Chemical Composition Of Grain Research Articles

Yield, proteins, bioactive compounds and minerals in food-type soybean grains in different environments

Soybean is characterized as a nutritional and functional food by virtue of its high concentrations of minerals and bioactive compounds - the group of phenolic compounds, mainly. The yield and chemical composition of soybean grains are influenced by genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. This study proposes to examine the yield and chemical composition of grains of food-type soybean genotypes in different environments. Six food-type soybean genotypes sown in the first week of October and in the first week of November in the municipalities of Londrina and Guarapuava (Parana State, Brazil) were evaluated. Grain yield and weight, protein percentages, phenolic compound and total flavonoid contents and Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn contents were evaluated. Combined analysis of variance revealed a genotype × environment interaction (GE) effect for the yield traits, 100-grain weight and for the mineral Ca. Higher yields and 100-grain weights were observed under milder maximum-temperature conditions. High maximum temperatures resulted in higher protein percentages and total flavonoid, Ca and Zn contents. Soybean lines UEL 110 and UEL 115 possess high grain yield capacity and higher Ca, Mg and Zn contents.

RESPONSE OF SPRING BARLEY TO FOLIAR FERTILIZATION WITH Cu AND Mn

Background. Spring barley grain yield and chemical composition depend on mineral fertilization as well as soil and climatic conditions during plant growth. It is especially important to provide fertilization with microelements that are connected with photosynthesis and respiration rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization with manganese and copper on grain yield and its components, chlorophyll content in leaves, selected chlorophyll fluorescence indexes, leaf area index (LAI) and the chemical composition of grain in 3 spring barley fodder cultivars and 1 malting cultivar.Material and methods. The field experiment was carried out during 2014‒2016 at the Experimental Station for Variety Testing in Dukla (49o55’ N; 21o68’ E), in a split-plot design in 4 repetitions. The study factors were: 4 spring barley cultivars and foliar feeding (control, Cu and Mn).Results. The foliar fertilizers used in the experiment increased grain yield, ear density, number of grains per ear and 1000 grain weight. The content of chlorophyll in subflag leaves was usually higher in cultivars fertilized with copper compared to manganese, with only the cultivar Suweren having an inverse relationship. Copper application favorably increased the value of the PSII functioning index both compared to the control and to fertilization with manganese. The LAI index was dependent on the cultivar and the foliar feeding. A slight tendency to a higher content of total protein and raw ash on plants fertilized with foliar micronutrients was observed. A larger increase of these contents in comparison to the control was found after the application of copper than of manganese.Conclusion. Spring barley yield, yield structure components, the relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves, LAI index and chemical composition of grain depended on the weather conditions during the plant growing periods. Foliar feeding with manganese resulted in an increase in grain yield and 1000 grain mass when compared to foliar feeding with copper. Copper fertilization resulted in a greater increase in the relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves and a higher content of total protein and crude ash in the grain compared to manganese fertilization. A greater increase in the LAI index compared to the control was observed in plants fertilized with manganese rather than with copper.

Study of basic characteristics of quinoa seeds

Quinoa crop is considered as a source of healthy nutrition due to its energy and nutritional value. The nutritional parameters of quinoa seeds exceed the characteristics of traditional cereals. The high protein content distinguishes quinoa seeds from other plant food. Quinoa contains all the important amino acids, it is rich in minerals and vitamins. The special chemical composition of grain can ensure the production of gluten-free food products. Quinoa due to its unique chemical composition and lack of gluten, can be used as a valuable raw material for the creation of specialized (gluten-free) products for people suffering from celiac disease and for products of high nutritional value. This crop may be an alternative one in areas with water deficiency, droughts and salinization, where other crops are unprofitable. Problematic aspects of the crop production are level of seed germination in the field condition, low and unstable yields.
 The main condition for the quinoa spread, like other plant species, is the success of the initial phases of plant development. The ability to form in new growing conditions a crop with certain parameters of standing density provides the possibility of further steps in the beeding process and technological optimization of crop indicators.
 The evolutionary way of the trait formation such as the absence of the seed dormancy period are analyzed, the mechanisms and dynamics of the decrease in the viability of seeds in the modern crop of quinoa are revealed. Significant differences in the seed characteristics of 2019 and 2018 harvest years (storage period of 14 and 28 months, respectively) indicate the difficulty of maintaining the economic indicators of seeds for the 2-nd and subsequent storage years.
 Based on the experiment result to determine the dynamics of water absorption of seeds, their reactions to soaking and heating, the basic characteristics of quinoa breeding samples (perspective for introduction in the zone of the north-eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine) were determined.
 It was found that the level of passive water absorption was in the range of 79.7–81.5 % of the mass of dry seeds. The maximum intensity of water absorption was fixed within 1-st hour. Seeds with a longer storage period are characterized by more intense initial water absorption. At temperature of 18 °C, the total duration of the seed swelling period is 7‒8 hours.
 The highest efficiency of seed soaking was noted for seed samples of the 2019 harvest year, compared with which the growth of indicators of germination energy and laboratory germination was + 9.5 and + 5.8 %. The same seed sample had the best parameters according to the results of heating: + 6.9 and + 2.4 % respectively.

