Chemical Names Research Articles

LORA, Lipid Over-Representation Analysis Based on Structural Information.

With the increasing number of lipidomic studies, there is a need for an efficient and automated analysis of lipidomic data. One of the challenges faced by most existing approaches to lipidomic data analysis is lipid nomenclature. The systematic nomenclature of lipids contains all available information about the molecule, including its hierarchical representation, which can be used for statistical evaluation. The Lipid Over-Representation Analysis (LORA) web application (https://lora.metabolomics.fgu.cas.cz) analyzes this information using the Java-based Goslin framework, which translates lipid names into a standardized nomenclature. Goslin provides the level of lipid hierarchy, including information on headgroups, acyl chains, and their modifications, up to the "complete structure" level. LORA allows the user to upload the experimental query and reference data sets, select a grammar for lipid name normalization, and then process the data. The user can then interactively explore the results and perform lipid over-representation analysis based on selected criteria. The results are graphically visualized according to the lipidome hierarchy. The lipids present in the most over-represented terms (lipids with the highest number of enriched shared structural features) are defined as Very Important Lipids (VILs). For example, the main result of a demo data set is the information that the query is significantly enriched with "glycerophospholipids" containing "acyl 20:4" at the "sn-2 position". These terms define a set of VILs (e.g., PC 18:2/20:4;O and PE 16:0/20:4(5,8,10,14);OH). All results, graphs, and visualizations are summarized in a report. LORA is a tool focused on the smart mining of epilipidomics data sets to facilitate their interpretation at the molecular level.

Genome Taxonomy Database and SeqCode: Microbial Taxonomy and Nomenclature in the Age of Big Sequence Data

Genome Taxonomy Database and SeqCode: Microbial Taxonomy and Nomenclature in the Age of Big Sequence Data

Principles of Shaping and Composition of the Management Staff of Polish Industry (1945–1956)

Numerous studies on the economies of socialist countries indicate that one of the main sources of their weakness was the attitudes and behavior of “socialist managers”. Contrary to the predictions (e.g. by Joseph Schumpeter), they were not characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, the ability to lead changes or the ability to formulate strategies. This was due to the nomenclature system existing in all countries of the Soviet bloc. Nominations, promotions, but also dismissals were at the discretion of party bodies. It was the main source of the communist party’s dominance in the country and the fundamental factor guaranteeing control over all spheres of social and economic life. Determining why the nomenclature system turned out to be dysfunctional requires considering three issues: what were the goals of the communist personnel policy, what methods were used to implement it, and finally who were the people appointed to perform managerial functions in the economy. We will focus our analysis on the management of Polish industry in the years 1945–1956. This is because it was the most important sector of the economy of the People’s Republic of Poland, and the personnel policy mechanisms developed at that time remained valid until the end of the “real socialism” system.

Network pharmacology of xian-lian-jie-du decoction in ameliorating colorectal cancer

Objective: In this study, we screened for therapeutic targets of the Xian-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (XLJDD) for colorectal cancer (CRC) and explored the underlying mechanisms using network pharmacology techniques. Methods: Genes associated with CRC were collected from the GeneCards database. The names of the active compounds of XLJDD were used as keywords in the “chemical name” in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database to search the targets. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.1. Gene Ontology functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify key target proteins. Results: A total of 234 XLJDD-related targets and 250 cross-targets between XLJDD and CRC were collected based on the TCMSP and HIT 2.0 databases. A PPI network constructed based on the STRING database revealed interactions for all 250 proteins. The network results revealed TP53, MYC, CCND1, AKT1, CASP3, and STAT3 as core potential targets. KEGG pathway analysis of the 250 potential XLJDD targets for CRC in the Metascape database was performed using RStudio software. The top 12 gene ratio aggregated analysis results were visualized in bubble charts. The interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway had the highest correlation with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. Conclusions: XLJDD may be effective in ameliorating CRC by controlling inflammatory factors related to the IL-17 and TNF pathways and targeting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, including MYC, CCND1, CTNNB1, and TP53.

Anything but Little: aPictorial Review on Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellum.

