Chemical Properties Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Review of physicochemical properties and spray characteristics of biodiesel.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 deal with seventeen goals for the planet's sustainability. The present review focuses on affordable and clean energy through the effective combustion of fuels with minimal pollution. Effective fuel spray characteristics are essential for combustion among various parameters and fuel properties. The inherent nature of the fuel has a functional relationship with the injection and injectors' conditions. Therefore, the study of fuels' physicochemical properties is essential. This review deals with the spray characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesels in its purest form and blended with diesel, di-n-butyl ether, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, ethanol, and butanol are considered for the study. The physicochemical properties of biodiesels, injection conditions, and injector constraints are analyzed to understand the spray process. The atomization features such as spray tip penetration, Sauter mean diameter, spray cone angle, spray area, and spray volume are analyzed. The chemical properties of biodiesel are utilized to describe the spray's transient behavior. In addition, supporting systems for spray diagnostics and models are also discussed. The highlighted significant spray challenges features and future research direction benefit the fuel and combustion community.

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

AbstractThe present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O2). The single‐cylinder, four‐stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.

Applications of Biodiesel in Drilling Fluids

Biodiesel, referred to as the monoalkyl ester of long-chain fatty acid ester that is synthesized by the complete transesterification of triglycerides, has captured the attention of drilling researchers attributing to its magnificent characteristics such as the high flash point, excellent lubricity, nontoxicity, high biodegradability, and abundant feedstock resources, which make it ecofriendly and technically and economically feasible for a sustainable drilling operation. There are several studies that reported and documented the usage of biodiesel in drilling fluids on laboratory and field scales. In this paper, the production and the key physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, the applications of biodiesel in drilling muds either as base fluids or additives were comprehensively surveyed. The literature review revealed that the challenges of biodiesel applications in drilling mud systems are related to its chemical reactivity and adverse interactions with some additives, along with its performance deficiency at temperature above 120°C. Therefore, further investigation on temperature stability and additive compatibility is recommended. In addition, as a new approach, it is recommended to study the potentiality of using crude waste oils in drilling mud formulations. The lessons learned and recommendations stated in this paper will assist in enhancing the proved use of biodiesel and drilling fluid optimization.

Catalysis Preparation of Biodiesel from Waste Schisandra chinensis Seed Oil with the Ionic Liquid Immobilized in a Magnetic Catalyst: Fe3O4@SiO2@[C4mim]HSO4.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize a magnetic material that could be easily separated by a magnetic field and combined the catalytic function of an acid/base ionic liquid with silicon for biodiesel preparation. A kind of magnetic catalyst-immobilized ionic liquid was synthesized by a three-step method. The synthesis conditions in each step were optimized by single-factor analysis. Under the optimum conditions, 206.83 mg of ionic liquid (>43.63%) was immobilized on SiO2 (per gram). Heating under reflux was applied to extract Schisandra chinensis seed oil with an average yield of 10.9%. According to the biodiesel yields, Fe3O4@SiO2@[C4mim]HSO4 was the most efficient catalyst in the methyl esterification reaction. Under the optimum reaction conditions, seed oil (10.0 g) was mixed with methanol (70 mL) under continuous mechanical stirring for 3 h, and the yield of biodiesel was 0.557 g/g (the catalyst efficiency was about 89.2%). Also, the thermal value was increased from 32.14 kJ/g (seed oil) to 38.28 kJ/g (biodiesel). The catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4@SiO2@[C4mim]HSO4 was 87.6% of the first being used after four reuse cycles, and 71.4% of the first being used after six reuse cycles in the methylation reaction. The yields and physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were determined.

