Biosignals Research Articles

Biomarker evidence for the prolongation of multiple phytoplankton blooms in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction was the most catastrophic event for life in the Phanerozoic eon because it impacted numerous organisms, from micro-sized photosynthetic organisms to large (meter-long) animals and fundamentally altered marine and terrestrial ecosystems. C33n-alkyl cyclohexane (C33-ACH), an angstrom-size molecular fossil of phytoplankton, has been widely found in Permian–Triassic (P-Tr) marine sediments, associated with the collapse of the marine ecosystems at the end-Permian mass extinction. Here, we describe multiple C33-ACH spikes in the Lower Triassic succession at the Chaohu section of the South China Block, which imply that phytoplankton blooms occurred repeatedly during the early–middle Early Triassic. Comparison with previous studies shows that C33-ACH was not only globally enriched at the P-Tr boundary, but also abundant at the Induan–Olenekian boundary and middle Smithian in both the South China and Boreal seas. In addition, the Chaohu section record reveals a C33-ACH peak at the Smithian–Spathian boundary. Moreover, the C33-ACH spikes were synchronous with the peaks of mercury and the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio. Since the peaks in mercury and the Pr/Ph ratio indicate increased volcanic activity and large influxes of terrestrial source material into the ocean, the correspondence between the high abundance of C33-ACH with mercury and Pr/Ph ratio peaks implies that volcanism and riverine nutrient input fertilized the surface phytoplankton, which triggered the expansion of anoxia that in turn delayed the benthic metazoan recovery.

Automatic Mood and Gloom Detection using Visual Inputs

In natural psychological equilibrium, tension may be generally perceived as disturbance. If a user is unable to reconcile the expectations imposed on him/ her with user capacity to deal to them, so it generates tension and produces burden on mental health. Gloom may be generally described as psychological equilibrium disruption. One of major research fields of biomedical engineering is Gloom detection, as proper Gloom prevention could be easy. Facial expression recognition is the process of identifying human emotion. This is both something that humans do automatically but computational methodologies have also been developed. Several bio signals are available. Which are useful in identifying levels of Mood and Gloom since these signals indicate distinctive changes in the induction of Mood and Gloom. In this project, because of the easily accessible datasets on Kaggle, image processing is used as the primary candidate and the CNN model types have been formed which is used to predict the mood and gloom of persons.

Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR).

Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR).

Widespread Sterol Methyltransferase Participates in the Biosynthesis of Both C4α- and C4β-Methyl Sterols.

The 4-methyl steranes serve as molecular fossils and are used for studying both eukaryotic evolution and geological history. The occurrence of 4α-methyl steranes in sediments has long been considered evidence of products of partial demethylation mediated by sterol methyl oxidases (SMOs), while 4β-methyl steranes are attributed entirely to diagenetic generation from 4α-methyl steroids since possible biological sources of their precursor 4β-methyl sterols are unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown C4-methyl sterol biosynthetic pathway involving a sterol methyltransferase rather than the SMOs. We show that both C4α- and C4β-methyl sterols are end products of the sterol biosynthetic pathway in an endosymbiont of reef corals, Breviolum minutum, while this mechanism exists not only in dinoflagellates but also in eukaryotes from alveolates, haptophytes, and aschelminthes. Our discovery provides a previously untapped route for the generation of C4-methyl steranes and overturns the paradigm that all 4β-methyl steranes are diagenetically generated from the 4α isomers. This may facilitate the interpretation of molecular fossils and understanding of the evolution of eukaryotic life in general.

