Chemical Constituents Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Garcinia gaudichaudii and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Garcinia gaudichaudii and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Chemical constituents of some essential oils bearing plants growing wild in Vietnam

The essential oils of three plants were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS-FID) method. 29 compounds representing 99.00% of the total oil of inflorescences of Zingiber pellitum were identified, consisting mainly of α-pinene (5.34%), β-caryophyllene (39.13%) and α-humulene (36.69%). For Basilicum polystachyon, 41 and 37 components were identified in the leaf and flower oils, accounting for 91.32% and 92.44% of the total oils, respectively. Germacrene D (16.33% and 16.32%), germacrene B (14.95% and 16.23%), α-cubebene (13.38% and 19,04%), α-copaene (5.81% and 5.77%), δ-cadinene (4.78% and 4.18%), β-cis-elemene (4.34% and 4.66%), and γ-elemene (4.31% and 4.72%) were the major constituents in both oils. For the leaves of Litsea bavienes, 40 components were identified, representing 91.73% of the total oil contents, in which hepten-3-one (70.46%) was the most abundant compound in this oil. The chemical constituents of essential oils from Z. pellitum (inflorescences), B. polystachyon (leaves and flowers) and L. baviensis (leaves) were being reported for the first time.

The acaricidal activity and enzymatic targets of the essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum camphora and their major components against Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Haemaphysalis longicornis is a notorious vector tick species widely distributed in China, with its current control relying heavily on synthetic chemicals. The disadvantages of chemical acaricides including single mechanism of action, environmental pollution, and easy-to-induce acaricidal resistance have long been criticized. As plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) have been proven to show good insecticidal activity and environmental safety, hence, in this study, the chemical constituents of EOs from Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum camphora were analyzed and their potential for application in the control of H. longicornis was explored. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the Trans-cinnamaldehyde and Diethyl phthalate were the main components of the EOs of C. cassia and C. camphora, respectively. Larval packet test and nymph immersion test showed that the EOs of C. cassia and C. camphora had significant acaricidal activity against unfed larvae and nymphs of H. longicornis, and the EO of C. cassia showed more toxic against unfed adults than C. camphora EO at the same concentration. Enzyme assays revealed that the C. cassia EO significantly inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and C. camphora EO and Trans-cinnamaldehyde had no significant effect on AchE. Cinnamomum cassia EO and C. camphora EO significantly inhibited the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE). Trans-cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited the activity of catalase (CAT), and C. cassia EO and C. camphora EO had no obvious effect. The above results suggested that the EOs of C. cassia and C. camphora and their major components target different enzymes, which may potentially mitigate the acaricidal resistance development in tick, indicating the prospect that these EOs may become an effective substitute for chemical synthetic acaricides in tick control.

Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In silico Evaluation of Essential Oil Extracted from Mentha Piperita L. for Lung Cancer

Background: Mentha piperita, a naturally occurring herb, is utilized in medicinal formulations. It possesses abundant bioactive elements, including flavonoids and phenolic acid compounds,that exhibit various properties such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. Objective: In the present study, chemical constituents of essential oil extracted from Mentha piperita were analyzed and identified through GC-MS. In vitro antiproliferative activity was performed on A549 lung cancer cell line lines. In silico study was conducted by Schrodinger’s Maestro’s software to identify chemical constituents in the plant as potential EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors) inhibitors Methods: Hydro-distilled essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS to identify chemical components based on the retention index and mass fragmentation pattern, which was then tested for its antiproliferative activity by MTT assay against human lung cancer cell lines. All the identified constituents were investigated in silico for their affinity towards EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors). Result: A total of thirty constituents were identified where D-carvone (56.69%), L-limonene (12.36%), squalene (3.36%), cis-carveol (2.93%), and α-amorphene (2.36%) were observed as major constituents of the essential oil. The essential mentha oil also exhibited antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 86.05 µg/ml. Furthermore, from the in silico study, five constituents were identified to have a better affinity for EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors) than that of the standard drug Osimertinib. Conclusion: In the present study, the aerial part of the plant Mentha piperita was hydrodistilled.Thirty phytoconstituents were identified through GC-MS data. An in-silico study was performed using Schrodinger software, and a further in vitro study was performed in which essential oil showedgood antiproliferative activity against the A549 cancer cell line.