A solar reactor for bio-diesel production from Pongamia oil: Studies on transesterfication process parameters and energy efficiency

Abstract Over exploitation of non-renewable energy reserves will lead to increase in price of petroleum fuels. Therefore there is a need for suitable and sustainable substitutes (renewable resource) for conventional fuels. In this study, an efficient and environmental friendly method for production of bio-diesel from Pongamia (Karanja) oil has been developed using a solar reactor. During the experimental study, the maximum temperature attained by the pongamia oil during the transesterification process was 64.1°C. The transesterification reaction was studied by varying different parameters such as reactant flow rate (5-20 LPH), stirring speed (150-450 r·min-1), catalyst loading (0.5 wt% -2 wt%) and methanol to oil ratio (3:1 to 15:1). The maximum biodiesel yield was 83.11% at a flow rate of 5 LPH, stirring speed of 350 rpm, a methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, catalyst loading of 1wt % and reaction time of 270 min. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel was analyzed as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards and it had density of 938 kg·m-3, viscosity (28.7 cSt), acid value (9.45 mg KOH·(g oil)-1) and flash point (215°C). The energy efficiency of solar heating process was determined by comparing the net energy ratio of direct heating process and solar heating process. For solar heating the net energy ratio (NER) was found to be 31.85 against 5.73 for direct heating. Similarly, net energy efficiency index was calculated for 10 kg production scale and was found to be increasing when scaled up which means that the solar heating process is more effective even in scaled up production.

OPTIMIZING REACTION CONDITIONS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL USING GREEN SOLID CATALYST

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in two steps reaction of esterification and transesterification is low efficient, due to twice methanol consumption and need more reaction time. Optimizing reaction conditions of CaO as a matrix of solid catalyst prepared from crab shell (green CaO) and modified by K2O/TiO2 for converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel have been carried out. Catalytic process of waste cooking oil to biodiesel took place in one step reaction of esterification and transesterification. The research result showed that optimum conditions in its one step reaction such as methanol to oil molar ratio was 9:1, amount of CaO/K2O-TiO2 catalyst to oil was 5% and reaction time of 60 minutes with biodiesel yield was 88.24%. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel which produced from one step reaction of esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil were suitable with Indonesian National Standard (SNI-04-7182-2006) namely density at 40oC of 850 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40oC of 3.32 cSt, water content of 0.046%, iodine number of 59.25 g I2/100g and acid value of 0.29 mg KOH/g. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of biodiesel formed fatty acid methyl esters from conversion of waste cooking oil.

Characteristic study of biodiesel mixtures from used oil and diesel oil

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel machines. Used cooking oil is blended with diesel with a certain volume ratio to improve the characteristics. The characteristics of biodiesel can not be fully used by diesel engines because it doesn’t meet the standards so that its characteristics need to be improved. As for utilizing it, it must be blended with diesel oil. The purpose of this study is to improve the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, knowing the percentage of biodiesel volume from used cooking oil with diesel oil so that it can be known the optimal ratio of biodiesel with diesel oil which is close to diesel fuel specifications. Characteristics as variables in this paper are density, kinematic viscosity, pour point, and flash point of the specified mixture. The results show that the kinematic viscosity and density of the biodiesel-diesel mixture increase as the biodiesel mixture increases. Mixtures with higher biodiesel content have higher flash points. Mixing diesel with used cooking oil biodiesel may be of no use compared to diesel, but it can help in adjusting the viscosity, density, pour point, and flash point values according to applicable regulations.

Production of biodiesel from Aegle marmelos correa seed oil for fuel cell application

Energy acting an important role in the development of any country. In an emerging country like India, energy plays an important role to fulfil the energy demand by the industry as well as society. Each year there is an increase in demand for energy. Currently, most of the demand for energy is filled with a petrol-based product that creates the problem of sustainable supply of energy and increasing problems like, pollution, global warming, etc. The huge quantities of energy require a huge amount of fuel, spending this huge amount of fuel across the world have adverse effects on the environment which cannot be altered after damage being done. Energy production from fossil fuel is the main reason for environmental degradation which effects on human health, disturbs the ecological equilibrium and biotic diversity. There is a requirement of the alternate and renewable source to tackle the energy demand as well as keeping a safe environment. Bioenergy productions from biofuels have emerged as one of the most popular sources. The biofuels are a promising, renewable and eco-friendly source of energy that can replace fossil. To avoid the effects of growing energy demand on the environment, human life in near future and satisfy present energy demand, these biofuels have the potential to provide energy services with almost zero emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. This paper aims at emphasizing the production of biodiesel from Aegle marmelos Correa seed oil. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95% was obtained using a potassium hydroxide catalyst. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were determined as per American Society for Testing Method D6751 standards. It can be concluded that biodiesel produced from Aegle marmelos Correa seed oil can be another energy source to substitute the petroleum diesel fuel. Further, AMC biodiesel can be a promising source to produce hydrogen for fuel cell application.

