Chemical Protection Research Articles

Transmembrane protein TMEM230, regulator of metalloproteins and motor proteins in gliomas and gliosis.

Glial cells provide physical and chemical support and protection for neurons and for the extracellular compartments of neural tissue through secretion of soluble factors, insoluble scaffolds, and vesicles. Additionally, glial cells have regenerative capacity by remodeling their physical microenvironment and changing physiological properties of diverse cell types in their proximity. Various types of aberrant glial and macrophage cells are associated with human diseases, disorders, and malignancy. We previously demonstrated that transmembrane protein, TMEM230 has tissue revascularization and regenerating capacity by its ability to secrete pro-angiogenic factors and metalloproteinases, inducing endothelial cell sprouting and channel formation. In healthy normal neural tissue, TMEM230 is predominantly expressed in glial and marcophate cells, suggesting a prominent role in neural tissue homeostasis. TMEM230 regulation of the endomembrane system was supported by co-expression with RNASET2 (lysosome, mitochondria, and vesicles) and STEAP family members (Golgi complex). Intracellular trafficking and extracellular secretion of glial cellular components are associated with endocytosis, exocytosis and phagocytosis mediated by motor proteins. Trafficked components include metalloproteins, metalloproteinases, glycans, and glycoconjugate processing and digesting enzymes that function in phagosomes and vesicles to regulate normal neural tissue microenvironment, homeostasis, stress response, and repair following neural tissue injury or degeneration. Aberrantly high sustained levels TMEM230 promotes metalloprotein expression, trafficking and secretionwhich contribute to tumor associated infiltration and hypervascularization of high tumor grade gliomas. Following injury of the central nervous or peripheral systems, transcient regulated upregulation of TMEM230 promotes tissue wound healing, remodeling and revascularization by activating glial and macrophage generated microchannels/microtubules (referred to as vascular mimicry) and blood vessel sprouting and branching. Our results support that TMEM230 may act as a master regulator of motor protein mediated trafficking and compartmentalization of a large class of metalloproteins in gliomas and gliosis.

МЕРЫ БОРЬБЫ С СОРНОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ НА ПОСЕВАХ СОИ

In the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania on soybean crops (Iriston varieties), the effect of the soil herbicide Harness and insurance herbicides Galaxy Top, Illoxan, Frontier was studied. The aim of the research was to study the effect of various herbicides on the contamination of crops and the species composition of weed vegetation of promising soybean varieties in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Russian Federation. Scientific novelty of research. The influence of various herbicides on the growth, development and productivity of promising soybean varieties has been studied; the effect of herbicides on the contamination of crops has been shown; The removal of basic nutrients by individual species of weeds has been established. Every year, more and more new herbicides appear on the market, so studying the properties of herbicides and their effect on weeds is an urgent task. The methodology. On the leached chernozems of the forest-steppe zone of the Russian Federation-Alania in 2020-2022, on the experimental fields of the SCNIIGPSH VNC RAS. The sowing method is wide–row (row spacing – 45 cm), with a seeding rate of 400 thousand germinating seeds per 1 hectare. The research area is hot, mostly well-humidified. The sum of temperatures is 3000-3200 °C. The climate of the described territory is continental, the absolute annual amplitude of air temperature fluctuations is 64 ° C. On the territory of the experiment, the soil is represented by medium-sized, heavy-loamy leached chernozem, underlain by pebbles. The soil is mechanically loamy, with a depth that turns into light and medium loamy- rocky. The authors found that chemical protection of crops from weeds in the forest-steppe zone should be carried out with combinations of herbicides Pivot 0.9 + Bazagran 1.1. At the same time, weed death reaches from 79.4 to 92.9%. After harvesting soybeans, the soil is quite suitable for the cultivation of any agricultural crop, since (in specified doses) herbicides do not accumulate in products and are safe for the environment.