Chemical constituents of essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam, and their diversity

The chemical constituents of essential oils from Zingiber plants are known to exhibit chemical variability. The objective of this work was to analyze for the first time the contents and the chemical diversity of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep, belonging to Zingiberaceae family collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-FID). The essential oils from Z. pellitum were obtained in yield of 0.20% (leaves), 0.12% (stems) and 0.27% (roots). The essential oils from the leaves of Z. pellitum consist mainly of β-caryophyllene (51.7%), β-pinene (12.0%), α-pinene (10.0%), while β-caryophyllene (24.9%), β-pinene (19.8%) and α-humulene (18.8%) were the main constituents of the stems essential oil. On the other hand, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), humulene epoxide II (7.4%), α-humulene (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), β-caryophyllene (4.9%), camphene (4.3%), epi-α-cadinol (4.0%) and cyperotundone (4.0%) were the significant compounds of essential oil from the roots of Z. pellitum. Since the composition of the studied leaves, stems and roots of Z. pellitum essential oils differed considerably from each other and previous reports on the other parts of the plant, the paper discusses further the chemotaxonomic implications of the obtained data with respect to Zingiber pellitum and other Zingiber essential oils from Vietnam.

Predictions of the Biological Effects of Several Acyclic Monoterpenes as Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Extracted from Plants.

Acyclic terpenes are biologically active natural products having applicability in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and other practices. Consequently, humans are exposed to these chemicals, and it is necessary to assess their pharmacokinetics profiles and possible toxicity. The present study considers a computational approach to predict both the biological and toxicological effects of nine acyclic monoterpenes: beta-myrcene, beta-ocimene, citronellal, citrolellol, citronellyl acetate, geranial, geraniol, linalool and linalyl acetate. The outcomes of the study emphasize that the investigated compounds are usually safe for humans, they do not lead to hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and endocrine disruption, and usually do not have an inhibitory potential against the cytochromes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, excepting CYP2B6. The inhibition of CYP2B6 should be further analyzed as this enzyme is involved in both the metabolism of several common drugs and in the activation of some procarcinogens. Skin and eye irritation, toxicity through respiration and skin-sensitization potential are the possible harmful effects revealed by the investigated compounds. These outcomes underline the necessity of in vivo studies regarding the pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties of acyclic monoterpenes so as to better establish the clinical relevance of their use.

Essential oil yield and compositions of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in intercropping with fenugreek, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria

Intercropping is one of the most important components of sustainable agriculture. The effects of chemical fertilizer (CF), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus sp.) and AMF + nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) including Azospirillum and Azotobacter (AMF + NFB) was studied on essential oil yield and compositions of Moldavian balm (Mb) (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in sole cropping and intercropping with fenugreek (F) (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The experiment was conducted during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in East Azarbayhan, Iran. The highest dry herbage yield (6132 kg ha−1) was obtained in Mb:F(4:2) and CF treatment. After sole Moldavian balm, the highest essential oil yield (15.28 kg ha−1) was obtained in Mb:F (4:2) and AMF + NFB treatment. Geranial, geranyl acetate, geraniol, neral, and nerol were the main chemical constituents of essential oil. In AMF + NFB treatments the geranial contents in intercropping patterns of Mb:F (1:1), (2:2) and (100:50), increased by 25.1, 15.5 and 34.6% compared with sole Moldavian balm. The highest LERT values were observed in Mb:F (100:50) cropping pattern in 2021 (1.70 and 1.63 for CF and AMF + NFB treatments). Generally, it can be concluded that Mb:F (100:50) intercropping and use of AMF + NFB bio-fertilizer could be recommended to medicinal plant growers in sustainable production systems.

