Chemical Pretreatment Research Articles

Toward sustainable bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass: Influence of chemical pretreatments on liquefied walnut shells

Abstract The depletion of resources and the generation of significant waste pose considerable environmental challenges. Post-utilization of walnut kernels leaves behind substantial amounts of shells as the unused residue. Walnut shells find application in various production processes, offering an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts through resource utilization. This study investigates the influence of chemical pretreatment on the properties of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass, specifically focusing on walnut shells as a prominent lignocellulosic material. The results reveal that samples subjected to alcohol pretreatment exhibited the lowest degree of liquefaction (85.00% at 120°C for 45 min), while the highest degree of liquefaction was observed in samples after alkaline pretreatment (90.76% at 90°C for 15 min). Analyzing functional groups in liquefied walnut shell biomass, formed during the addition of polyhydric alcohols, glycols, and organic acids, underscores its potential for diverse bioproducts. Pretreatment significantly increases the hydroxyl (OH) number, irrespective of the type, temperature, and duration of chemical pretreatment. Compared to the untreated sample, alkali pretreatment produces the highest OH number (1288.03 KOH/g), surpassing mean values after acid and alcohol pretreatment. The results highlight the efficacy of chemical pretreatment in tailoring the properties of liquefied walnut shell biomass, addressing the challenges associated with resource depletion and waste accumulation.

Application of phosphoric acid plus hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and Aspergillus species enzymatic decomposition on rice straw for bioethanol production

Cellulose is one of the most important of natural renewable sources. Cellulase enzymes convert it into oligosaccharides and glucose. These enzymes have several applications in industries and widely used in second generation of biofuel production process. The aim of this study was to use rice straw as a carbon source of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to produce bioethanol. Phosphoric acid plus hydrogen peroxide chemical pretreatment was performed to obtain a cellulose-rich source of rice straw. Mesophilic filamentous fungal isolates collected from cattle manure samples, the best isolates were selected based on cellulase activities at optimal reaction conditions. These isolates were identified by DNA sequencing of ITS region. Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger showed the highest activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and total cellulase enzymes at temperature 35 °C, pH 5.5, and temperature 30 °C, pH 4.5, respectively. Pretreated rice straw was hydrolyzed by enzymatic solution of two fungal isolates. The obtained sugars (8.654 g/L for A. fumigatus and 7.412 g/L for A. niger hydrolysates) were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells and converted to the bioethanol. The highest amounts of ethanol were obtained from A. fumigatus and A. niger lysates after 72 h of fermentation as 11.2 g/L and 8.29 g/L, respectively.

Preparation of agar polysaccharides and biological activities and relationships of agar-derived oligosaccharides and monosaccharides: A review.

Agar is one of the three major colloidal linear polysaccharides obtained from marine seaweeds, specifically red macroalgae (Rhodophyta). It has garnered significant attention owing to its diverse industrial applications, potential for bioethanol production, and the physiological activities of its derived saccharides. This review delves into the preparation and degradation processes of agar, focusing on both physical and chemical pretreatments, as well as subsequent hydrolysis through acid and enzymatic methods. It highlights the bioactivities of agar-derived oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic effects, as well as their ability to suppress melanin production. Additionally, this review discusses their role in regulating intestinal flora and explores the relationship between the structure of agar-derived saccharides and their applications, emphasizing the impact of the presence of 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactose at the nonreducing end of the chain on their functionality.

