Abstract
Biodiesel, referred to as the monoalkyl ester of long-chain fatty acid ester that is synthesized by the complete transesterification of triglycerides, has captured the attention of drilling researchers attributing to its magnificent characteristics such as the high flash point, excellent lubricity, nontoxicity, high biodegradability, and abundant feedstock resources, which make it ecofriendly and technically and economically feasible for a sustainable drilling operation. There are several studies that reported and documented the usage of biodiesel in drilling fluids on laboratory and field scales. In this paper, the production and the key physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, the applications of biodiesel in drilling muds either as base fluids or additives were comprehensively surveyed. The literature review revealed that the challenges of biodiesel applications in drilling mud systems are related to its chemical reactivity and adverse interactions with some additives, along with its performance deficiency at temperature above 120°C. Therefore, further investigation on temperature stability and additive compatibility is recommended. In addition, as a new approach, it is recommended to study the potentiality of using crude waste oils in drilling mud formulations. The lessons learned and recommendations stated in this paper will assist in enhancing the proved use of biodiesel and drilling fluid optimization.
Highlights
Over the years, the petroleum industry has employed different chemicals and additives to design various fluid systems—named as drilling fluids or drilling muds—to drill a wellbore
The drilling fluid system must be designed and treated in a manner that its chemical and physical properties fulfil the optimum drilling performance criteria alleviating problems associated with drilling operations such as stuck pipe, wellbore instability, lost circulation, formation damage, and shale heaving [2,3,4,5]
The content of unsaturated fatty acids contained in biodiesel, reduces the liquidity resulting in higher kinematic viscosity and higher pour point [113, 114]
Summary
The petroleum industry has employed different chemicals and additives to design various fluid systems—named as drilling fluids or drilling muds—to drill a wellbore. Different base fluids were developed (i.e., synthetic hydrocarbons, ethers, acetals, and esters) [36,37,38]. Acetals can be generated by reacting an aldehyde with an alcohol or carbonyl compound in the presence of catalyzed acid, while the reaction of carboxylic acids with an alcohol under acidic conditions is used to produce the esters [22, 25] Among these synthetic-based muds, it had been realized that the ester-based mud has the best drilling practices and ecological performance [39,40,41,42,43]. A comprehensive assessment was conducted on the applications of biodiesel in drilling muds as base fluids or additives
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