Performance of integrating reduced trifluralin doses with nonchemical treatments on weed management and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) yield

In order to evaluate the effect of reduced doses of trifluralin in integration with non-chemical management treatments on weeds, essential oil yield and composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), a 2-year study was conducted in East Azarbaijan, Iran in 2020–2021. The study was conducted as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor was trifluralin use at four levels (non-use, 480, 720 and 960 g ai ha−1) and the second factor was non-chemical weed management treatments consisted of using the living mulch of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) (FLM) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. (VLM), wheat straw mulch (WSM), one time hand weeding (OHW) and without non-chemical management (control). The results indicated that at all trifluralin doses the weed biomasses in OHW and WSM treatments were lower than those in FLM and VLM. The relative ranking of non-chemical weed management treatments for weed biomass reduction and essential oil yield of A. graveolens L.was OHW > WSM > FLM and VLM. The results of GC–MS analysis indicated that the main chemical constituents of essential oil (carvone, limonene and dill apiole) were influenced differently by trifluralin use and non-chemical weed management treatment. We can conclude that recommended dose of trifluralin could be replaced with reduced doses of trifluralin in integration with non-chemical treatments in order to improve the weed control efficacy and essential oil yield of A. graveolens L. in a sustainable production system.

Separation and Qualitative Study of Mentha asiatica Boriss. Essential Oil Components by prep-GC, GC-QTOF-MS, NMR and Prediction of Bioactive Compounds.

In order to understand the material basis of wild Mentha asiatica Boris. in Xinjiang, the chemical constituents of essential oil extracted from aerial parts of this plant were studied. A total 52 components were detected and 45 compounds were identified. First of all, the essential oil was separated by silica gel column chromatography, and divided into several parts according to the results of thin layer chromatography. Eight fractions were obtained, and then each fragment was preliminarily screened for antibacterial activity. It was found that all eight fragments had certain antibacterial activity in different level. Then the fractions were subjected to preparative gas chromatography (prep-GC) for further isolation. Ten compounds were identified by 13 C-NMR, 1 H-NMR and gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-Mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS). They are sabinene, limonene and β-caryophyllene, (1R*,3S*,5R*)-sabinyl acetate, piperitone oxide, rotundifolone, thymol, piperitone, 4-hydroxypiperiditone, cedrol. After screened by bioautography, 4-hydroxypiperone and thymol were showed best antibacterial activity. The inhibitory effects of the two isolated compounds on Candida albicans and their related mechanisms were studied. The results showed that, 4-hydroxypiperone and thymol significantly reduced ergosterol content on the surface of Candida albicans cell membrane in a dose-dependent manner. This work has accumulated experience for the development and utilization of Xinjiang characteristic medicinal plant resources and new drug research and development, and provided scientific basis and support for the later research and development of Mentha asiatica Boris.

Quantity and chemical components of essential oil of “Mentha x piperita L.” leaves under ultrasonic/hot air drying

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of combined high-intensity ultrasonic power/hot air drying on quantity and chemical constituents of essential oil of peppermint leaves. According to the experimental findings, in comparison with the fresh leaves, both increment and decrement were observed in yielded essential oil from the dried samples. Increasing drying temperature in the practiced range reduced the oil yield. The maximum oil yield (26.42 g/kg dry matter) belonged to the samples dried at 40 °C and 360 W while the minimum value (9.93 g/kg dry matter) was obtained at air temperature of 70 °C with no ultrasonic power. Both the air temperature and ultrasonic power showed no definite influence on main chemical groups of the oil. In point of quality view, drying treatment of 70 °C and ultrasonic power of 270 W produced the highest quality essential oil.