Impact of chemical pre-treatment on crumb rubber for coating property of rubberized asphalt

Impact of chemical pre-treatment on crumb rubber for coating property of rubberized asphalt

Effect of pre-treatments and storage on quality of green chilli powder

India is one of the largest producers of commercial vegetables and spices, including chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). To reduce postharvest losses and enhance value addition, green chilli preparation and preservation are important. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of different chemical pretreatments on green chilli powder quality as well as the effect of storage on its quality. The experiment was laid out in the Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with eight different pre-treatments and three storage intervals. The significantly lowest L*, a* and b* colour values and the significantly maximum solubility, total ash, crude fiber, acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenol and capsaicin were observed during 180-day storage period in the pre-treatment of green chilli with 1% ascorbic acid by dipping for 10 minutes. During the 180- day storage period, the Total Plate Count was increased but remained within permissible limit. The maximum protein content was observed in pre-treatment with 0.3% sodium metabisulphite, while the lowest Total Plate Count was recorded in pre-treatment with 0.5% chitosan. Based on the study of various parameters, dipping green chilli in 1% ascorbic acid for 10 minutes followed by tray drying produced superior quality. The green chilli powder was stored for a duration of 180 days under ambient conditions.

Insights into Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation of Food Waste: Substrate Properties, Inocula, and Pretreatment Strategies

The growing population and economic expansion have led to increased energy demand while presenting complex waste generation and management challenges, particularly in light of climate change. Green hydrogen, which is considered a major clean energy carrier, can also be generated from food waste through a process known as dark fermentation. The production of dark fermentative hydrogen from food waste and biomass residues, in general, is influenced by the type of feedstock, source of inoculum, and their pretreatment and handling strategies. Food waste is a suitable substrate for dark fermentation and has a variable and complex composition, which is a major factor limiting the hydrogen yield. This review critically assesses food waste sources, focusing on their physical and chemical composition, pretreatment methods, and strategies for optimizing dark fermentative hydrogen production. This paper also highlights and critically discusses various inoculum sources and innovations regarding the pretreatment and enrichment applications of inocula for dark fermentative hydrogen production. Based on the literature analysis, advanced research is required to develop more sustainable and specific pretreatment strategies that consider the properties of food waste and the source of the inoculum. This approach will aid in preventing inhibition and inefficiency during the dark fermentation process.

Comparison of survival time of three adhesive materials used in fixed space maintainer cementation by using ball milling machine: An in vitro study

Background: Premature primary tooth extraction causes loss of arch length, therefore; space preservation is a critical step to prevent space closure that can lead to future malocclusion. This can be achieved by using a space maintainer. Thus study's objective was to assess and contrast the survival of three different luting materials used to cement fixed space maintainers an in vitro study. Materials and Methods: This study used 30 extracted human third molars without caries, cracks, or chemical pretreatment. They were divided into three groups of ten samples (n = 10). The adhesives selected in this study were Relyx Luting 2 (resin modified glass ionomer), TOTALCEM (self-etching, self-adhesive, resin cement, dual cure) and Transbond Plus Light Cure band adhesive (compomer). Manufacturer recommendations for bonding were followed after cleaning and polishing for all surfaces of the teeth. To distinguish the specimens, the middle of the root was drilled with a handpiece and marked with a red marker, then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C before being transferred to a ball mill machine to induce mechanical stress. The machine was opened to check for any failed specimen. This continued until all bands were removed from the teeth. The data was analyzed using log-rank Kaplan-Meier and Bonferroni post hoc tests at p 0.05. Results: the mean survival time of bands cemented with TOTALCEM and RelyX Luting 2 significantly longer than bands cemented with Transbond Plus Light Cure band adhesive (P<0.001). Conclusion: band retention with TOTALCEM and RelyX Luting2 superior than bands cemented with Transbond Plus Light Cure Band Adhesive.

Sustainable phenol production: Evaluating high phenolic bio-oil from olive pomace via fast pyrolysis combined with chemical and thermochemical pretreatment

Sustainable phenol production: Evaluating high phenolic bio-oil from olive pomace via fast pyrolysis combined with chemical and thermochemical pretreatment

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulose in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB)