Creating Tetraploid Lines of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata) and Studying Biochemical Content of Their Grain

A collection of tetraploid sweet corn has been created on the basis of Baksanskaya Sugary var. (VIR catalog no. k-23426) obtained from dent corn tetraploid population MRPP-20 characterized with high grain yield of its ear. The variety has been created by inbreeding separate caryopses homozigotic for su1 and su2 genes (sugary endosperm); the caryopses were selected from MRPP-20 population with subsequent selection work for valuable traits during a number of generations. The collection includes over 300 specimens, among them there are genotypes promising for selection of foodcrop sweet corn. The research was conducted into principal phenotypic traits of the plant and chemical components of its caryopsis (protein, starch, oil). Analysis has shown that the chemical composition of grain varies widely. Structural phenotypic traits of vegetative organs differ mainly in the number of ears per plant, ear size, number of seeds per ear and the number of seed rows, caryopsis length, color of corncob and the caryopsis itself. Specimens with high (17.0–18.0 %) and low (11.0–12.0 %) protein content, high (9.0–10.0 %) and low (5.0–6.0 %) oil content, high (66.0–67.0 %) and low (60.0–61.0 %) starch content in caryopses were produced. Specimens have been obtained that combine high starch content with low oil content (C-1042) and vice versa (C-1114, C-1116), with low protein and oil content in a combination with high starch content (C-1180, C-1370). The research results allowed choosing starting material for selection work with hybrids of sweet corn to get predefined flavor properties.

Losses of combustible substance on the background of characteristics of fly ashes of the selected polish coal-fired power plants

ABSTRACT The subject of the article is the quantitative–qualitative characterization of unburned carbon in fly ash, occured in power plants in southern Poland, fired with hard coal. Significant differences were found in the chemical and mineralogical composition of ashes, divided in groups regarding the combustion technology, i.e. pulverized boilers and combustion boilers with the fluidized bed. In the grain analysis of the ash samples, an increase in yield of the separated grain classes along with the reduction of grain size was found. The tendency was confirmed that the content of unburned carbon increases along with the increase in grain size. In the analyses of the chemical composition of grains it was found that the thicker coal grains are significantly contaminated with mineral inclusions, which was not observed for the grains smaller than 20 μm in size.

Influence of sulphur fertilization on yielding and chemical composition of grain of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in different habitat conditions

Influence of sulphur fertilization on yielding and chemical composition of grain of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in different habitat conditions

Chemical composition of grains and environmental efficiency in soybeans grown under low latitude conditions

Soybeans are one of the main commodities in Brazil, with soybean oil and meal used as raw material for food and animal feed production. However, information on the chemical characteristics of soybeans produced at different times of the year and on the efficiency of genotypes under low latitude conditions is scarce. This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of soybean genotypes based on oil and protein contents during in-season and off-season periods, in Tocantins State. The experimental design was a randomized block with seventeen treatments (genotypes) and three replicates. The treatments were composed by cultivars TMG 1288 RR; AS 3810 IPRO; CD 2792 RR; CD 251RR; CD 2737RR; SHS 820 IPRO; TMG 1180 RR; M 8766 RR; P 98Y70RR; M 9144 RR and strains 5X6-1; 5X6-2; 5X6-3; 4X6-12; 4X6-17; 4X6-19 and 4X5-2. There was effect of sowing times on the oil and protein contents of the grains. Genotype TMG 1288 RR presented the highest levels of oil and protein. The best sowing time for protein content was the first of the in-season (12/01). For oil content, in turn, the off-season stood out (06/01), evidencing that early sowing resulted in better results. Since the contents of these two elements are inversely proportional, one must verify the desired purpose to choose the material to be used. The identification of superior genotypes by the proposed index was effective only for unfavorable environments.