Essential Oils from Six Aromatic Plants of Langtang National Park: Insights on Their Chemical Constituents via GC-MS Analysis

The present work aims to provide an insight on the chemical constituents of essential oils obtained from six aromatic plants of the Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal. LNP harbors an enriched biodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). The composition of essential oils obtained from Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don, Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser, Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn., Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehder, Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don and Rhododendron setosum D. Don, were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were extracted via the hydrodistillation method using the Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis showed that E-caryophyllene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene and δ-cadinene in Rhododendron anthopogon; santolina-triene, β-cubebene and sabinene in Artemisia dubia; β-myrcene, β-cubebene, E-β-ocimene and bicyclogermacrene in Boenninghausenia albiflora; perillene, eucalyptol and β-pinene in Elsholtzia fruticosa; δ-3-carene, cadina-1(6),4-diene and δ-cadinene in Juniperus recurva; trans-sabinyl acetate, sabinene, α-elemol and germacrene D in Rhododendron setosum are the principal components. The major compounds in the essential oil were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, representing almost 80% to 90% of the total constituents of the essential oil. In comparison to the previous studies, the results showed a significant difference in the qualitative composition of the essential oil. This is also the first report on the study of chemical constituents from the essential oil of R. setosum. Despite hosting a plethora of MAPs, only a limited number of studies have been carried out to identify their chemical and biological properties. Hence, further investigations on the MAPs of the Langtang region are highly essential to identify the major chemical constituents and explore their biological activities.

Chemical Composition of the Volatile Oil from the Leaves of Kaempferia champasakensis Picheans. & Koonterm. (Zingiberaceae)

The genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) is well-known for its diverse phytochemical constituents and characteristic essential oil. Kaempferia champasakensis was firstly described in 2008 by Chayan Picheansoonthon and Supachai Koonterm in Champasak province of Southern Laos. To date, little is known about phytochemical components and pharmacological activities of the plant. In the present study, the extraction of essential oil from K. champasakensis leaves as well as Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) profile were investigated. The major components in essential oil extracted from K. champasakensis leaves were determined as β-caryophyllene (16.07%), β-elemenone (14.53%), β-pinene (13.80%), germacrone (9.85%), myrcene (9.46%) and diisooctyl phthalate (8.62%). This is the first report on chemical constituents of essential oil extracted from the leaves of K. champasakensis.

Metabolic profile, bioactivities, and variations in chemical constituents of essential oils of twenty mango ginger (Curcuma amada) accessions

Metabolic profile, bioactivities, and variations in chemical constituents of essential oils of twenty mango ginger (Curcuma amada) accessions

Biochar as organic fertilizer and interactive effect of compost tea alternative to mineral fertilization on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L)

Nowadays, organic fertilizers such as biochar and compost tea have gained a huge interest in sustainable agricultural systems. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 seasons to study the effect of biochar (BC) as soil applications, compost tea (CT) as foliar applications, and their combination on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of P. graveolens. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1) and four compost tea concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 %) were assigned randomly in plots. Plants were harvested twice; i.e., on 1st May and 30th September, and the following data were recorded for each cut: plant height, leaf area index, fresh herbage yield, oil %, oil yield, and chemical constituents of essential oil. Results indicated that P. graveolens growth parameters and yield components at both cuts were significantly affected by biochar application and foliar application of compost tea, and a significant interaction of these two factors also occurred. All treatments gave significantly the best values of plant height, leaf area index, and fresh herbage yield in addition to essential oil % and oil yield, in comparison with the control treatment. Among treatments, the plants receiving biochar at 10 t ha-1 in combination with compost tea 0.1% could be the best choice. The numerical increase in the abovementioned parameters, in comparison with that of control treatment, reached 115.30, 79.59, 68.85, 66.67 and 181.42 %, in the first cut and 118.66, 80.04, 65.81, 66.67 and 176.35 % in the second cuts for the tested parameters, respectively. Therefore, this treatment was recommended to achieve the highest yield and excellent quality of essential oil under these experimental conditions. Future investigation is required to determine the optimum doses of biochar and compost tea.