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) constitutes a solid waste generated by the palm oil industry. Empty palm oil bunches contain cellulose or fiber. This component is the primary source for generating valuable products, including fermented sugar, chemicals, liquid fuel, carbon sources, and energy. This research contributed to determine the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content of empty palm oil fruit bunches during biological, physical and chemical Pretreatment, as well as to determine the degradation of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Physical treatment uses steam explosion, chemical treatment uses NaOH and biological treatment uses Trichoderma reesei FNCC 6012. Pretreatment using steam explosion has temperature levels ranging from 120 ℃, 140 ℃, and 160 ℃. Treatments using NaOH consisted of concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, while treatments using Trichoderma reesei were based on fermentation times of 5 days, 10 days, 15 days. This preliminary treatment functions to reduce the lignin levels in empty palm oil fruit bunches. The parameters observed in this research were lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content. The research results showed that treatment using Steam explosion at temperatures of 140 ℃ and 160℃ was able to reduce lignin levels by 16.03% and 15.90%. Treatment using steam explosion at a temperature of 160 ℃ and Trichoderma reesei for 15 days was able to increase Hemicellulose levels by 35.84% and 36.21%. Treatment using Steam explosion at a temperature of 160℃ gave the best effect on cellulose of 51.09%.

Development of Green Conversion Sol-Gel Coatings for Corrosion Protection of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy

The urgent need to address the challenges posed by climate change has led to increased research and development efforts aimed at creating lightweight materials to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on corrosion protection of the commercial magnesium alloy AZ61, valued for its wide-ranging applications in engineering and industry, including automotive, aeronautics, and biomedical engineering. Despite its interesting mechanical properties, the AZ61 alloy exhibits poor corrosion resistance in saline aqueous environments, prompting significant research into coatings to enhance its durability.This research aims to design and prepare organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of the AZ61 alloy. The inorganic phase, mainly based on tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), serves as a cross-linking agent, while four organofunctionalized silanes containing hydrolysable methoxy groups and functional organic groups into the same molecule are used as precursors for the organic component of these hybrid coatings. Specifically, the organofunctionalized silanes selected are γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS), γ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), γ -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AMPTMS), and γ -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS). These silanes are chosen for their ability to create organopolysiloxane coatings with sufficient chemical compatibility and flexibility to accommodate other species without phase segregation or cracking. These properties are essential to create a suitable structural environment to encapsulate the selected ecofriendly corrosion inhibitors that are added in later stages of the study, thereby yielding a processable system that serves as a functional phase of active corrosion protection coatings for magnesium alloys.Physicochemical characterization techniques are employed to understand the chemical environment within the hybrid networks and confirm the successful formation of organopolysiloxane networks. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-resolution solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies are used for these purposes.The performance of coated AZ61 samples is analysed using the aforementioned organic-inorganic hybrid gels. These sol-gel coatings are applied using immersion techniques (dip-coating) on unpolished (as-received) and polished AZ61 samples, to determine the influence of surface conditions on their behaviour during immersion tests in 0.6, 0.06 and 0.006 M NaCl aqueous solutions. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements and global and localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS, LEIS) are applied with this purpose. The microstructure and texture of the coatings, both before and after the corrosion tests, are observed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses are performed on several areas of the coated samples after the corrosion tests.In the last phase of the study, modifications to the sol-gel formulations are explored by incorporating environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors such as cysteine (L-Cys) and benzotriazole (BTA), as well as cross-linking agents like hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) in presence of an acid catalysts, specifically p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA), to facilitate the cross-linking reaction within the organosilicon network. These modifications aim to enhance the protective properties of the sol-gel coatings. EIS and LEIS are used to assess their effectiveness. Films formulated with HMMM demonstrate robust passive protection against corrosion, while those doped with L-Cys and BTA exhibit self-healing and active protection properties, offering a promising alternative to traditional chemical conversion pretreatments based on hexavalent chromium. Funding Sources This work has been supported by the Project PID2022-139920OB-I00 (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, MICINN, Spain).