PRODUCTION OF POPPED SORGHUM WITH USING MICROWAVE TREATMENT

This article describes main methods of using the method of microwave treatment in food industry and in grain processing in particular. Main principles of this technology as well as using this technological approach for popping grain have been considered. Scientific works aimed at researching possibility of using microwave radiation for preparation of popped grains have been reviewed. Factors influencing the process of preparing popped grain have been considered; these factors include morphological structure and chemical composition of grains. Sorghum is one of the main food crops in the world agriculture (especially in such countries as India, PRC, Ethiopia, Morocco, Sudan) taking agriculture areas of about 50 million hectares. Popularity of growing sorghum in Ukraine can be explained in particular through its ability to produce high yields in warm and dry climatic conditions. Human organism does not performabsorption of nutrients from sorghum in full amount due to the fact that there are kafirins in endosperm of sorghum and these substances agglutinate starch granules. That is why a peculiar attention in this article has been paid to influence of microwave treatment on digestibility of sorghum starch and proteins. The goal of carrying out scientific researches consisted in defining parameters of microwave radiation influence on the process of popping sorghum grains depending on grain particle size (fractional composition) as well as in developing a technological scheme of popping sorghum.The process of microwave treatment of sorghum grains has been researched. Microwave processing of grains was performed in microwave oven with working frequency of 2,450 MHz and the following levels of power were applied: 450, 600, 700 W with exposure time 120–150 s. Grain sorghum “Fulgus” was used for carrying out the research. Effect of microwave radiation on the start of the popping process and on yield of popped sorghum previously divided into two fractions has been determined. In addition to this influence of microwave treatment on increasing the volume of coarse fraction and fine fraction sorghum grains has been determined. A technological scheme of producing popped sorghum with using microwave treatment has been developed. Thistechnological scheme includes the following operations: cleaning grains from various contaminations, calibration, conditioning, microwave treatment, cooling, optical sorting, packing. The technological process within the developed technological scheme has been described and a clear sequence of operations for preparation of popped sorghum has been provided. The proposedtechnological scheme has two variants of execution. The first variant consists in using air-sieve separators and concentrators or combined machines for cleaning and calibration of sorghum grains. The second variant consists in combining procedures of cleaning and calibration into a single stage with a help of up-to-date technological equipment.

EVALUATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF WINTER WHEAT GRAINS GROVN IN LATVIA AND NORWAY

Wheat is one of the major grains in the diet of the world’s population and thereforeit may have a great impact on human health. The yield and chemical compositionof grains can vary greatly due to genetic and environmental factors. The aim of thepresent study was to assess how different climatic conditions affect the chemicalcomposition of wheat grains of the same genotipe. The field trials were establishedin Stende (Latvia) and at Apelsvoll (Norway). Wheat varieties used were ‘Edvins’,‘Ellvis’ and ‘Skagen’ In the studied samples the content of protein, amino acids,1000 grain weight, hectolitre weight and falling number were determined. Theprotein content in the grains ranged from 8.9% to 11.8% in organic fields and from10.0 to 13.1% in conventional fields and differed between the varieties. The proteincontent in the samples of the same variety differed significantly due toenvironmental conditions. The difference in protein content was greater in theorganic fields. The 1000 kernel weight in the wheat grain samples varied from 39.9to 49.2 and depended on the variety and the growing place. The ratio of essentialamino acids to the total content of amino acids (in %) ranged from 30.8 to 33.3% inthe conventional growing system and from 30.5 to 32.9% in the organic growingsystem. Significant difference between the varieties was not detected.