Molecular fossils and calcareous nannofossils reveal recurrent phytoplanktonic events in the early Toarcian

During the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic, ~183 Ma) global climate and environmental change profoundly impacted biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems culminating in the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). The T-OAE exhibited a global temperature rise and carbon cycle perturbation that manifested in a stepwise negative Toarcian carbon isotope excursion. While the response of marine invertebrates towards early Toarcian environmental change is well documented, that of marine primary producers is only poorly constrained and is mainly inferred from changes in algae groups producing hard parts, such as calcareous nannoplankton and organic-walled dinoflagellates. Both biotic groups, however, represent only a small part of the marine phytoplankton, the majority of which lack parts with preservation potential in the geosphere. In order to obtain a holistic view on the response of marine primary producers towards the early Toarcian environmental perturbation, we here conducted a high-resolution study based on the combined application of molecular fossils (biomarker) and calcareous nannofossils. Upon the climax of the T-OAE our data indicate that the marine phytoplankton community structure was dominated by eukaryotic algae, which experienced at least five distinct paleoecological events. Each of these was characterized by a demise of red algae groups and shallow- and deep-dwelling calcareous nannoplankton, and a contemporaneous proliferation of opportunistic green algae groups. An increase of poorly developed coccoliths (resembling protococcoliths) during each phytoplankton event attests to periodically harsh environmental conditions in surface waters. Each phytoplankton event was followed by a recovery of pre-event algal communities, indicative of a cyclicity in unstable and fluctuating environmental conditions. During the onset of the T-OAE, phytoplankton events align with negative δ 13 C shifts, suggesting that changes in the global carbon cycle and the climate system impacted on marine primary producers. Phytoplankton events, particularly during the onset of the T-OAE, were accompanied by recurrent freshening of surface waters during warming periods, suggesting these were the most important ecological drivers. Cyclicity in phytoplankton events followed the short eccentricity (100 kyr) orbital frequency, emphasizing the role of orbital forcing in early Toarcian environmental change and ecosystem disturbances. Ecosystem change and extinction were not driven by a single event, but resulted from multiple disturbances that occurred superimposed onto long-term environmental change and culminated in the early Toarcian ecosystem crisis. • Biomarker and calcareous nannofossils reveal recurrent phytoplankton events. • Phytoplankton events record shift from red to green algae communities. • Phytoplankton events forced by high SST, surface water freshening and stratification. • Environmental change and phytoplankton events were paced by orbital cycles.

CMOS Trans Conductance based Instrumentation Amplifier for Various Biomedical Signal Analysis

Feed forward design techniques for the Trans-conductance operational amplifier removes the barriers of operating frequencies. It is now possible to design amplifiers with large the Trans-conductance that operates at Giga hertz frequency range. There are several Trans-conductance amplifiers used to design a medical and Industrial application that helps in processing various bio medical signals such as Electrocardiographs, Electroencephalographs, Electromyograms and several others. The proposed paper shows the implementation of an instrumentation amplifier using CMOS based the Trans-conductance operational amplifiers also the processing of biomedical ECG, EEG and EMG signals. The CMOS process technology helps to integrate complex circuits on minimal surface area. The Trans-conductance instrumentation operational amplifiers has features includes noise reduction, low DC offset, High output impedance and Common Mode rejection Ratio values. The circuit implementation and simulations has been done on Electronic Design and Automation tool with 0.13μm CMOS process technology.

Comprehensive Metabolic and Taxonomic Reconstruction of an Ancient Microbial Mat From the McMurdo Ice Shelf (Antarctica) by Integrating Genetic, Metaproteomic and Lipid Biomarker Analyses.

Paleobiological reconstructions based on molecular fossils may be limited by degradation processes causing differential preservation of biomolecules, the distinct taxonomic specificity of each biomolecule type, and analytical biases. Here, we combined the analysis of DNA, proteins and lipid biomarkers using 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding, metaproteomics and lipid analysis to reconstruct the taxonomic composition and metabolisms of a desiccated microbial mat from the McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) (Antarctica) dated ~1,000 years BP. The different lability, taxonomic resolution and analytical bias of each biomolecule type led to a distinct microbial community profile. DNA analysis showed selective preservation of DNA remnants from the most resistant taxa (e.g., spore-formers). In contrast, the proteins profile revealed microorganisms missed by DNA sequencing, such as Cyanobacteria, and showed a microbial composition similar to fresh microbial mats in the MIS. Lipid hydrocarbons also confirmed Cyanobacteria and suggested the presence of mosses or vascular plant remnants from a period in Antarctica when the climate was warmer (e.g., Mid-Miocene or Eocene). The combined analysis of the three biomolecule types also revealed diverse metabolisms that operated in the microbial mat before desiccation: oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, sulfur reduction and oxidation, and methanogenesis. Therefore, the joint analysis of DNA, proteins and lipids resulted in a powerful approach that improved taxonomic and metabolic reconstructions overcoming information gaps derived from using individual biomolecules types.