The Flow Cell Concept for the Metallization of Complex Geometries in Aerospace High-End Applications

Since the discovery of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as composite materials with advantageous performance-to-weight ratios, many advanced applications, particularly in the aerospace field, have emerged [1]. The excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of CFRPs are of particular interest to the transportation industry, where significant savings due to weight reduction can be accomplished. Recent research efforts consolidate several functions into a single material by developing synthesis approaches that offer energy savings and the more efficient use of materials, while preserving the structural integrity of the material [2]. CFRPs are considered one of the best choices for this purpose, but additional steps must be considered in the design or in the post-use of composites [2–4]. In this context, metallization of CFRP emerged as a pivotal for high-end applications. The opportunities presented by employing electrochemical methods, such as electroless and electrochemical deposition, stand out among other metallization methods as cost-effective, scalable, and particularly convenient for complex CFRPs geometries. However, challenges in adapting plating conditions to different geometries with high inner aspect ratios require new solutions and more efficient use of electrolytes [5]. We demonstrate electrochemical engineering through the introduction of the flow cell concept for electroless and galvanic plating across various geometries and applications. Simultaneously, ensuring environmental compliance of the chemical pre-treatment process of composites is achieved by developing Cr(VI)-free chemistry adapted to the composite being used.

Combined effect of a pretreatment and optical settings on the laser diffraction particle size distribution of soils and sediments

PurposeThe two main challenges in providing good quality granulometric data are the limitations of laser diffraction method and the insufficient chemical pretreatments. The present study aims to determine the combined effect of these two sources of error and to find optimized procedures to fit the physical and chemical parameters of the soil and sediment samples.MethodsFive soil and sediment samples with diverse characteristics were analysed. Three commonly used pretreatment procedures (FAO, USDA, Wageningen Agricultural University) were applied and compared to the “untreated” Hungarian standard. The particle size distributions (PSD) were determined by HORIBA LA-950V2 laser diffraction device with 25 optical setting combinations.ResultsThe effectiveness of pretreatment protocols was related to the particle size, SOM content, size of the aggregates, clay ratio and the order of reagents. Descriptive statistics showed which preparation processes were effective for the dispersion of different sample types. Samples containing a relatively high amount of clay and/or SOM are sensitive to disaggregation procedures, affecting their texture. The refractive index (RI) 1.40 and absorption coefficient (AC) 0.00 and 0.01 provided the highest degree of disaggregation. By the changes in the mean and median values, we could determine which optical settings gave similar results that could be characterized by the same texture classifications.ConclusionsNone of the procedures was generally considered to be the best procedure. The disaggregation efficiency of the three sample preparation methods differs for different materials. These uncertainties, combined with inadequate optical settings, make it difficult to detect poor quality granulometric data.Graphical

A comparison of nanocellulose extracted from coconut (Cocos nucifera), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon)

The agricultural residues that are not well-managed will cause environmental deterioration. In fact, they can be used as alternative sources for production and application in various industries due to their attractive properties such as absorption ability, mechanical properties and biodegradability. In recent advancements, agricultural residues are broadly used to form nanocellulose. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from plant leaves of coconut (Cocos nucifera), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon) which are abundant agricultural waste. Chemical pre-treatment was carried out by boiling dried leaves at 80°C in NaOH. The extraction was conducted under homogenous conditions using high pressure homogenization with speed at 1000 rpm for 30 mins to produce nanocellulose. The samples were characterized for surface morphology, UV-Vis spectrum, Fourier transmission using FTIR and water absorption. The properties displayed by the formed nanocellulose were analysed and compared for further recommendation. These materials have a high potential to be used in different fields towards a sustainable future.

Variability in Fruit Morphology and Germination Capacity of the Tropical Medicinal Species Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.

Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen, a medicinal tree indigenous to tropical Africa, faces threats due to root overharvesting and limited occurrence. This study assessed the extent of variation in the morphological traits and germination of seeds collected from populations located across the Sudano-Sahelian and Sudanian climatic zones in Burkina Faso. A total of 1600 mature fruits across the two climatic zones were characterized in their morphology. Seed germination tests were conducted with material collected across climatic zones, using six physical and chemical pre-treatments and two substrates. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were used to process the data generated. The morphological data showed significant variations in fruit and nut traits across the populations sampled, which may reflect a significant underlying genetic diversity, as expected in wild plants. Samples from the Sudano-Sahelian zone exhibited larger fruits (11.87 ± 1.38 mm) containing heavier (0.12 ± 0.04 g) and larger (5.64 ± 1.02 mm) nuts. Seeds sown on river sand exhibited the highest mean germination percentage (35.24 ± 17.73%) and germination speed (0.40 ± 0.36 seedlings per day). Seed wing and coat removal resulted in the highest mean germination percentages (respectively, 36.5 ± 19% and 35.5 ± 16%). These results suggest the existence of some barriers to germination in S. longipedunculata seeds. For seedling production, preferably heavier fruits should be collected and sowing carried out on river sand after wing or coat removal.

The use of spent mushroom substrate as biologically pretreated wood and its fibrillation

Utilization of biomass and reuse of industrial by-products and their sustainable and resource-efficient development into products that are inherently non-toxic is important to reduce the use of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of biomaterials. The hypothesis in this study is that spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a by-product from mushroom production, has already undergone a biological pretreatment and thus, can be used directly as a starting material for fibrillation into value-added and functional biomaterial, without the use of toxic substances. The study show that SMS can be effectively fibrillated at a very high concentration of 6.5 wt % into fibrils using an energy demand of only 1.7 kWh kg−1, compared to commercial and chemically pretreated wood pulp at 8 kWh kg−1, under same processing conditions. SMS is a promising resource for fibrillation with natural antioxidant activity and network formation ability, which are of interest to explore further in applications such as packaging. The study shows that biological pretreatment can offer lower environmental impact related to toxic substances emitted to the environment and thus contribute to reduced impacts on categories such as water organisms, human health, terrestrial organisms, and terrestrial plants compared to chemical pretreatments.

Effects of Different Pre-Treatments on Local Pineapple Leaf as a Potential Substrate for the Production of Value-Added Products

Lignocellulosic biomass such as pineapple leaves can be applied as substrates in various biochemical processes such as solid-state fermentation to produce industrially important enzymes or other value-added products. However, recalcitrant nature of the biomass hinders the accessibility of cellulose for enzymatic hydrolysis in yielding high amounts of the intended products. In order to overcome this obstacle, pre-treatment is necessary as to loosen the lignocellulose structure to ease accessibility of enzymes and biodegradability of the biomass. In this study, local pineapple leaves were subjected to different methods of pre-treatments which are thermal pre-treatment by autoclaving, and chemical pre-treatments involving treatments with alkaline solutions (1% and 1.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide) as well as acid solutions (1% and 1.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid). Scanning Electron Microscopy was conducted to compare and study the effect of different pre-treatments on morphological changes of raw and pre-treated leaves. The obtained results revealed that the biomass was severely affected by 1.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solution as the surface structure was vigorously ruptured and more aggregated cracks were clearly visible in most parts, compared to the surface morphologies observed on raw samples and samples with other pre-treatment methods.

Production of Biodiesel from Industrial Sludge: Recent Progress, Challenges, Perspective

This study investigated biodiesel production from industrial sludge, focusing on the feasibility and sustainability of converting waste materials into renewable energy sources. This study combines a comparative analysis of various sludge-based biodiesel production methods, highlighting both their environmental benefits and economic potential. Utilizing physical, chemical, and biological pre-treatments, this study optimizes biodiesel yield while assessing the impact of each method on the overall production efficiency. Key findings revealed that industrial sludge provides a viable feedstock, contributes to waste reduction, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The novel contributions of this study include a detailed economic assessment of biodiesel production from sludge and a comprehensive environmental impact evaluation that quantifies the potential sustainability benefits. Limitations related to scale-up processes are identified, and solutions to overcome these issues are discussed to improve industrial feasibility. Furthermore, the integration of sludge-based biodiesel production with other renewable energy systems has been explored as a future avenue to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability. This research contributes to a significant scientific niche by addressing scalability challenges and proposing future perspectives for sustainable biodiesel production from industrial waste.