Grain Quality Within ex situ and in situ Conserved Traditional White Maize Landraces

White maize had an important role in human nutrition throughout the Western Balkan region. A great number of farmers (approximately 86% in Serbia) still grow traditional white Open Pollinated Varieties (OPVs) for human diet. Out of 2217 maize landraces stored within Maize Research Institute „Zemun Polje” (MRIZP) gene bank, more than 700 are white kernel accessions. Eighteen white maize landraces, collected in the Western Balkan region in different periods, were selected for the present study. By the evaluation of agromorphological performances and the basic chemical composition of grain, the objective was to determine the importance of landraces conserved under in situ and ex situ conditions, to be used as the initial material for breeding. The idea was to determine whether the varieties conserved under ex situ conditions (collected from the same or different regions) distinguish from varieties permanently grown in the region of western Serbia. It was found that varieties permanently grown in the western Serbia were more similar to varieties of the ex situ collection from eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina than to varieties collected in western Serbia 50 years ago. The comparison between OPVs and modern white maize hybrids for the basic chemical composition of grain showed the significant potential of OPVs for nutritive grain quality improvement. Increased organic production creates new possibilities for more intensive incorporation of OPVs into this agricultural system. New opportunities for the cooperation and share of responsibilities among breeders, farmers and genetic resources managers are initiated, to be used for in situ maize genetic resources conservation improvement. More detailed characterisation and evaluation of the white maize landraces will offer an explanation of what has motivated our farmers to maintain the OPVs production through centuries, despite the availability of modern hybrids.

Effect of Water Deficit-Induced at Vegetative and Reproductive Stages on Protein and Oil Content in Soybean Grains

Soybean is one of the most common grain crops worldwide, representing an important protein and oil source. Although genetic variability in the chemical composition of grains is seen in soybean, the mean levels of proteins have remained stagnant or, in some cases, have decreased over time, arousing concern in the agricultural industry. Furthermore, environmental conditions influence the chemical composition of grains. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of water deficit (WD) induced at the vegetative period (vegetative stress (VS)) and reproductive period (reproductive stress (RS)) on the protein and oil contents of grains in different soybean genotypes. Yield and its components were evaluated to evaluate the interrelation of these traits. The experiment was completed over three crop seasons under field conditions in Londrina, Paraná (PR), Brazil. WD was induced using rainout shelters and then stress treatments with irrigated and non-irrigated conditions were compared. WD negatively affected yield and its components. All evaluated genotypes showed similar responses for oil and protein contents under different water conditions. Higher protein content and lower oil content were observed in grains under RS. Such a relationship was not equally established under VS. Additionally, negative relationships between protein and oil content and between protein content and yield were confirmed.

РЕАКЦИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ИРЕНЬ НА АБИОТИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИМ СОСТАВОМ ЗЕРНА

The problem of the chemical composition of fruits and seeds of field crops, depending on abiotic conditions, requires further investigation and is an urgent task. The aim of the research was to study the reaction of spring wheat Iren to abiotic conditions by the chemical composition of the grain. The research tasks are to determine the chemical composition of grain by 70 elements; to reveal differences in the content of chemical elements in grains, grown in various abiotic conditions. The object of research is the grains of spring wheat of Iren variety. Samples of Iren spring wheat grains of 2014 and 2015 years harvest were taken to determine the content of 70 chemical elements Agricultural consumers’ co-operative named after Michurin of Vavozhskiy district of the Udmurt Republic. The content of 70 chemical elements in grain was determined in the Analytical Certified Testing Center (ACTC) of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials named after N.M. Fedorovskiy (VIMS). The analysis method is mass-spectral with inductively coupled plasma (MS) + atomic emission with inductively coupled plasma (AE) according to the NSAM technique №512-MS. The reaction of Irene spring wheat to abiotic conditions was expressed by a different content of 45 chemical elements in the grains. The concentration of 25 chemical elements in the grain over the years of research did not differ. Grain, grown in the abiotic conditions of 2014, contained more lithium, boron, sodium, aluminum, calcium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, palladium, tin, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, mercury, lead, thorium. In the abiotic conditions of 2015, the grains had a higher content of magnesium - by 255.3, silicon by 6.1, phosphorus by 738.8, sulfur by 153.2, potassium by 871.9, titanium by 6 , 23, manganese - by 19.4, iron - by 9.6 μg / g, relative to similar indicators in the grain crop of 2014.

Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station Farm Facility of Agriculture (Saba-Basha) AlexandriaUniversity, Egypt during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. The objective of this study was to investigation the effect of sulfur, nitrogen application methods and biofertilization on yield, components and chemical compositions of the Gemmeiza 9 wheat cultivar to improve wheat productivity and minimizing of pollution. The results could be summarized as follows. Applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed gave higher spike length, number of spikes/m2, weight of spike g/m2 , number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight, grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed) than 200kg/fed and untreated treatment in both seasons. Also, applying 400 kg/S/fed significantly surpassed untreated treatment for crude protein percentage, N, P and K percentages in both seasons. The addition of mixture nitrogen (soil + foliar) resulted in a significant increment in yield components and chemical composition of wheat grain in both seasons. Significant variation were recorded between the tested biofertilization on yield, yield components and chemical composition of wheat grain in both seasons A- mycorrhizal significantly surpassed uninoculation (control) for yield, yield components and chemical compositions in both seasons. Thus, it is possible to obtain maximum yield, yield components and chemical compositions of grain wheat through applying 400 kg S/fed, mixture nitrogen methods (Soil + foliar) and A- mycorrhizal inoculation (biofertilizer).

Rapid measurement of total non-structural carbohydrate concentration in grapevine trunk and leaf tissues using near infrared spectroscopy

Carbohydrate assays are commonly used in crops and plant research to understand the way in which carbohydrates are allocated within the vine and to assess its influence on the physiology and phenology of the plant. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration is normally assessed by wet chemistry methods which are time consuming and costly, especially when studying carbohydrate dynamics over seasons. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a fast and easy technique that has lately gained wide acceptance for the analysis of the chemical composition of grain, food, wine, pharmaceutical products, among others. Near infrared is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between 750nm and 2500nm and it is used to gather information on the relative proportions of CH, NH and OH bonds of the organic molecules. This study collected NIR spectra from grapevine trunk and leaf tissues, measured TNC concentration of the same samples using a wet chemical method and compared the results using multivariate data analysis to develop a rapid procedure for the estimation of TNC concentration in grapevine tissues. Results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be used to predict starch and TNC concentration in freeze-dried and ground grapevine trunk and leaf tissues. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that a robust universal model could be applied to the prediction of TNC in both leaves and trunks. Therefore, this method could be used as a practical tool for a rapid screening of TNC concentration for high temporal and spatial assessment of grapevine tissues at given phenological stages. The main advantages of this technique over traditional methods are the rapidity and the ease-of-use protocol in routine analysis, which allows a considerable reduction of costs and time.

Maize inbreds from different heterotic groups as favorable sources for increased potential bioavailability of magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc

Malnutrition, as a global problem, is mainly caused by low level of mineral elements in staple food (deficient soil). Biofortification is based on selection of genotypes with enhanced concentration of mineral elements in grain, as well as decreased concentration of substances which interfere bioavailability of mineral elements in gut (like phytic acid), and increased content of substances that increase availability (such as β-carotene). The experiment with 51 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines with different heterotic background was set up in order to evaluate chemical composition of grain and to determine the relations between phytic acid (PA), β-carotene, and mineral elements: Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The highest average phytate, β-carotene, Fe, and Mn content was found in grain of inbreds from Lancaster heterotic group. The highest content of Mg was in grain of Independent source and Zn in grain of BSSS group. Increased level of Fe and Mn in Lancaster lines could be partially affected by higher PA content in grain, while increased β-carotene content could improve Mn and Zn availability from grain of BSSS genotypes and Mg availability from Lancaster inbreds. It is important to underline that PA reduction is followed by Zn content increase in grain of Lancaster heterotic group, as well as that variations in Mg, Fe, and Mn contents are independent on PA status in inbreds from Independent source, indicating that the genotypes with higher Mg, Fe and Mn status from this group could serve as favorable source for improved Mg, Fe, and Mn absorption.

Laboratory analogues simulating Titan's atmospheric aerosols: Compared chemical compositions of grains and thin films

Two sorts of solid organic samples can be produced in laboratory experiments simulating Titan's atmospheric reactivity: grains in the volume and thin films on the reactor walls. We expect that grains are more representative of Titan's atmospheric aerosols, but films are used to provide optical indices for radiative models of Titan's atmosphere.The aim of the present study is to address if these two sorts of analogues are chemically equivalent or not, when produced in the same N2–CH4 plasma discharge. The chemical compositions of both these materials are measured by using elemental analysis, XPS analysis and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. The main parameter probed is the CH4/N2 ratio to explore various possible chemical regimes. We find that films are homogeneous but significantly less rich in nitrogen and hydrogen than grains produced in the same experimental conditions. This surprising difference in their chemical compositions could be explained by the efficient etching occurring on the films, which stay in the discharge during the whole plasma duration, whereas the grains are ejected after a few minutes. The higher nitrogen content in the grains possibly involves a higher optical absorption than the one measured on the films, with a possible impact on Titan's radiative models.