Despite its small size the cerebellum is an anatomically complex and functionally important part of the brain. Traditionally the cerebellum is viewed as amotor control structure entirely devoted to motor control and learning, but recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies demonstrated significant involvement of the cerebellum in higher order cognitive functions. The anatomical complexity of the cerebellum is reflected by the several nomenclature systems that exist for the description of cerebellar anatomy. The cerebellum can be affected by avariety of pathological processes, including congenital, infectious and inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, degenerative and toxic metabolic diseases. The purpose of this pictorial review is to (1)provide ageneral overview of cerebellar anatomy and function, (2)demonstrate normal cerebellar anatomy on imaging studies, and (3)illustrate both common as well as rare pathological conditions affecting the cerebellum.

Non-animal-based options for animal-based foods- towards a systematic terminology.

The market has seen a rapid increase in animal-free products intended to replace animal-based foods due to concerns for human health and environmental sustainability. However, there is a lack of consistent terminology for these products, with various terms being used interchangeably, creating ambiguity. To address this issue, we propose a systematic nomenclature that defines the most commonly used terms, namely alternative, substitute, replacement, and analog, along with examples of each. In this nomenclature, a substitute primarily serves a culinary purpose, while a replacement is concerned with nutritional properties. An analog strives to satisfy both culinary and nutritional attributes to closely mimic animal-based foods in terms of sensory, nutritional, and functional characteristics. The term "alternative" serves as an umbrella term encompassing all possibilities. This work aims to promote a clearer understanding of such products and their intended use and facilitate a unified use of terminology across disciplines. This will also enable informed decision-making for consumers and greater transparency in the food industry. The health and environmental implications of these products are not discussed in this perspective.

Ludic didactic strategies for meaningful learning in undergraduate students

The interest in achieving meaningful learning in undergraduate science students, as well as the emergence of new teaching-learning theories, inevitably lead teachers to generate various strategies that allow them to transfer and create knowledge in undergraduates. In this sense, the objective of this article was to evaluate the implementation of ludic didactic strategies in the learning of chemical nomenclature in undergraduate students, that is, how both variables are related. This research was quantitative and qualitative, descriptive and correlational, cross-sectional and the sample population by convenience of 104 students of the Bachelor's Degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biology. A measuring instrument with 15 items was used, validated by expert judgment and by means of Cronbach's Alpha Index. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing. The findings show that the implementation of ludic didactic strategies by teachers favors learning in chemical nomenclature in undergraduate students. This contributes directly to the state of the art, although there is an evolution in the teaching-learning theories, there are still knowledge gaps in their applicability for educational benefit.

A comprehensive analysis of the Bencao (herbal) small RNA Atlas reveals novel RNA therapeutics for treating human diseases.

Cross-kingdom herbal miRNA was first reported in 2012. Using a modified herbal extraction protocol, we obtained 73,677,287 sequences by RNA-seq from 245 traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), of which 20,758,257 were unique sequences. We constructed a Bencao (herbal) small RNA (sRNA) Atlas ( http://bencao.bmicc.cn ), annotated the sequences by sequence-based clustering, and created a nomenclature system for Bencao sRNAs. The profiles of 21,757 miRNAs in the Atlas were highly consistent with those of plant miRNAs in miRBase. Using software tools, our results demonstrated that all human genes might be regulated by sRNAs from the Bencao sRNA Atlas, part of the predicted human target genes were experimentally validated, suggesting that Bencao sRNAs might be one of the main bioactive components of herbal medicines. We established roadmaps for oligonucleotide drugs development and optimization of TCM prescriptions. Moreover, the decoctosome, a lipo-nano particle consisting of 0.5%-2.5% of the decoction, demonstrated potent medical effects. We propose a Bencao (herbal) Index, including small-molecule compounds (SM), protein peptides (P), nucleic acid (N), non-nucleic and non-proteinogenic large-molecule compounds (LM) and elements from Mendeleev's periodic table (E), to quantitatively measure the medical effects of botanic medicine. The Bencao sRNA Atlas is a resource for developing gene-targeting oligonucleotide drugs and optimizing botanical medicine, and may provide potential remedies for the theory and practice of one medicine.