Engineering a xylose fermenting yeast for lignocellulosic ethanol production.

Lignocellulosic ethanol is produced by yeast fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates generated by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell walls. The conversion of xylose into ethanol in hydrolysates containing microbial inhibitors is a major bottleneck in biofuel production. We identified sodium salts as the primary yeast inhibitors, and evolved a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain overexpressing xylose catabolism genes in xylose or glucose-mixed medium containing sodium salts. The fully evolved yeast strain can efficiently convert xylose in the hydrolysates to ethanol on an industrial scale. We elucidated that the amplification of xylA, XKS1 and pentose phosphate pathway-related genes TAL1, RPE1, TKL1, RKI1, along with mutations in NFS1, TRK1, SSK1, PUF2 and IRA1, are responsible and sufficient for the effective xylose utilization in corn stover hydrolysates containing high sodium salts. Our evolved or reverse-engineered yeast strains enable industrial-scale production of lignocellulosic ethanol and the genetic foundation we uncovered can also facilitate transfer of the phenotype to yeast cell factories producing chemicals beyond ethanol.

Physical–Chemical–Biological Pretreatment for Biomass Degradation and Industrial Applications: A Review

Lignocellulosic biomass, including agricultural, forestry, and energy crop waste, is one of Earth’s most abundant renewable resources, accounting for approximately 50% of global renewable resources. It contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, making it crucial for biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Due to its complex structure, single-pretreatment methods are inefficient, leading to the development of combined pretreatment technologies. These methods enhance cellulose accessibility and conversion efficiency. This paper analyzes the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various combined pretreatment methods and their practical benefits. It highlights recent research achievements and applications in biofuel, biochemical production, and feed. By integrating multiple pretreatment methods, biomass degradation efficiency can be significantly improved, energy consumption reduced, and chemical reagent use minimized. Future advancements in combined physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment technologies will further enhance biomass utilization efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and protect the environment, providing robust support for sustainable renewable energy development and ecological protection.

Microwave-Assisted Acid and Alkali Pretreatment of Napier Grass for Enhanced Biohydrogen Production and Integrated Biorefinery Potential

Napier grass, a promising lignocellulosic energy crop, presents a complex composition that limits its bioconversion into fermentable products. To address this challenge, we applied microwave (MW) pretreatment assisted by acid and alkali, using varying chemical concentrations (0.5–1% w/v) and pretreatment times (3–10 min). Acid-catalyzed MW pretreatment achieved a maximal hemicellulose removal of 69.8%, while alkali-catalyzed MW pretreatment resulted in significant lignin removal of 65.5%. Without chemical catalysis, the pretreated hydrolysate significantly increased hydrogen yield to 38.0 ± 2.9 mL H2/g volatile solid (VS), five times greater than that obtained from untreated biomass. Hydrogen yield was further enhanced when the MW-pretreated solid underwent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The highest hydrogen yield of 89.2 ± 7.2 mL H2/g VS was achieved from alkali-catalyzed MW pretreated solid (0.5% w/v NaOH, 5 min), with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilization of 62.6%. Increasing the NaOH concentration to 1% (w/v) slightly decreased hydrogen yield but significantly increased COD solubilization to 85.8%. The high carbohydrate content facilitated rapid cellulase hydrolysis, producing and accumulating a high concentration of fermentable sugars. However, this accumulation subsequently led to a shift towards lactic acid formation. The improved hydrogen yield and increased COD solubilization, along with the shift towards lactic acid production, suggest the possibility of optimizing this process for simultaneous production of multiple valuable products in an integrated biorefinery approach, potentially enhancing the economic viability of biomass conversion.