Determining the double-bond positions of monounsaturated compounds in the alcohol fraction in seep carbonate

The unsaturation patterns of molecular fossils are critical in distinguishing their biological precursors and diagenetic processes. However, questions regarding the determination of double-bond positions of unsaturated dialkyl glycerol ethers (DAGEs) in submarine hydrocarbon seep ecosystems remain unsolved. To address this problem, a protocol for dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) derivative analysis using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry was optimised. Herein, the double-bond positions of monounsaturated short-chain alcohols, monoalkyl glycerol ethers (MAGEs), and DAGEs in seep carbonates were analysed. Among these compounds, the double-bond positions of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the monounsaturated DAGE-DMDS adducts were determined for the first time, with mass spectra characterized by molecular ions (M+·) and two major diagnostic ions (ω+ and Δ+) cleaved at the double bonds. For both the MAGEs and DAGEs, the double-bond positions of the monounsaturated n-C16:1-alkyl moieties were identified at ω5 and ω7. Compared to monounsaturated short-chain alcohols and MAGEs, both ionization efficiency and relative sensitivity for the TMS derivatives of DAGE-DMDS adducts were low as indicated by the high limit of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. In addition, the appropriate injection parameters and oven temperature program during GC analyses may be crucial in determining the double-bond positions within monounsaturated DAGEs.

A life of research on circular RNAs and ribozymes: towards the origin of viroids, deltaviruses and life

The first examples of circular RNAs (circRNAs) were reported in the ‘70s as a family of minimal infectious agents of flowering plants; the viroids and viral satellites of circRNA. In some cases, these small circular genomes encode self-cleaving RNA motifs or ribozymes, including an exceptional circRNA infecting not plants but humans: the Hepatitis Delta Virus. Autocatalytic ribozymes not only allowed to propose a common rolling-circle replication mechanism for all these subviral agents, but also a tentative link with the origin of life as molecular fossils of the so-called RNA world. Despite the weak biologic connection between angiosperm plants and the human liver, diverse scientists, and most notably Ricardo Flores, firmly supported an evolutionary relationship between plant viroids and human deltavirus agents. The tireless and inspiring work done by Ricardo's lab in the field of infectious circRNAs fuelled multiple hypotheses for the origin of these entities, allowing advances in other fields, from eukaryotic circRNAs to small ribozymes in genomes from all life kingdoms. The recent discovery of a plethora of viral-like circRNAs with ribozymes in disparate biological samples may finally allow us to connect plant and animal subviral agents, confirming again that Ricardo's eye for science was always a keen eye.

NPN Sziklai pair small-signal amplifier for high gain low noise submicron voltage recorder

Small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multiple noise sources, coupled with very weak signal amplitudes of bio signals make brain-computer interface (BCI) application studies a challenging task. The front-end recorder amplifiers receive very-weak signal (few μV) from high impedance electrodes and for efficient processing of such weak and low frequency (<1 kHz) signals a high gain amplifier with very low operating voltage and low total harmonic distortion (THD) is required. Existing amplifiers suffer from problem of high non-linearity and low common mode rejection. A good sense amplifier at predeceasing stage can solve this problem. Utilizing very high amplification factor of Sziklai Pair, this paper proposes two circuit topologies of common-emitter and common-collector negative-positive-negative (NPN) Sziklai Pair small signal amplifiers suitable for use in preamplifier stages of such signal acquisition circuit. Present study provides broad-spectrum of analysis of these amplifiers covering effect of additional biasing resistance RA, variation of ‘ideal forward maximum beta’ β, temperature dependency, noise sensitivity and phase variation. The tunable capability of first topology makes it a suitable candidate in wide variety of other applications. The first amplifier operates on very low input voltage range (0.1μV-6mV) whereas the second amplifier works on 100 μV-11 mV range of input voltage.