P-703 The role of maternal polymorphic karyotype variants among embryonic ploidy and mosaicism status in patients undergoing IVF treatments

Abstract Study question Is there a relationship between the chromosomal status of biopsied embryos and the presence of polymorphic variants in the female karyotype in IVF cycles? Summary answer The chromosomal status of biopsied embryos is prejudiced because of the presence of specific maternal polymorphic variants (qh-, qh+ and ps+) or combinations of them. What is known already Due to the increasing average age of patients who undergo IVF cycles with their own oocytes, more cycles are performed with embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic test of aneuploidies (PGT-A). Thus, advanced maternal age has been defined as the main factor causing embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. However, few studies have established direct relationships with other factors. The prevalence of chromosomal polymorphic variants has a higher incidence in the infertile population, which is why there is a need to know the role they play in the genetic inheritance of embryos. Study design, size, duration Retrospective evaluation of a cohort of women who underwent autologous IVF cycles and karyotyping. The sample included 162 IVF cycles with embryo biopsy on D5 and/or D6 for PGT-A, performed between July 2017-December 2021: control group (CG) with normal karyotype (86) and study group (SG) with presence of polymorphisms (76). We studied the connection between maternal karyotype polymorphisms and molecular genetic outcomes in terms of euploid, mosaic, and aneuploid blastocyst rates. Participants/materials, setting, methods The analysis of the karyotype of women, prior to the IVF cycle, was performed using the guidelines of the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN). The trophoectoderm biopsies on D5 and/or D6 blastocysts were analysed by NGS using the Illumina platform (VeriSeq Illumina®, San Diego, CA, USA). The association between the different polymorphic variants in the female karyotype and chromosomal status of embryos was analysed using R (v. 4.2.0) statistical software. Main results and the role of chance We analyzed the results of 483 embryos from 162 IVF-PGT-A cycles. Mean female age was 39.05±2.72 (CG) and 38.97±2.90 (SG). Mean number of mature oocytes (MII) was 7.16±3.94 (CG) and 8.01±5.33 (SG). Mean number of biopsied embryos was 2.97±2.15 (CG) and 2.93±1.88 (SG). No statistically significant differences were found between the CG and SG groups in terms of the rate of euploid embryos: 26.99% vs 21.50% (p = 0.3), transferable mosaic embryos: 8.90% vs 6.76% (p = 0.5), aneuploid embryos: 61.98% vs 69.96% (p = 0.12) and non-informative embryos: 2.13% vs 1.78% (p = 0.2), respectively. However, an increase in the rate of chromosomally abnormal embryos was observed when analysing each polymorphism individually. In females carrying the qh+ variant, we found a statistically significant decrease in the euploid embryo rate: 10.97% vs 26.00% found in CG (p = 0.036). Moreover, the variants qh+ and ps+ increased the rate of aneuploid embryos: 84.17% vs 63.48% in CG (p = 0.013) and 73.52% vs 61.30% in CG (p = 0.021), respectively. Furthermore, it is found that the qh- variant increased the rate of transferable mosaic embryos: 20.00% vs 8.90% in CG (p = 0.025). The results were corrected for confounding variables such as maternal age, oocyte origin and male factor variables, including polymorphic variants in the male karyotype. Limitations, reasons for caution Presence of unmeasured variables that may influence the results. Larger prospective studies including homogeneous cohorts are needed in order to corroborate our initial results. Wider implications of the findings The results show that polymorphic variants in the female karyotype may have a direct effect on the embryonic ploidy and mosaicism status. Therefore, it would be advisable for patients who undergo IVF-PGT-A cycles to have a karyotype performed and be informed of the implications that it may entail. Trial registration number Not applicable

P-235 Influence of female karyotype polymorphic variants on oocyte quality and embryo development

