, where 1 < p ⪕ n and n is the number of vertices. The total space requirements is O( n 2). When the adjacency matrix is used to represent a graph, solving these problems requires O( n 2) sequential time. Since the adjacency matrix representation can be converted into the double links adjacency arrays representation in O( n 2 / p) time using p processors, the proposed algorithms are all cost-optimal. The result of this paper makes a significant improvement over Yang, Lee and Chen's work. Also, this paper reveals a fact that well-constructed data structures are useful in designing conflict-free broadcasting algorithms.

Phencyclidine‐ type catalepsy in the pigeon: An update on chen's work

AbstractChen [1965] described a specific form of catalepsy produced by phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamine analogues in pigeons. The present study expanded those observations to a variety of compounds identified as having phencyclidine‐like subjective effects in man or in drug discrimination experiments in laboratory animals. Besides phencyclidine and ketamine, etoxacrol, dexoxadrol, dextrorphan, cyclazocine, and a series of benz(f)isoquinolines produced phencyclidine‐like catalepsy, thus correlating with drug discrimination data from pigeons using phencyclidine‐like drugs. A variety of opioid agonists and mixed agonists/antagonists, along with nefopam, amantadine, baclofen, and THIP, did not produce phencyclidine‐like catalepsy. Opioid antagonists, haloperidol, and α‐methylparatyrosine did not antagonize the phencyclidine‐like catalepsy. These results emphasize the specificity of phencyclidine‐like catalepsy as a test for determining the presence or absence of phencyclidine‐like activity in compounds during drug development.