Chemical profiles and enzyme-targeting acaricidal properties of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum, Ilex chinensis and Citrus limon against Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Synthetic chemicals used for tick control have caused environmental pollution and threatened human health, whereas plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) have good insecticidal activity and environmental safety. In this study, the chemical constituents of EOs from Syzygium aromaticum, Ilex chinensis and Citrus limon were analyzed and their potential for application in the control of the widely distributed vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis was assessed. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis showed that eugenol, methyl salicylate and limonene accounted for 86.26%, 89.28% and 63.53% of the EOs of S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon, respectively. Immersion tests showed that the EOs of S. aromaticum and I. chinensis had significant acaricidal activity against unfed larvae of H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 15.80 mg/mL and 24.33 mg/mL and LC95 values of 74.44 mg/mL and 134.88 mg/mL, respectively. The EOs of S. aromaticum and I. chinensis showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed adult H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 44.80 mg/mL and 99.62 mg/mL and LC95 values of 92.61 mg/mL and 300.07 mg/mL, respectively. The fumigant toxicity test showed that the EOs of S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon had a significant suffocating acaricidal property for nymphs and adults. At a concentration of 186.50 μg/cm2, the S. aromaticum EO and I. chinensis EO significantly inhibited the oviposition of H. longicornis, with inhibition rates reaching 91.67% and 87.50%, respectively. Enzyme assays revealed that the S. aromaticum EO and I. chinensis EO significantly inhibited the activity of the glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and multifunction oxidase (p < 0.05). The above results suggest that the essential oils from S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon have great potential for use as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for tick control.

Chemical constituents of essential oils from flowers and stems of an Ivorian species of the genus Crassocephalum

Essential oils from fresh flowers and stems of Crassocephalum sp (Asteraceae) growing wild in Côte d&#39;Ivoire were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and then by GC coupled with a Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The analyzes of the oils allowed the identification and quantification of 39 and 83 constituents respectively in the oils of the flowers and the stems. The characterization of the oils revealed the predominance of the hydrocarbon monoterpene myrcene with 87.25% in the flowers, 35.55% in the stems. Myrcene alone accounts for almost all of the flower oil. The chemotype of the stem oils is different from that of the flowers with the presence of terpinolene (31.99%) and (E)-dec-2-enal (8.01%) which are other major compounds in the oils of the stems of Crassocephalum sp

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Cyclospermum leptophyllum and Its Application as Antibacterial Activity against Some Food Spoilage Bacteria

Cyclospermum leptophyllum is plant species known for its medicinal value and pleasant aroma. The aerial part and plant seeds are traditionally used as food additives as a spice. This study aims to isolate the chemical constituents of essential oil of the aerial part of the plant and study their potential antibacterial activities against some food contaminating bacteria. The essential oil of C. leptophyllum (CSEO) was isolated from aerial parts of the plant species and studied using GC-MS and FTIR techniques. The first four major chemical constituents determined from GC-MS analysis of CSEO (for peak area % ≥ 1.15%) were 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (87.09%), 2-methoxy-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) benzene (3.09%), 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl) benzene (1.71%), and humulene (1.15%). 60%, 30%, 15%, 7.5%, and 3.75% of CSEO solutions were prepared and evaluated for their potential antibacterial activities against six food spoilage pathogenic bacterial strains. Three Gram-positive strains: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12386) and three Gram-negative strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35659), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were used as test microorganisms. Compared to ciprofloxacin, a positive control, the promising antibacterial activity was observed for CSEO against S. aureus at minimum and maximum test solutions as the values of the zone of inhibition diameter (ZID, mm) were recorded as 14.33 ± 0.58 for 3.75% CSEO solution and 30.67 ± 0.58 for 60% CSEO solution. Tests of CSEO solutions generally showed stronger antibacterial activities against Gram-positive than Gram-negative strains. Therefore, CSEO contains potent chemical constituents that might be applicable in treating pathogenic bacterial species.