Abstract Study question Do polymorphic variants in the karyotype of women undergoing an IVF cycle directly affect oocyte and embryo laboratory parameters? Summary answer The presence of certain polymorphic variants negatively affects the oocyte survival rate and the blastocyst quality in an IVF cycle. What is known already In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of polymorphic variants in infertile patients because their incidence, compared to the fertile population, is increased. However, most research has focused on the male patient study. Several studies have reported information about clinical outcomes, but the influence they may have on IVF laboratory procedures and embryo development has rarely been studied up to the blastocyst stage. In addition, it is very rare to find publications that show the study of polymorphisms according to their type or combination. Study design, size, duration Retrospective evaluation of a cohort of women who underwent autologous IVF cycles and karyotyping. The sample included 424 IVF cycles performed between July 2017-December 2021: control group (CG) with normal karyotype (211) and study group (SG) with polymorphisms (213). We studied the correlation between karyotype polymorphisms and laboratory outcomes in terms of: Number of Oocytes Retrieved, Fresh Oocyte Maturity (MII), Oocyte Survival after Thawing (TS), Fertilization (FZ), Oocyte Degeneration (OD) and Non-viable embryo rates. Participants/materials, setting, methods Analysis of the women karyotype, prior to the IVF cycle, was performed using the guidelines of the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN). Differences between the different study groups (presence or absence of different chromosomal polymorphisms) were assessed with the appropriate statistical test according to the normality or non-normality of the variable distribution. Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software (v.4.2.0) and SPSS (v.23.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Main results and the role of chance Average female age was 37.72 ± 3.98 (CG) and 36.73 ± 3.59 (SG). Average number of mature oocytes (MII) was: 6.45 ± 4.96(CG) and 7.59 ± 5.10 (SG). Statistically significant differences were found regarding the number of oocytes retrieved between the CG (8.14 ± 5.90) and the SG (9.53 ± 6.63) (p = 0.036), increasing when the ps+ variant was present (9.75 ± 7.21) (p = 0.045). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the presence of polymorphism (SG) and the CG in terms of: number of MII: 79.85% vs. 80.48% (p = 0.447), FZ: 73.76% vs. 70.49% (p = 0.352) and OD: 8.76% vs. 8.36% (p = 0.563) rates. In addition, the TS rate was statistically significant when there was the ps+ variant (82.95%) (p = 0.010) and/or combinations of more than one polymorphic variant (87.80%) (p = 0.044), compared to the CG (93.51%). Finally, according to embryo quality there was an increase in the non-viable embryos rate, on day 5 and/or day 6 of development, between the CG (34.17%) and the SG (43.02%) (p < 0.001), increasing when the ps+ variable was present (45.57%) (p < 0.001) and/or combinations of more than one polymorphic variant (p = 0.045). The results were corrected for confounding variables such as maternal age, oocyte origin and male factor variables, including polymorphic variants in the male karyotype. Limitations, reasons for caution Other variables that have not been analyzed may influence the outcomes. Larger prospective studies including homogeneous cohorts are needed in order to corroborate our initial results. Wider implications of the findings The polymorphic variants in the female karyotype, especially the “ps+” variant and the combination of multiple variants, could influence certain parameters in the laboratory. Therefore, it is important to request a karyotype to all patients before starting IVF treatment. Trial registration number NOT APPLICABLE

RP-LC Method Development and Validation for Dasatinib Forced Degradation Study: Isolation and Structural Characterization by NMR and HRMS.

A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the quantification of a typical drug Dasatinib (DST) and its related impurities in pharmaceuticals. Kinetex C18 (4.6 × 150mm, 5μm) column was used in the chromatographic separations, using buffer (1.36g of KH2PO4 in 1000mL of water, pH = 7.8; adjusted with diluted KOH solution) with solvent as acetonitrile and mode of elution as the gradient. The flow rate is 0.9mL/min, column oven temperature as 45°C and the overall gradient run time as 65min. The developed method was found to produce symmetric and good separation between the process-related and degradation impurities. Method optimization is achieved with photodiode array at 305nm over the concentration range of 0.5mg/mL and degradation studies were carried out under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions to demonstrate the stability indicating capability of the method. Two major impurities were found in forced degradation studies in the HPLC analysis, the unknown, acid degradants were enriched and isolated by preparative HPLC, then characterized through high-resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The unknown acid degradation impurity was showing Exact Mass of 521.11, molecular formula C22H25Cl2N7O2S and its chemical name as 2-(5-chloro-6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino)-N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl) thiazole-5-carboxamide. Another impurity (oxidative degradant) found as known DST N-oxide Impurity-L and its chemical name as 4-(6-((5-((2-chloro-6-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) thiazol-2-yl) amino)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine 1-oxide. The analytical HPLC method was further validated as per ICH guidelines.