Analysis on the impact of biodiesel–ethanol–diesel fuel on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine

ABSTRACTBased on the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, ethanol and diesel fuels, biodiesel–ethanol–diesel (abbreviated as BED) fuel were produced by compounding. The compatibility and stability of the BED and its compact on diesel engine performance and emissions were studied experimentally with six different BED fuels. The results show the following findings. Firstly, the biodiesel, ethanol, and diesel constituents can keep soluble at certain proportions when the volume ratio of the biodiesel is 25%~55% of the BED fuels. Secondly, the engine power decreases slightly, and the reduction amplitude becomes larger when the proportions of ethanol and biodiesel increase at medium speeds and high loads. Moreover, the power of the engine using the B30E10D60 fuel decreases by 10.2% when the engine is running at maximum torque condition. Thirdly, there is no significant variation in equivalent fuel consumption rate at low loads, and the fuel consumption rate becomes lower with the increase of oxygen content at high loads. Therefore, the equivalent fuel consumption rates of BED fuels are lower than that of pure diesel (petrochemical diesel). Finally, the CO emission of the BED is almost the same as that of pure diesel at low loads, but becomes lower at high loads. The NOx emission of the BED is slightly lower than that of pure diesel at low loads, but becomes higher at high loads. The NOx emission increases with the increase of biodiesel proportion and decreases with the increase of ethanol proportion. The THC emission of the BED is almost the same as that of pure diesel at low loads and becomes lower at high loads. The THC emission decreases when the biodiesel proportion increases, and increases when the ethanol proportion increases.

Experimental data and prediction of the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel

In this work, production of biodiesel from blends of virgin castor oil (VCO) and waste frying oil (WFO) was studied. Initial blends and the biodiesel obtained were characterized and the properties were analyzed statistically. Results indicated that the content of WFOs of the blends influenced the physical and chemical properties of the biofuel, but did not influence the rheological behavior of the biodiesel. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were also predicted using molecular descriptors (MDs) using several architectures of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Optimum architecture (configuration 10-2-20-3) was found for the lowest deviations in the three dependent variables (fuel acidity, ketone index, and kinematic viscosity).

Transterification of Used Cooking Oil and Jatropha Oil: Standardization of Process Parameters and Comparision of Fuel Characteristics

Biodiesel, which is made from renewable sources, consists of the simple alkyl esters of fatty acids.A two-step transesterification process was used to prepare methyl esters from high free fatty acid (FFA) non-edible oils In the present study, influence of key parameters like methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time were determined and compared for Used Cooking Oil(UCO) and Jatropha oil. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy(GC-MS) and elemental analysis were analyzed. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are influenced by the structural features of fatty acid, and are compared with the biodiesel standards (ASTM D6751)

Effects of Thermal, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel and Diesel Blends

The biodiesels are the fuels composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from the renewable energy sources, such as vegetable oil, animal fat, etc. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) from thermal, density and viscosity from physical and iodine value from the chemical properties has been considered for the study, by considering this objective the literature review was done through the research papers of last two decades. The conclusions drawn are as follows, the thermal property TGA is an important property which shows the distillation and decomposition, and it provides behavioural information of a substance are measured as a function of temperature. The density and viscosity from the physical properties for different biodiesel strongly affect the fuel consumptions of engine system and it has been seen that density and viscosity strongly dependent on the temperature. The iodine value from chemical properties, the iodine value for different biodiesel and diesel blends increases as the biodiesel fractions increases in the blends.