Essential Oil and Polyphenolic Compounds of Flourensia cernua Leaves: Chemical Profiling and Functional Properties

Flourensia cernua is a bush that grows in the semi-desert regions of Mexico. It has been used in traditional medicine due to its healing properties and currently represents an alternative source of bioactive molecules for different areas of the agri-food and health industries. The objective of this study was to extract and characterize the purified polyphenolic compounds (PPCs) and essential oils (EOs) of F. cernua leaves, determine the total flavonoid content, evaluate the antioxidant activity by three different assays, and determine, for the first time, its inhibitory effect against enzymes involved in the degradation of carbohydrates (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). In addition, the analysis of functional groups (by FTIR-ATR assay) and the identification of the chemical constituents present in both essential oils and phenolic compounds were carried out by GC/MS and UPLC-QToF/MS2, respectively. The results indicate that PPCs and EOs are rich in flavonoid-type compounds. In addition, they showed potential for free-radical scavenging and the inhibition of the lipid oxidation process. The analyzed EOs and PPCs had potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, which are related to high blood sugar levels. FTIR-ATR analysis allowed for the identification of functional groups characteristic of polyphenolic compounds and the chemical constituents of EOs. Finally, compounds such as caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and germacrene-D were identified by GC/MS assay and luteolin 7-O-rutinoside and apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinoside by UPLC/QToF-MS2. The results indicate that the PPCs and EOs of F. cernua have the potential to be used as antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor agents.

Biological and Chemical Studies of Essential Oil and Extracts of Rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn

The essential oil (EO) of the rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn. was isolated by using a Clevenger apparatus and extracts were prepared by cold percolation technique using the solvents hexane and methane. The chemical constituents of EO were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. A total number of nine chemical compounds were identified and quantified occupying 100% of the total oil composition. The major chemical constituent was reported to be β-asarone (84.87%). Acid value, saponification value, and iodine number of the oil were measured and found to be 0.24 mg KOH/g, 0.42 mg KOH/g, and 31.75 g I2/100gm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the hexane and methanol extract was examined against two bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. The hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against E. coli with a zone of inhibition(ZOI)of 10 mm, and. subtilis with ZOI of 7 mm. The methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis only, with a ZOI of 4 mm. Hexane and methanol extract also showed significant antifungal activity against fungi C. albicans with a ZOI of 6 mm and 5 mm, respectively.DPPH assay showed that the percentage of free radical scavenging activity increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract. The total phenolic content of the methanol extract of A. calamus was found to be 48.36 mg/g GAE.

Chemical diversity of essential oils of rhizomes of six species of Zingiberaceae family

In this study, the essential oils from the rhizomes of six species belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, including Zingiber zerumbet, Curcuma pierreana, Globba macrocarpa, Alpinia conchigera, Stahlianthus campanulatus and Amomum sp., collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve were isolated using hydrodistillation, and their constituents were identified via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 91 constituents have been identified from essential oils. These compounds were classified into 4 clusters by Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis. The principal constituents of the essential oils isolated from four species, C. pierreana, S. campanulatus, A. conchigera, and Z. zerumbet contained camphene (18.82%), α-copaene (11.75%), p-xylene (21.86%), and α-santalene (17.91%), which were significantly different from those in previous reports. Furthermore, this study revealed the chemical constituents of essential oils of G. macrocarpa and Amomum sp. for the first time. Accordingly, artemisia triene (22.21%), β-pinene (13.57%), 4,6,8-trimethylazulene (11.1%), 2-tert-butylquinoline (9.86%), β-patchoulene (7.06%), α-elemene (6.93%), and β-ocimene (6.0%) were the major compounds in essential oils of G. macrocarpa rhizomes whereas the oil of Amomum sp. was found to be rich in 2-carene (21.82%), fenchyl acetate (14.26%), 3-carene (8.28%), bornyl acetate (7.7%), and D-limonene (7.13%).