Understanding the Risk of CBN Degradation - A Novel use for OxySorbTM & CannaFreshTM Oxygen Absorbers in Cannabis Storage

As cannabis (Cannabis sativa) legalization continues to sweep the globe, more and more people are enjoying the benefits of this muchloved plant. However, with increased use comes greater responsibility - especially when it comes to proper storage. CBN (cannabinol; C21H26O2) formation from the degradation of THC is of major concern[1]. Over time, however, CBN can begin to degrade when exposed to light or oxygen [2]. In fact, law enforcement agencies use the ratio of THC to CBN to estimate the age, and time stored of Cannabis when it has been sold illegally [3]. Cannabinoids in cannabis degrade into simpler compounds that are much less potent than their original form. Degraded terpenes will lead to a decrease in strong flavour and smell, as well as an overall decrease in potency [4], especially the psychoactive THC Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or C21H30O2 usually refers to the Delta-9-THC isomer with the chemical name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and is a terpenoid. CBD like the “Yin” or the THC “Yang”, complements the “high” with muscle relaxant, and anti-inflammatory properties [5]. As such, it is important for medicinal cannabis manufacturers and suppliers to ensure there is an oxygen-free environment to reduce potential THC degradation to CBN. One such innovation is the patented [6], OxySorbTM [7] & CannaFreshTM oxygen absorbers and desiccant systems. Wholesale Group International Pty. Ltd. (Australia) is the owner of both trademarks which are currently being trialed with a leading Global Cannabis researcher and manufacturer and the author of this discussion paper. Oxygen absorbers have been shown to be safe and an effective way to preserve food and plant material as per the study by Cichello [8]. Patent is shown in Table 1.

Cytogenetic Analysis of Patients with Hematological Malignancies

With this study, we aim to summarize and assess the activity and performance of the Cytogenetic sector of the Laboratory of Medical Genetics—Varna, regarding the conventional cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow samples from patients with (onco)hematological diagnoses. Another purpose is to evaluate the tendencies noticed over a period of eleven years to draw conclusions and share our experience. We have performed the analysis with the G-banding technique on 2653 samples from patients of age 0–93 yr by the current European recommendations and the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature. The greater part of these samples (90.9%) was with an indication of a hematological malignancy, most commonly Acute myeloid leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Acute lymphoid leukemia, Chronic myeloid leukemia, and Multiple myeloma. Analysis was successful in 2215 (83.5%)—from those normal karyotypes were found in 1492 (67.4%) and pathology in 723 (32.6%). Regarding the latter, the most common were complex karyotypes (30.6%), Philadelphian chromosome (21.3%), trisomy 8 (5.9%), and deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5 (4.3%). Cytogenetic analysis is a method with great impact on the evaluation of many hematological malignancies and for this reason, it remains an essential part of routine assessment of these diseases. The disadvantages of it mainly in the field of oncohematological diseases, recognized by the scientific society and confirmed in our own experience, suggest a need for an additional genetic method to overcome these limitations.

DigiMOF: A Database of Metal-Organic Framework Synthesis Information Generated via Text Mining.

The vastness of materials space, particularly that which is concerned with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), creates the critical problem of performing efficient identification of promising materials for specific applications. Although high-throughput computational approaches, including the use of machine learning, have been useful in rapid screening and rational design of MOFs, they tend to neglect descriptors related to their synthesis. One way to improve the efficiency of MOF discovery is to data-mine published MOF papers to extract the materials informatics knowledge contained within journal articles. Here, by adapting the chemistry-aware natural language processing tool, ChemDataExtractor (CDE), we generated an open-source database of MOFs focused on their synthetic properties: the DigiMOF database. Using the CDE web scraping package alongside the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) MOF subset, we automatically downloaded 43,281 unique MOF journal articles, extracted 15,501 unique MOF materials, and text-mined over 52,680 associated properties including the synthesis method, solvent, organic linker, metal precursor, and topology. Additionally, we developed an alternative data extraction technique to obtain and transform the chemical names assigned to each CSD entry in order to determine linker types for each structure in the CSD MOF subset. This data enabled us to match MOFs to a list of known linkers provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry UK Ltd. (TCI) and analyze the cost of these important chemicals. This centralized, structured database reveals the MOF synthetic data embedded within thousands of MOF publications and contains further topology, metal type, accessible surface area, largest cavity diameter, pore limiting diameter, open metal sites, and density calculations for all 3D MOFs in the CSD MOF subset. The DigiMOF database and associated software are publicly available for other researchers to rapidly search for MOFs with specific properties, conduct further analysis of alternative MOF production pathways, and create additional parsers to search for additional desirable properties.