Impact of fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Jatropha and Alexandrian laurel biodiesel blends: An analysis of performance and emission characteristics

This experimental investigation deals with the effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition and the physicochemical properties of biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. FAME compositions have a considerable influence on the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, such as density, viscosity, heating value, cetane number (CN), oxidation stability, and cold flow properties. The performance and emissions of a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine were studied under varying speeds and full load condition. For this investigation, 10% and 20% blends of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum), and palm biodiesels (JB, ALB, and PB, respectively) were used, and the results were compared with that of the B5 fuel (95% diesel and 5% palm biodiesel). The content of saturated fatty acid (methyl palmitate) for ALB and JB was found to be 23.3% and 20.4% higher respectively than that for PB. In total, PB showed 19.8% higher saturation than JB, while ALB showed 7.3% higher saturation than JB because of their higher content of longer chain saturated fatty acid (methyl stearate). The CNs of all three biodiesels increased with the increase of carbon chain length and saturation level, whereas iodine value and saponification value decreased with the increase of saturation level. An average of 2.8% and 4.5% brake power reduction were observed in the case of 10% and 20% biodiesel blends respectively. Brake specific fuel consumption increased in the range of 6%–20% compared with B5 fuel, whereas carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased significantly. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased in the range of 9%–23% for the 10% and 20% biodiesel blends with respect to B5 fuel.

Comparative Study of Free Fatty Acid Composition and Physico Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Produced from Various Non Edible Oil Seeds

Comparative Study of Free Fatty Acid Composition and Physico Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Produced from Various Non Edible Oil Seeds

Influence of fatty acids content in non-edible oil for biodiesel properties

Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are influenced by the structural features of fatty acid, such as with saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, seven non-edible oils have been selected, which include waste cooking oil derived palm olein, Calophyllum inophyllum, jatropha oil, castor oil, rubber seed oil, kapok seed oil and karanja oil. The critical parameters, e.g. cetane number (CN), iodine value (IV) and oxidation stability (OS) of biodiesel were correlated with the degree of unsaturated (DU) fatty acid, whereas the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) was correlated with the long chain saturated factor (LCSF). To meet the minimum EU requirement of EN 14214 of the critical parameter, the DU value of the CN was ≤133.5, IV ≤123.2 and OS ≤98.9. The LCSF values satisfied the Spanish regional standard—RD 61/2006 in summer (0 °C) at ≤8.4 and winter (−10 °C) at ≤0.1 of the CFPP. Based on the composition of the saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, a triangular chart for the biodiesel property prediction was developed. This can then be used as a reference for non-edible oils.

Pangium edule Reinw: A Promising Non-edible Oil Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks is currently drawing much attention due to legitimate concerns about the effects of using edible oil for fuel. Pangium edule Reinw is a non-edible feedstock. Pangium is a tall tree native to the Micronesia, Melanesia and the mangrove swamps of South-East Asia. In this study, biodiesel production and characterization from P. edule oil was reported. The seeds were obtained from Bogor, Indonesia. The oil was found to have an acid value of 19.62 mg KOH/g oil. Therefore, a two-step acid–base-catalysed transesterification was used to produce biodiesel. This was followed by evaluating the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel. It has been found that the determined properties of P. edule methyl ester indicate that the oil can be considered as a future biodiesel source. The most remarkable feature of P. edule is its cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points. This biodiesel yielded cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points of –6, –4 and –8 °C, respectively. This indicates the viability of using this biodiesel in cold countries. Therefore, it is suggested that more research should be conducted on P. edule for future biodiesel production.

BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS OF COTTON SEEDS OIL (CEIBA PENTANDRA) BY CHEMICALLY TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS AND ION FRAGMENTATION OF METHYL ESTER

Fossil fuel is Commercial energy sources in many communities where their abundance progressively reduced and the resulting environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one alternative fuel made from vegetable oils are suitable to replace the function of fossil fuels and environmentally friendly. Synthesis of biodiesel from cotton seeds oil was carried out by chemically transesterification process. Composition of methyl esters in biodiesel and was analyzed by GC-MS are methyl palmitate (16.71 %), methyl 8,11- octadecadienoic (46.45 %) and methyl linoleate (4.21 %). The highest biodiesel produced from the conversion of the cotton seeds oil amounted to 93.7 % in weight ratio of oil and methanol (1:1) with the catalyst KOH 1 % (<sup>w</sup>/<sub>w</sub> of oil). Chemical properties of biodiesel produced meets the standard SNI 04-7182-2006 include saponification value of 120.167 mg KOH / g, acid value of 0.28 mg KOH / g and iod value 55.84 g iod/100g.