Proposição de variação do cobrimento nominal das armaduras baseada na classe de agressividade ambiental (CAA) de exposição de concretos

Abstract The physical and chemical protection of steel reinforcement afforded by the cover is a consequence of the quality of the concrete and its thickness, with a long-term impact on durability and service life. This study proposed variations in cover based on environmental aggressivity class (EAC) of exposure considering concretes of prescribed compressive strength classes (C20/C25/C30/C40). To this end, concrete mixtures were subjected to accelerated testing in salt spray chambers or carbonation. Accelerated testing was kept for periods long enough to reach each EAC cover level. Thus, the effect of each EAC, from mild to severe, was determined on the physical and mechanical characteristics of each mixture. It was determined that the required reinforcement cover varied linearly with compressive strength. This denoted the possibility of using more than one class of concrete and cover for each EAC. It should be noted that the difference in required cover became greater when using concrete with a strength class higher than C30. Still, it was noticed that the chloride ions attack s was more severe than carbonation and was, for most of the test cases, the determinant factor in minimum cover thickness to ensure the desired durability.

Harmonization of technological parameters of technical means for the protection of crops of cereal grain crops and their fertilization with mineral fertilizers

Annotation Purpose. Harmonize parameters of technical means for chemical protection of crops of cereal grain crops and their feeding with solid mineral fertilizers under intensive cultivation technology. Methods. The technical characteristics of the existing technology for the protection of crops of grain crops and their fertilization with mineral fertilizers were analyzed analytically in order to harmonize the parameters of the specified means for the intensive technology of growing the specified crops. Results. By analyzing the specifics of the use of technical means for the chemical protection of crops of grain crops and their feeding with mineral fertilizers, specific recommendations are given for the harmonization of their parameters for the conditions of consistent execution of technological operations under the intensive technology of growing these crops. Conclusions 1. The working width of the existing technical means for the protection of crops of grain crops and their feeding with solid mineral fertilizers varies in a very wide range, which makes it difficult to consistently perform these operations, provided they move along technological tracks with a fixed distance between them. 2. The working width of the existing technical means for fertilizing grain crops with solid mineral fertilizers cannot be stable due to the throwing action of their seeding organs and the dependence of their work results on the action of the wind. 3. To overcome this negative and harmonize their parameters, it is necessary to use rod fat seeders with a fixed width of capture. Keywords: mineral fertilizers, plant protection, field ear crops, width of capture, technical means, technological parameters.

Multifunctional Robotic Device with Intelligent Positioning System

At the present stage of agricultural production development, Smart farming is widely used as a systematic transition from managing a separate technological operation to managing processes that ensure the achievement of the required level of overall profitability of production through the use of new decision-making tools and automated management technologies. This approach involves expanding the scope of machines, equipment and software, including the widespread use of robotic tools in horticultural production and processing technologies, in order to increase production efficiency, eliminate the “human factor” in the production of products, replace human participation in production processes with a large proportion of heavy manual labor and minimize harmful effects chemical protection products for humans and the environment. Another reason for the intensification of the development and implementation of robotic tools with intelligent control systems in agriculture is the shortage of technologists and engineers in farms, due to the unattractiveness of labor in the agro-industrial complex. The article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency of industrial gardening, through the development and implementation of robotic systems and electric drive transformer modules in various technological processes. The features of the designs and practical application of robots with intelligent motion control systems on garden plantations are analyzed. The application of the block-modular principle of the layout of robotic machines is justified to increase the efficiency and productivity of their work in industrial gardening in various technological operations: plant care (spraying, milling of aisles) and harvesting.

Biomass valorization assisted by protection strategies

<p>Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass is of great significance to reduce carbon emission and the dependence on petroleum-based products. Selective and economic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-based products is still restricted by the high cost of producing platform chemicals such as sugars, furanics, and lignin-derived monomers, which is mainly caused by degradation and condensation of biomass components. To address the issues, chemical protection strategies that use aldehydes, phenolics, and diols as protection molecules has been developed to stabilize glucose, xylose, and lignins during biomass conversion. The stabilized platform chemicals or materials have shown distinctive applications in the area of preparing chemicals, bioplastics, and adhesives. Compared to traditional biorefining processes, biorefining processes involving the protection strategies demonstrate unique potentials in producing high-value products and can serve as additional options for selective valorization of lignocelluloses to fuels, chemicals, and materials.</p>

BIOSTIMULANTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE CROPS

The increase in food demand stimulates activities aimed at improving the productivity and quality characteristics of the crops obtained. Maize (Zea mays L.) is one such plant, which, along with wheat and rice, is one of the three most important crops in the world due to its many uses. Modern agriculture tends to minimize the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, which are replaced by products with natural origin. This group includes the biostimulants that have, as one of the main tasks, stress mitigation. Climate change alters regular weather seasonality and maize is one of the main crops affected by irregular water regimes.Biostimulants have attracted the attention of maize growers due to their effectiveness in promoting morphological, physiological and biochemical processes in crops. The biostimulants boosts the physiological activity of plants by stimulating the photosynthetic process. Recent results from the specialized literature show that the application of biostimulants enhances the physiological performance of maize under both optimal environmental conditions and abiotic stress caused by water deficit. In this context, the use of biostimulants can be a useful tool to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on maize plants.

The Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fungi by Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria: From Laboratory to Field Study

Plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi generate large losses in crops and pose a threat to human and animal health. Since the European Green Deal put a strong emphasis on the need to reduce the use of chemical plant protection, interest in biological control has been growing. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from silages in the control of pathogenic fungi through in vitro, mini-plot, and field experiments. The tested LAB showed antifungal activity in vitro towards strains from the Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizoctonia, Colletotrichum, and Sclerotinia genera; however, only five strains reached an activity ≥ 400 AU/mL towards all pathogenic fungi. The selected strains demonstrated high efficacy in reducing disease symptoms in plants in the mini-plot and field experiments. In the mini-plot experiment, stem smut of rye and wheat common bunt were reduced in the range 34.5–94.7% and 24.8–99.6%, respectively. In the field experiments, the efficacy of LAB in the control of rye and wheat disease differed and reached over 90% in some trials. The effectiveness of LAB in the control of seedling blight did not exceed 70%. A significant increase in yield (from 42.86 to 195.65%) was observed mainly in wheat cultivation. The increase in rye yield was observed only in chosen trials. No phytotoxicity was observed. The results indicate the potential possibilities of using LAB as a biocontrol agent.

Mapping the Small Onion Value Chain in Tamil Nadu, India

Onion is an important crop at domestic and international level and growers faced problems in both production and marketing. Value chain analysis is essential to trace the series of activities and actors across small onion value chain and analyse their role and performance. The first step in value chain analysis is to map various actors and their roles. This study was undertaken to map the existing value chain in small onion in Perambalur district. Mapping the value chain practices will help us to understand the existing practices in small onion cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Inputs used in the production such as seedlings, fertilizer, plant protection chemicals were provided to the farmers; the farmer produced the onion and sold to the intermediaries in the value chain. Intermediaries like local traders, commission agents, retailers procured onion from the farmers and transferred to the end consumers.

О ризосфере полевых культур и факторах, влияющих на динамику ее микробиоты (обзор)

There is presented a review of literary sources, which disclosed an importance of rhizosphere being a certain biological buffer regulating interrelations between higher plants and soil and inhabiting soil microorganisms. The main factors influencing indicators of activity of rhizosphere microbiota possessing a complex of useful qualities for plants (converting of nutrient into accessible forms, decomposition of organic materials, increase of resistance to abiotic factors, stimulating a growth, antagonism to phytopathogens, etc.) are considered. The violations of interrelations be-tween plants and their associative microorganisms caused by different factors, including the regulating by human ones – such as cultivation technologies, are able to decrease yield potential of agricultural crops including sunflower. The analytical review certifies the prospects to conduct researches allows determining an impact of agrotechnical methods (sowing dates, seed sowing rates, fertilizer, and chemical and biological plant protection) on changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiota in sunflower rhizosphere and to determine their influ-ence on yield and quality of products.

Resource Use Efficiency in Paddy Production in the Salinity Affected and the Unaffected Areas of Alappuzha District in Kerala: An Economic Analysis

Rice is one of the foremost and principal food crops in the world, feeding more than four billion people primarily in Asia and India stands second in the production of rice after China with highest production. Even though rice is a staple food of Kerala, it occupies less than 7.7 per cent of the total cropped area. Kerala is known for its cultivation of paddy below the sea level. Salt water intrusion is the major problem in these areas. In this context, the present study aims to examine the efficiency of resource-use in paddy production in the salinity affected and the unaffected areas of Alappuzha District in Kerala. The study was based on the primary data collected from 50 rice farmers, viz 25 from salt water affected and 25 from unaffected areas and Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate the resource use efficiency. The study revealed that the inputs viz., hired labour, manures and fertilizers, soil ameliorants, plant protection chemicals, machine and bullock labour power had a positive and significant effect on the rice yield in both salinity affected and unaffected areas. The returns to scale worked out for unaffected and affected farmers was 2.24 and 1.31 respectively. Chow test revealed that there is a significant difference in coefficients between the factors affecting yield of paddy among the salt water affected and the unaffected farmers. Marginal productivity analysis revealed that economic efficiency of all the variables except manures and fertilizers was more than one, indicating their sub-optimum usage and there exist the chances of improving the yield by the enhanced application of these inputs.