Integration of a surgical robotic arm to the connected operating room via ISO IEEE 11073 SDC

PurposeSince 2019, intraoperative networking with ISO IEEE 11073 SDC has, for the first time, enabled standardized multi-vendor data exchange between medical devices. For seamless plug-and-play integration of devices without previous configuration, further specifications for device profiles (“device specializations”) on top of the existing core standards must be developed. These generic interfaces are then incorporated into the standardization process.MethodsAn existing classification scheme of robotic assistance functions is being adopted and used as a baseline to derive functional requirements for a universal interface for modular robot arms. Additionally, the robot system requires machine-machine interfaces (MMI) to a surgical navigation system and a surgical planning software in order to carry out its function. Further technical requirements are derived from these MMI. The functional and technical requirements motivate the design of an SDC-compatible device profile. The device profile is then assessed for feasibility.ResultsWe present a new modeling of a device profile for surgical robotic arms intended for neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery. The modeling in SDC succeeds for the most part. However, some details of the proposed model cannot yet be realized within the framework of the existing SDC standards. Some aspects can already be realized, but could be better supported in the future by the nomenclature system. These improvements are being presented as well.ConclusionThe proposed device profile presents a first step toward a uniform technical description model for modular surgical robot systems. The current SDC core standards lack some functionality to fully support the proposed device profile. These could be defined in future work and then included in standardization efforts.

ERBB family fusions are recurrent and actionable oncogenic targets across cancer types.

Gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) define an important class of genomic alterations with many successful targeted therapies now approved for ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRK gene fusions. Fusions involving the ERBB family of RTKs have been sporadically reported, but their frequency has not yet been comprehensively analyzed and functional characterization is lacking on many types of ERBB fusions. We analyzed tumor samples submitted to Caris Life Sciences (n=64,354), as well as the TCGA (n=10,967), MSK IMPACT (n=10,945) and AACR GENIE (n=96,324) databases for evidence of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4 gene fusions. We also expressed several novel fusions in cancer cell lines and analyzed their response to EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In total, we identified 1,251 ERBB family fusions, representing an incidence of approximately 0.7% across all cancer types. EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB4 fusions were most frequently found in glioblastoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer, respectively. We modeled two novel types of EGFR and ERBB2 fusions, one with a tethered kinase domain and the other with a tethered adapter protein. Specifically, we expressed EGFR-ERBB4, EGFR-SHC1, ERBB2-GRB7 and ERBB2-SHC1, in cancer cell lines and demonstrated that they are oncogenic, regulate downstream signaling and are sensitive to small molecule inhibition with EGFR and HER2 TKIs. We found that ERBB fusions are recurrent mutations that occur across multiple cancer types. We also establish that adapter-tethered and kinase-tethered fusions are oncogenic and can be inhibited with EGFR or HER2 inhibitors. We further propose a nomenclature system to categorize these fusions into several functional classes.

Brewers lost in wild yeast nomenclature

In recent decades many changes have been adopted in the fungal nomenclature, including the names of yeasts, to achieve a more natural and uniform systematics. The use of one correct name is essential for communication, the search for new knowledge, research studies or business purposes not only in the brewing branch. Nevertheless, how can such rapid progress be followed? The paper attempted to briefly explain the reasons for immense changes that have occurred in the taxonomic and nomenclatural system mainly as a result of modern molecular findings. The process of reclassification is demonstrated on a group of selected contaminants currently detected in Czech beers or breweries. This article presents several online databases that document the ongoing changes and make it easy for experts from various fields to find valid names.