The diversity and evolution of retroviruses: Perspectives from viral "fossils".

Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates, causing a variety of diseases. The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes. When infecting germline cells, retroviruses become inherited vertically, forming endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs document past viral infections, providing molecular fossils for studying the evolutionary history of retroviruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of retroviruses from the perspectives of viral fossils, and discuss the effects of ERVs on the evolution of host biology.

PROGRAM APPLICATION FOR STRESS LEVEL MONITORING, BASED ON CLASSIFICATION MODELS

The paper considers studies, regarding the stress level. After COVID-19 pandemia and constant stay in the forced isolation, the level of stress became higher due to the increase of anxiety. That is why, the study of the basic mechanisms of the stress and monitoring of different biophysiological and bio-chemical reactions of the organism on the stress is of great interest for the researches. Reliable biomarker or stress indicator could provide accurate monitoring of stress, potentially enabling to avoid pathological states at the early stages. Long lasting stress may have negative health outcomes. Thus, the ability to determine when a person is in the state of stress, may be very useful to avoid health problems, especially for patients with suicidal thoughts. The given study contains the results of the stress level monitoring by means of using the classification models as the forecasting and as a bio signal – heart rate variability (HRV) from the sensors of electrocardiography. Correlation of all variables was carried out , so that only those variables which have high correlation with stress could participate in the models learning. For achieving the set task the following methods have been used: artificial neural network, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest, decision tree. Classification model random forest obtained the highest index of the forecasting accuracy of the presence or absence of the stress – 98 %. On the base of this model program application in programming language R with users interface was developed, it allows to load the data of the electrocardiogram and obtain the conclusion, regarding the level of the stress level. By means of the application the user can control the level of personal stress and lead a healthy life.

Bio Signal and Implication

Bio Signal and Implication

Detection of Qrs Signal Using Pt Algorithm for Removal of Artifacts in Bio Signal

Detection of Qrs Signal Using Pt Algorithm for Removal of Artifacts in Bio Signal

FÓSSEIS MOLECULARES DA MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA SILURIANA DA FORMAÇÃO TIANGUÁ (BACIA DO PARNAÍBA), NORDESTE DO BRASIL: IMPLICAÇÕES PALEOAMBIENTAIS E MATURAÇÃO TÉRMICA

MOLECULAR FOSSILS FROM SILURIAN ORGANIC MATTER OF THE TIANGUÁ FORMATION (PARNAÍBA BASIN), NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS AND THERMAL MATURATION. The Parnaíba Basin covers an area of 665,888 km2 between the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. It is completely made up of siliciclastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with ages varying between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. Among the formations of the Basin, the Tianguá Formation is considered a potential source rock. However, there are few geochemical and/or geological studies and no research work on the molecular parameters of the organic matter (OM) present in its outcropping rocks (OR). Thus, the objective of the present work is to characterize the OM, concerning the depositional paleoenvironment and the degree of thermal evolution, through molecular parameters and OM content. The OM was extracted using the Soxhlet system, chromatographed by classical methods, and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. The samples exhibited low total organic carbon values (TOC <1) and the molecular parameters of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons suggested a marine depositional environment, with algae, bacteria, and terrestrial plants input. The C30 biomarkers (24-n-propylcholestane), identified using synthetic standards and usually associated with the Chrysophyte algae, corroborated the marine origin of the depositional environment. In addition, some molecular parameters suggested little thermal evolution.

