Abstract
Synthetic chemicals used for tick control have caused environmental pollution and threatened human health, whereas plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) have good insecticidal activity and environmental safety. In this study, the chemical constituents of EOs from Syzygium aromaticum, Ilex chinensis and Citrus limon were analyzed and their potential for application in the control of the widely distributed vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis was assessed. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis showed that eugenol, methyl salicylate and limonene accounted for 86.26%, 89.28% and 63.53% of the EOs of S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon, respectively. Immersion tests showed that the EOs of S. aromaticum and I. chinensis had significant acaricidal activity against unfed larvae of H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 15.80 mg/mL and 24.33 mg/mL and LC95 values of 74.44 mg/mL and 134.88 mg/mL, respectively. The EOs of S. aromaticum and I. chinensis showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed adult H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 44.80 mg/mL and 99.62 mg/mL and LC95 values of 92.61 mg/mL and 300.07 mg/mL, respectively. The fumigant toxicity test showed that the EOs of S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon had a significant suffocating acaricidal property for nymphs and adults. At a concentration of 186.50 μg/cm2, the S. aromaticum EO and I. chinensis EO significantly inhibited the oviposition of H. longicornis, with inhibition rates reaching 91.67% and 87.50%, respectively. Enzyme assays revealed that the S. aromaticum EO and I. chinensis EO significantly inhibited the activity of the glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and multifunction oxidase (p < 0.05). The above results suggest that the essential oils from S. aromaticum, I. chinensis and C. limon have great potential for use as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for tick control.
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