Automated mineralogical methodology to study carbonate grain microstructure: an example from oncoids

Oncoids collected from an arid intertidal embayment of the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia, were examined for their morphology and mineralogical composition. This study tested a methodological approach for studying oncoid microstructure and chemical/mineralogical composition in detail. The method was applied to more than 30 oncoid samples, and examined internal morphology and composition via automated mineralogy and petrographic methods, deploying quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN). The QEMSCAN analysis system gathers X-ray and backscattered electron data from predefined points on a sample and interprets it in mineralogical terms by comparisons with a spectral library. Volumetric modal analysis, a function of the cumulative data obtained, is then used to quantify the mineral species present in the sample. The most abundant minerals in this study consist of calcium carbonate (60–70 %). Quartz dominates the detrital trapped grains (19.5 %). Potassium feldspar and albite constitute 5.6 and 3.4 %, respectively. Minerals such as illite, chlorite, biotite, muscovite, smectite, kaolinite, apatite, and ilmenite and siderite individually make up less than 1 % of the overall oncoid composition. Unlike traditional light microscope petrography, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction methods, the proposed technique has several advantages including, but not limited to, preservation of the oncoid microstructure, porosity and pore size estimation, elemental distribution of major minerals, determination of the chemical composition of grains as well as the cement, and relatively high accuracy of elemental compositional data taken from polished sections. This study shows that QEMSCAN can provide an effective and robust tool in analyzing different components of oncoids and other carbonate grains.

Ocena składu chemicznego ziarna wybranych odmian żyta (Secale cereale L.) z uprawy ekologicznej i konwencjonalnej

Ocena składu chemicznego ziarna wybranych odmian żyta (Secale cereale L.) z uprawy ekologicznej i konwencjonalnej

<b>Chemical composition of grains from glyphosate-resistant soybean and its conventional parent under different edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil

Glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready ® , RR) soybean is the most widely cultivated genetically modified crop in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a long-term field experiment, the chemical composition of grains in a pair of cultivars composed of the conventional parent (BRS 133) and the nearly isogenic transgenic (BRS 245RR) soybean. Plants were cropped under two different edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil. The experiments began during the 2003/2004 growing season; samples were collected during the 2011/2012 harvest. Were quantified the contents of isoflavones (high performance liquid chromatography), fatty acids (gas chromatography), lipid and proteins (near infrared spectroscopy in the NIR - Near Infrared Reflectance) and minerals (atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry). All samples were analyzed in three replications. Major differences were observed between the two cultivation locations. In Ponta Grossa, which has lower temperatures and higher rainfall during the grain filling period, the contents of lipids and isoflavones were higher. In Londrina, which hassoil with higher fertility, the contents of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates in soybean grains were higher. Significant differences were observed between the cultivars. The conventional parent had higher protein contents and lower lipid contents. The transgenic soybean line had higher isoflavone contents.

Nutritional value and mineral composition of grain of selected wheat species depending on the intensity of a production technology

The test material originated from a field experiment conducted in 2010-2013, at the Experimental Farm in Felin (51°22’ N, 22°64’ E), which belongs to the University if Life Sciences in Lublin. A two-factor experiment was conducted in randomised blocks with 4 replicates. The chemical composition of grain of 4 wheat species was analysed: common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L.) cv. Tonacja, durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cv. Komnata, spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell.) cv. Schwabenkorn, and einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) line PL 5003 (material acquired from the National Centre of the Plant Gene Pool), grown at different production technology intensity (medium and high level of cultivation technology). The analyses on wheat grain included the content of total protein, crude ash, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance, while the differences were estimated by the Tukey’s test at the significance level of p = 0.05. In order to identify the correlations and relationships between selected grain quality traits, an analysis of multiple correlation was employed and coefficients of variation were calculated (CV, %). Einkorn wheat proved to have the highest levels of protein, fat, ash, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Among the remaining genotypes, common wheat had the highest levels of carbohydrates and fibre. Irrespective of the genotype, more intensive chemical weed and pest control and nitrogen fertilisation had a favourable effect dr hab. Leszek Rachon, Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodities Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: leszek. rachon@up.lublin.pl * The research was conducted as part of project Nr N N310 306839 and supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.