Lipid biomarker patterns reflect seepage activity and variable geochemical processes in sediments from the Haima cold seeps, South China Sea

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), aerobic methane oxidation and the oxidation of non-methane hydrocarbons have been demonstrated to occur in seepage ecosystems, but when they occur during seepage evolutionary is lack of constraints. Here, lipid biomarker patterns combined with total organic carbon (TOC), δ13Corg, δ13CTIC and δ18OTIC of a sediment core (~ 3 m long) from the active Haima cold seep were analyzed. The observed lipid inventories reflected the prevailing of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (ANME)/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) and ANME-2/DSS dominated over the whole sediments. Seepage fluids originated from local gas hydrate dissociation as indicated by the pronounced δ13CTIC and δ18OTIC values, while a mixture of microbial and thermogenic methane (−65‰ to −55‰) was corroborated by back-calculation based on the predominant consortia and δ13C values of ANME-specific biomarkers. AOM occurred over the whole sediments and was strengthened between depths 40 cm and 120 cm as revealed by the extremely low δ13CTIC, δ13Corg values, and abundant lipid biomarkers of ANME such as crocetane, 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane (PMI), archaeol and sn2-OH-archaeol with strong 13C depletions (δ13C values as low as −118‰). For sediment below the depth of 120 cm, molecular fossils of aerobic methanotrophs 4α-methylcholesta-2,8(14),24-triene and C34-3β-methyl tetracyclic-ketone occurred and yielded their δ13C values of −64‰ to −61‰, indicating the prevailing of oxic condition and aerobic methane oxidation. Compared to the sediment between 40 cm and 120 cm, the abundant iso-/anteiso-C15:0 (i-/ai-C15:0) fatty acids with relatively enriched δ13C values in the bottom sediment were better explained by contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-driven oxidation of non-methane hydrocarbons. The distinct biomarker patterns and the respective geochemical processes at various sediment depths revealed the microbial community succession sequence in seepage evolutionary, since the different growth rates may have led to a successive colonization of aerobic methanotrophs, SRB, and ANME in an emerging cold seep ecosystem.

2-Methylhopanoids in geographically distinct, arid biological soil crusts are primarily cyanobacterial in origin.

Microbial palaeontology is largely reliant on the interpretation of geologically stable biomarkers or molecular fossils. Biomolecules that are both specific to particular groups of organisms and stable on a geological scale are invaluable for tracing the emergence and diversification of lifeforms, particularly in cases where mineral fossils are lacking. 2-Methylhopanoids and their diagenic product, 2-methylhopanes, are highly abundant bacterial membrane lipids, recoverable from samples in excess of a billion years old. In this work we used degenerate PCR, targeting 2-methylhopanoid biosynthesis genes, and sequencing to show that the ability to produce these molecules in arid biological soil crusts from deserts in diverse geographical locations (Utah, USA, and the Pilbara, Australia) is largely confined to cyanobacteria. These data suggest that 2-methylhopanes can be used as a proxy for cyanobacterial presence within these environments, contributing to our understanding of the emergence of terrestrial life on Earth.

Molecular fossils within bitumens and kerogens from the\u2009~\u20091\xa0Ga Lakhanda Lagerst\xe4tte (Siberia, Russia) and their significance for understanding early eukaryote evolution

The emergence and diversification of eukaryotes during the Proterozoic is one of the most fundamental evolutionary developments in Earth’s history. The ca. 1-billion-year-old Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) contains a wealth of eukaryotic body fossils and offers an important glimpse into their ecosystem. Seeking to complement the paleontological record of this remarkable lagerstätte, we here explored information encoded within sedimentary organic matter (total organic carbon = 0.01–1.27 wt.%). Major emphasis was placed on sedimentary hydrocarbons preserved within bitumens and kerogens, including molecular fossils (or organic biomarkers) that are specific to bacteria and eukaryotes (i.e. hopanes and regular steranes, respectively). Programmed pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry suggest that the organic matter in the analyzed samples is about peak oil window maturity and thus sufficiently well preserved for detailed molecular fossil studies that include hopanes and steranes. Together with petrographic evidence as well as compositional similarities of the bitumens and corresponding kerogens, the consistency of different independent maturity parameters establishes that sedimentary hydrocarbons are indigenous and syngenetic to the host rock. The possible presence of trace amounts of hopanes and absence of steranes in samples that are sufficiently well preserved to retain both types of compounds evidences an environment dominated by anaerobic bacteria with no or very little inputs by eukaryotes. In concert with the paleontological record of the Lakhanda Lagerstätte, our study adds to the view that eukaryotes were present but not significant in Mesoproterozoic ecosystems.