Effect of chemical plant protection products on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

Relevance. The use of phytosanitary means to ensure high and stable yields of winter wheat is one of the tasks of growing winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” in the central non-chernozem zone of the Moscow region.Methods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of various plant protection preparations on the productivity and quality of winter wheat varieties by intensity levels: basic (the purpose of using the biological potential of the variety by more than 50%), intensive (involving the use of intensive varieties and the creation of conditions for a more complete realization of their biological potential) and high–intensity (a set of measures aimed at ensuring the realization of the potential of the variety is more than 85%). Treatments included fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations. Results. Three varieties of winter wheat were studied: Nemchinovskaya 85, Moskovskaya 40 and Moskovskaya 27. Insecticides (Picus 1.0 l/t, Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vantex 60 ml/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vincit forte 1.5 l/t and Picus 0.7 l/t + Vantex 50 ml/ha), fungicides (Impact Exclusive 0.75 l/ha, Alto Super 0.5 l/ha, Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha + Consul 1.0 l/ha and Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha), herbicides (Aton 0.06 kg/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Exactly Extra 35 g/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha, Tandem 0.03 kg/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Tandem 30 g/ha + Foxtrot Extra 0.4 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha and Lintur 180 g/ha) have confirmed their effectiveness. Nemchinovskaya 85 increased yield by 1.14–3.10 t/ha, Moscow 27 — by 0.64–3.62 t/ha, Moscow 40 — 0,71–3,21 t/ha.

Analysis of the chemical crop protection market in Russia

The research is devoted to the analysis of the current state of chemical crop protection market in Russia. Significant industry growth has occurred in last decade due to the attractiveness of agriculture as an export-oriented industry. Russian agricultural products are in stable demand all over the world. Countries in the Middle East, South-Eastern Asia and Africa with constantly growing population rely on foodstuff import, including from the Russian Federation. Thus, country makes a significant contribution in a global food security. However, in order to develop and increase competitiveness, Russian farmers need to intensify crop production. One of technological improvement elements, which let growers to get sufficient yield and quality, is application of innovative chemical crop protection products. Pesticides help farmers struggle with crop diseases, pests and weeds, as well as minimize adverse climate factors in some cases. Agrochemicals market in Russia is represented not only by foreign players, but by domestic manufacturers as well. Market share of these two groups in value terms of market players is approximately equal. However, it’s worth mentioning, that like in many other industries, this sector is heavily dependent on import inputs. Major part of components for local pesticide production are imported and key technological process is constrained as a type of mixing necessary inputs in proper way. Domestic business, together with Russian Government and, probably, in cooperation with some international players, needs to solve the problem of deepening the production cycle, look for stimulus for development of the entire production chain in the long-term perspective, including development of fundamental science in chemical crop protection industry. Learning and adapting foreign experience can be the first step in the process of structural change of the crop protection industry. Simultaneously, it is critical to maintain openness and desire to use best practices at pesticide market, without which the competitiveness of Russian agricultural production will be constrained and development of the entire industry will have a pace inferior to other countries.

Development and synthesis of compounds with fungicidal activity in suppression of fungal growth