Evaluation of the effects of engine parameters on performance and emissions of diesel engine operating with biodiesel blend

Diminishing resources, alarming pollution levels and escalating price associated with the application of diesel in compression ignition engine have forced scientific community throughout the world to conduct several experiments for the evaluation of biodiesel (BD) as a substitute for diesel. Due to difference in the physical and chemical properties of BD and diesel, the engine parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) may not be optimum for BD, especially for higher blends. The present study is carried out with the aim to investigate the combined effect of CR, IP and IT on the performance and emission of a diesel engine widely used in agriculture sector in India, fuelled with B40 (40% BD and 60% diesel on a volume basis). Furthermore, this paper also aims to find the optimum engine parameters. A total of 27 sets of experiments were conducted for different combination of engine parameters and 162 sets of performance and emission data were recorded with varying load conditions. Adjustment of operating parameters was helpful to overcome the shortcoming of higher blend of BD (B40). The results demonstrated that higher CR (18:1) and IP (240 bar) along with advance IT (26° bTDC) is the best combination for a constant speed engine with brake power of 3.5 kW.

Microalgal Species Selection for Biodiesel Production Based on Fuel Properties Derived from Fatty Acid Profiles

Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are influenced by structural features of the fatty acids, such as chain length, degree of unsaturation and branching of the carbon chain. This study investigated if microalgal fatty acid profiles are suitable for biodiesel characterization and species selection through Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and Graphical Analysis for Interactive Assistance (GAIA) analysis. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were used to calculate the likely key chemical and physical properties of the biodiesel [cetane number (CN), iodine value (IV), cold filter plugging point, density, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value] of nine microalgal species (this study) and twelve species from the literature, selected for their suitability for cultivation in subtropical climates. An equal-parameter weighted (PROMETHEE-GAIA) ranked Nannochloropsis oculata, Extubocellulus sp. and Biddulphia sp. highest; the only species meeting the EN14214 and ASTM D6751-02 biodiesel standards, except for the double bond limit in the EN14214. Chlorella vulgaris outranked N. oculata when the twelve microalgae were included. Culture growth phase (stationary) and, to a lesser extent, nutrient provision affected CN and IV values of N. oculata due to lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents. Application of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) weighting to saturation led to a lower ranking of species exceeding the double bond EN14214 thresholds. In summary, CN, IV, C18:3 and double bond limits were the strongest drivers in equal biodiesel parameter-weighted PROMETHEE analysis.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on physical and chemical properties of fatty acid methyl esters from Brassica napus oil

Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel that originates from a variety of oleaginous raw materials, although most studies have been traditionally based on vegetable oils. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the raw material most widely used in the production of biodiesel in temperate climate, i.e. central Europe, due to its physical properties and the content of oleic acid of its oil. However, this plant needs nitrogen fertilization at different stages of growth to achieve an optimal oilseed production, thus increasing costs. For this reason, the aim of this work was to find out the importance of nitrogen fertilization through the study of its influence on the physicochemical properties of both rapeseed oil and its biodiesel. Rapeseed variety “Lucia” was used to carry out this research. The oil from each sample of rapeseed was extracted using mechanical processing (cold pressed) and analyzed according to European standards. Results indicate some differences on the acid value and fatty acid composition among the samples of oil depending on the level of nitrogen fertilization. With respect to the fatty acid composition, the sample 0–0 (no nitrogen fertilization) showed a decrease on oleic acid compared to the rest of samples. With the aid of an experimental design, the optimum transesterification parameters were also determined. Results indicate that the temperature of the reaction and KOH increased for the sample 0–0, while less amount of methanol-to-oil ratio was needed. Finally the most important physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were analyzed. It may be concluded that nitrogen fertilization influences oil properties. Moreover, despite of the saving during the cultivation, when the crops are not fertilized there is a rise in biodiesel production costs due to an increase of the reaction transesterification temperature and KOH needs, besides the reduction in seeds production.