Femtosecond Laser Desorption Postionization MS vs ToF-SIMS Imaging for Uncovering Biomarkers Buried in Geological Samples.

The study of lipid molecular fossils by traditional biomarker analysis requires bulk sample crushing, followed by solvent extraction, and then the analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This traditional analysis mixes all organic compounds in the sample regardless of their origins, with a loss of information on the spatial distribution of organic molecules within the sample. These shortcomings can be overcome using the chemical mapping of intact samples. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV fluorescence or Raman spectroscopy, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are among those elemental and molecular mapping techniques. This study employed femtosecond (fs) laser ablation combined with single-photon ionization, a method called fs-laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry (fs-LDPI-MS). A pulsed ∼75 fs, 800 nm laser was used to ablate the geological sample, which was then photoionized after a few microseconds by a pulsed 7.9 eV vacuum ultraviolet laser. An organic carbon-rich geological sample was used for this study to map hydrocarbon biomarkers in sediments that were previously studied by GC-MS. The petrography of this sample was examined by optical and fluorescence microscopy. It is demonstrated here that fs-LDPI-MS combined with petrography for multimodal imaging can expose buried compounds within the sample via in situ layer removal. When used in conjunction with traditional organic geochemical analysis, this method has the potential to determine the spatial distribution of organic biomarkers in geological material. Finally, fs-LDPI-MS imaging data are compared with ToF-SIMS imaging that is commonly used for such studies.

BST2 Suppresses LINE-1 Retrotransposition by Reducing the Promoter Activity of LINE-1 5' UTR.

ABSTRACTEndogenous retrotransposons are considered the “molecular fossils” of ancient retroviral insertions. Several studies have indicated that host factors restrict both retroviruses and retrotransposons through different mechanisms. Type 1 long interspersed elements (LINE-1 or L1) are the only active retroelements that can replicate autonomously in the human genome. A recent study reported that LINE-1 retrotransposition is potently suppressed by BST2, a host restriction factor that prevents viral release mainly by physically tethering enveloped virions (such as HIV) to the surface of producer cells. However, no endoplasmic membrane structure has been associated with LINE-1 replication, suggesting that BST2 may utilize a distinct mechanism to suppress LINE-1. In this study, we showed that BST2 is a potent LINE-1 suppressor. Further investigations suggested that BST2 reduces the promoter activity of LINE-1 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and lowers the levels of LINE-1 RNA, proteins, and events during LINE-1 retrotransposition. Surprisingly, although BST2 apparently uses different mechanisms against HIV and LINE-1, two membrane-associated domains that are essential for BST2-mediated HIV tethering also proved important for BST2-induced inhibition of LINE-1 5′ UTR. Additionally, by suppressing LINE-1, BST2 prevented LINE-1-induced genomic DNA damage and innate immune activation. Taken together, our data uncovered the mechanism of BST2-mediated LINE-1 suppression and revealed new roles of BST2 as a promoter regulator, genome stabilizer, and innate immune suppressor.IMPORTANCE BST2 is a potent antiviral protein that suppresses the release of several enveloped viruses, mainly by tethering the envelope of newly synthesized virions and restraining them on the surface of producer cells. In mammalian cells, there are numerous DNA elements replicating through reverse transcription, among which LINE-1 is the only retroelement that can replicate autonomously. Although LINE-1 retrotransposition does not involve the participation of a membrane structure, BST2 has been reported as an efficient LINE-1 suppressor, suggesting a different mechanism for BST2-mediated LINE-1 inhibition and a new function for BST2 itself. We found that BST2 specifically represses the promoter activity of LINE-1 5′ UTR, resulting in decreased levels of LINE-1 transcription, translation, and subsequent retrotransposition. Additionally, by suppressing LINE-1 activity, BST2 maintains genome stability and regulates innate immune activation. These findings expand our understanding of BST2 and its biological significance.