(221) Proposal to add a new Recommendation after Article 38, with the advice to report local/indigenous vernacular names (if available) of new taxa and to use such names, if appropriate, in scientific nomenclature

Vernacular names and ethnobiological classifications of plants, fungi and other organisms form a valid ethnobotanical/ethnobiological system that is independent of, but at the same time complementary to, the system of scientific biological nomenclature (see Berlin, Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies. 2014; Heenan & al. in New Zealand J. Bot. 59: 291–322. 2021; McGlone & al. in New Zealand J. Bot. 60: 215–226. 2022; and references therein). However, many scientific (Latin/latinized) names of organisms are based on or derived from ancient Greek or Latin vernacular names (Stearn, Bot. Latin, ed. 3. 1983), while some other scientific names use vernacular names of organisms in other languages. Wright & Gillman (in Taxon 71: 6–10. 2022; see also Gillman & Wright in Commun. Biol. 3: 609. 2020) proposed to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) by allowing the retroactive replacement of scientific names and/or epithets of plants and other organisms in favour of “indigenous names”, meaning vernacular names used by indigenous peoples. These ideas received much public attention and were discussed or criticized in several publications (see Knapp & al. in Taxon 69: 1409–1410. 2020; Heenan & al., l.c.; Palma & Heath in Bionomina 22: 32–38. 2021; McGlone & al., l.c.); see also detailed, critical comments by Mosyakin (in Taxon, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12837, and references therein). However, we understand that for many people the recognition of traditional knowledge of plants, fungi, and algae and the reflection of local/indigenous vernacular names of those organisms in scientific nomenclature is indeed important. In partial response to these sentiments and concerns, we propose the following new Recommendation to be added after Art. 38. “38F.1. When describing new taxa that have existing local or indigenous vernacular names, authors are advised to report these names and associated information on traditional knowledge in the protologue and, if appropriate and feasible, to use the local or indigenous vernacular names in forming the scientific names of new taxa.” The present proposal does not encourage any rejection or replacement of existing legitimate names with “indigenous” ones (as suggested by Wright & Gillman, l.c. and Gillman & Wright, l.c.). We strongly believe that Art. 51.1 of the Code, stating that “A legitimate name must not be rejected merely because it, or its epithet, is inappropriate or disagreeable, or because another is preferable or better known (but see Art. 56.1 and F.7.1), or because it has lost its original meaning”, should remain in full force. We are grateful to Nicholas J. Turland (Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) for his valuable advice and editorial improvements.

Cytogenetic Analysis of Patients with Recurrent Miscarriages

Objective: To evaluate the cytogenetic analysis of patients with recurrent miscarriages. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study, Department of Hematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi from February 2022 to August 2022. Methodology: 196 patients (98 couples) of recurrent miscarriages within the reproductive age group were included. Cases with known anatomical or endocrinal causes of recurrent miscarriages were excluded. Couples with abnormal reproductive tract anatomy or abnormal endocrine functions were excluded. A standardized system for human cytogenetic nomenclature was used for identifying all chromosomal aberrations. Axioscope microscopes (MetaSystems, Germany) were used for visualizing the metaphases, and MetaSystems software (MetaSystems, Germany) was used to determine the karyotype of each metaphase. Data were analyzed using the student t-test and Chi-square test. A p-value =0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 98 couples, most of the couples experienced 3 miscarriages. The difference in ages between males and females was significant (p-value <0.001). Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 7 (7.2%) of females and 5 (5.2%) of males. Positive family history of RPL was noted in 27 (13.8%) of the participants. A total of 12/196 (6.1%) males and females experiencing RPL had chromosomal anomalies. Out of these 1 individual (0.5%) had structural aberration, 1(0.5%) numerical abnormality, and 10 (5.1%) were found to have Chromosome Polymorphism. Conclusions: Translocations, numerical aberrations, and chromosomal polymorphism are common cytogenetic abnormalities noted in cases with RPL. Clinicians should refer such couples for karyotyping to rule out the possible genetic causes of recurrent miscarriages

Alcohol or Ethanol? Teaching Organic Chemistry Nomenclature in an Informal Environment

The basics of organic chemistry nomenclature were introduced in a laboratory organized in a nonformal environment such as a science festival. The laboratory, divided into three distinct but interconnected activities, was aimed not only at secondary school students but also at lay people. The intent was to explain the importance of associating a name to a molecular structure and conversely and that this is relevant not only for scientists but also in everyday life in order to better understand the properties of commonly used molecules. The overall goal was to stimulate interest in chemical topics with the aid of fun and engaging activities.