The research was conducted to synthesize and study fungicidal activity of synthesized chemical compounds of various classes, triazole and imidazole, and their mode of action due to the wide spectrum of action and low application rates. The developed synthesis methods resulted in several groups of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and evaluated their fungicidal activity. Inhibitory activity of compounds to strains of Fusarium solani (medium resistance to fungicides) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (susceptible to most fungicides) from the collection of phytopathogenic microorganisms of Agrobiotechnological Department, RUDN University, was tested. In the synthesis of new chemical compounds with fungicidal activity, urea derivatives 1-(3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl) urea were identified and structurally confirmed. All target compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity to inhibit mycelium growth. Preliminary screening results showed that all synthesized compounds have good fungicidal activity against S. sclerotiorum . The compound 1-(3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yl)-3-(3-fluorophenyl) urea showed antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum . At concentration of 100 ppm, the compound suppressed growth of S. sclerotiorum strain by 90.5 %. An in vitro experiment revealed that the compound 1-(3-(Difluoromethyl)1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yl)-3-(3-fluorophenyl) urea was effective for suppressing white mold - S . sclerotiorum , at the dose of 100 mg/L. The significance of the research lies in the fact that production of eco-safe products in agroindustry is impossible without development of new biologically active compounds with low application rates and toxicity indicators, controlled persistence, corresponding to the world level. The results obtained can be implemented in real sector of economy engaged in production of chemical plant protection products. Synthesis and use of new fungicides are relevant in agricultural production as an element of development and intensification of existing agricultural technologies.

Efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide in grapevine protection

The problem of contamination of agricultural products with toxic substances is an urgent problem in production. One of the most chemically treated crop is vineyards. Multiple treatments during one growing season have led to the fact that grape plantings have become an accumulator of unsafe chemical plant protection products. Moreover, grapes are consumed fresh. Accordingly, the selection of environmentally friendly pesticides and the replacement of chemicals with biological ones has become a priority for producers of this crop. Our research was devoted to evaluation of bioinsecticide based on entomopathogenic bacteria B. thuringiensis in the system of protecting grapes from pests. Such studies are of great interest and, according to the literature, 90 % of registered insecticides are based on Bacillus thuringiensis . Microorganisms isolated from nature as plant protection agents, when reintroduced into natural conditions, preserve beneficial species in biocenoses. At the same time, they are selective and, while affecting certain harmful objects, do not cause harm to humans and the environment. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the bioinsecticide Biometch Insecto, WP on grapevine pests: European grape worm ( Lobesia botrana Den. Schiff.) and leafy form of phylloxera ( Viteus vitifolii Fitch.). Biometch Insecto, WP is based on strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HG207 and Beauveria bassiana HG208. The effect of entomopathogens was compared with the effect of insecticide Bioslip, BW, L, the active ingredient of which is Beauveria bassiana . The results of the research revealed high biological effectiveness (90100 %) of Biometch Insecto, WP in protecting grapevines from pests when applied during the period of mass hatching of European grape worm caterpillars and emergence of phylloxera larvae from galls.

ROOT SPECIFIC METHYLATED FLAVONES PROTECT OF SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS

Plant specialized metabolites are small molecules known for their role in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Understanding of the individual functions of most of these metabolites remains unknown. A border of the root of annual plants is especially attractive to clarity how the plant roots withstand biotic and abiotic challenges. A main part of the metabolites in the root the plant Scutellaria baicalensis consists of the wide variety of methylated flavones. Eight most abundant of its, mono- and polymethylated, which present the beginning and end of the plant flavone biosynthesis pathway, respectively, were detected as phenoxide-ions over the root organs (bark, cambium, xylem and decayed core) by LС-MS. This inspection recovers their location within cambium and bark. The disposition of mono-methylated wogonin and oroxylin A with it’s the putative potency to form the o-quinon anions (reductants) provide chemical protection of the root from reactive oxygen species. The tetra- and penta-methylated flavones arrange a passive hydrophobic physical barrier of the root bark. Environment threats necessitate the plant to produce the methylated flavones, which resistance mechanisms are embedded in the structures of their molecules.

Beneficial effects of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles as seed nanopriming agent on seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate change and increasing population pressure have put the agriculture sector in an arduous situation. With increasing demand for agricultural production overuse of inputs have accentuated the negative impact on environment. Hence, sustainable agriculture is gaining prominence in recent times with an emphasis on judicious and optimum use of resources. The field of nanotechnology can immensely help in achieving sustainability in agriculture at various levels. Use of nutrients and plant protection chemicals in nano-form can increase their efficacy even at reduced doses thus decreasing their pernicious impact. Seed priming is one of the important agronomic practices with widely reported positive impacts on germination, seedling growth and pathogen resistance. In the current study, the effect and efficacy of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using phyto-extracts as a seed priming agent is studied. This nanopriming enhanced the germination, hastened the seedling emergence and growth with an increase in seedling vigour and nutrient status. This eco-friendly and economical method of synthesizing nanoparticles of various nutrient minerals can optimize the resource use thus helping in sustainable agriculture by reducing environment damage without compromising on efficacy.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and DNA Protection Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus Species of Northeast India

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and DNA Protection Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus Species of Northeast India

Disentangle the drivers of soil organic carbon mineralization and their temperature sensitivity in both topsoil and subsoil: Implication of thermal stability and chemical composition

Information about the temperature dependence of soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization is important to predict the possible carbon (C) release from the terrestrial ecosystem facing global warming. However, the way in which SOC quality and mineral protection of SOC affects mineralization rates and their response to increasing temperature remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on investigating thermal stability and chemical composition of soils which differed greatly with the type and extent of organo-mineral associations, and revealing their implications for SOC mineralization. Chemical composition and thermal stability of SOC were analyzed with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and simultaneous thermogravimeteric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), respectively. Soil mineralization and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) were assessed by incubating soils at 15 and 25 °C for 90 days.Our results showed that SOC of subsoil was more biologically stable, but exhibited higher temperature sensitivity than those of topsoil. Significant differences in chemical composition and thermal stability of SOC were detected across soils developed from four parent materials but not between two soil layers, and indicators obtained from the two techniques showed apparent associations with depth-specific SOC mineralization rates. Increase in SOC mineralization rates at two incubation temperatures and two soil layers were observed when the soils were characterized by higher percentage of labile SOC fractions (i.e., O-alkyl C and organic carbon oxidized during exothermic reactions). The Q10 values of topsoil were positively and mostly related to the percentage of Alkyl C. In addition to notable relationships with chemical composition, the Q10 values of subsoil were positively correlated with Exo1/Exo2 ratios and Energy density values, and negatively correlated with TG-50. It was interesting to note that thermal stability was possibly as a function of soil texture and total oxides. Results from VPA analysis further revealed that SOC mineralization rates at two soil layers and Q10 of topsoil were mainly driven by SOC quality, while it was related to both SOC quality and chemical protection for subsoil, implying that factors controlling the temperature sensitivity of SOC mineralization were depth-specific. Altogether, substrate accessibility as a function of chemical composition and chemical protection would play vital role in determining the feedbacks of the subsoil SOC pool to the future climate warming.

Application of a fungicide system on tomato in open ground conditions in Primorsky Krai

Relevance. Tomato is one of the most beloved and popular vegetables among Primorye residents. But in the monsoon climate, the Far Eastern Primorye has the most intense infectious background in Russia. The yield losses of tomato fruits from alternariosis annually amount to 30% or more. Losses from late blight on the background of epiphytotics in years with wet and cold summers, as observed in 2019, depending on the stability of the variety, can reach from 17 to 100%. Despite the fact that the development and use of biological means of control has recently been a priority, it is still too early to abandon chemical protection measures. High efficiency and versatility of the correctly selected scheme of application of fungicides, short processing time – all this gives a quick and reliable result in protecting tomato crops and reducing the harmfulness of the complex of diseases.Methodology. The research was carried out in 2019-2021 at the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station (PVES) – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the monsoon climate of the coastal zone of Primorsky Krai. We studied the effect of chemical preparations Signum, Orvego and their tank mixture with igum + Orvego on the development of diseases, yield indicators and the structure of the tomato crop varieties Odyssey, and Fitilek. Agrotechnics of cultivation are generally accepted in Primorsky Krai for tomato culture.Results. Testing of chemical fungicides in the conditions of Primorsky Krai showed that the development of alternariasis, starting with the appearance of the first signs of damage in the first half of the growing season, effectively restrains the fungicide Signum, contributing to the preservation of the working leaf surface. It is advisable to use the tank mixture With igum + Orvego starting from the first or second decade of August, when a complex of phytopathogens develops on the leaf surface. The introduction of these two fungicides into the tank mixture leads to an increase in the biological and economic effectiveness of protective measures in the fight against alternariasis and late blight of tomatoes, compared with the standard fungicide Acrobat MC. Joint Signum Processing+Orvego, by reducing the intensity of disease development and the share of the non-commodity part of the crop, has a beneficial effect on the mass of commercial fruit and contributes to a more complete realization of the productive potential of Odyssey and Fitilek varieties.