Chemical Composition Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical profile and biological properties of the essential oil of Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

Rosemary leaf essential oil (RoEO) is extracted using steam distillation. The aim of study is to determine physicochemical characteristics of essential oil (EO), such as acid/saponification/esterification index, relative/absolute density, freezing point, and fragrance retention. The chemical composition of EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and identified 50 volatile compounds, of which α-Pinene (33.76%), 1,8-Cineole (18.47%), and Levoverbenone (6.11%) constituted the highest proportions in EO. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the EO was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 425.473 mg/mL. In particular, antibacterial activity (AA) by the paper plate diffusion method for susceptibility testing to essential oil showed that RoEO strongly inhibited the growth of four tested bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli). Perhaps, it is possible to apply RoEO in the food industry and other fields owing to the good properties of RoEO.

Spatial Variation in Yield, Chemical Composition, and Phytotoxic Activity of Cistus ladanifer Essential Oils.

Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose) is a widespread shrub species of the Mediterranean region with products highly valued by the perfume and cosmetics industry. In this research, the variability in yield, chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of C. ladanifer essential oils collected from 12 plots belonging to four natural populations and settled on two different types of edaphic substrates were evaluated. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil content ranged from 0.19 to 0.42 mL/100 g. The volatile profiles were found to be rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes. PCA analysis clustered the samples into two groups that were mainly attributed to the type of substrate on which the plants grow. Furthermore, CCA and correlation analysis revealed that soil organic matter was the most effective edaphoclimatic driver accounting for these high levels of variation in essential oil yield and composition. Finally, C. ladanifer essential oils showed strong phytotoxic activity on R. sativus seedlings, indicating its potential use as a natural bio-herbicide in agriculture. The results showed that the effect associated to local edaphoclimatic conditions not only impacted on the quality and quantity of the essential oil, but also on the industrial uses derived from its biological activities.

Recent Development on the Extraction Process of Plants Essential Oil and its Effect on Chemical Composition: A Review

This study presents a thorough review on different innovative extraction techniques of different plant essential oil derived from its peel, leaves, seeds and shrubs. The review also entails the different pre-treatment processes that affects the quality and recovery of the plant essential oil. Also, discussed the recently developed green extraction method such as Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD), Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME), Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Ohmic Heated Assisted Hydrodistillation (OHAD). The impact of these extraction process on the important chemical composition of essential oil is further analyzed in this review. The important parameters in extraction is also studied such as the water to material ratio, extraction temperature, power input and extraction time. Based on the different articles reviewed, it signifies that the innovative extraction method improves the quality and quantity of the essential oil yield. It also improved the number of component that can be extracted in the plant essential oil and its biological activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thus this review aims to emphasize the potential of the newly developed essential oil extraction techniques that would help to boon the pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture industry.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Medicinal Plants Grown in the Thrace Region in Türkiye, Hypericum perforatum L.

Background There are many active substances in the composition of the Hypericum perforatum L. plant that have different and complex structures and show different pharmacological effects. It was accepted as a medicinal plant by the World Health Organization in 2002, and it is given a detailed place in the monographs under the name Hyperici herba. In these monographs, the anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-depressant, protein kinase-C inhibitor, and wound-healing effects of the plant were described. Objectives The aim of this study is to determine the essential oil components in the samples of the H. perforatum L. plant, which is widely grown in the Thrace region in Türkiye. Materials and Methods H. perforatum L. plant growing naturally in the provinces of the Thrace region was collected, and the essential oils of the plant were obtained by using the hydro distillation method after the collected herbs were dried. Chemical content analyses were performed on a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Results The main components of the essential oil of the plant are sesquiterpenes (ß-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, β-selinene, α-selinene, β-farnesene, α-amorphene, spathulenol), alcohols (1-tetradecanol, 1-tridecanol, phytol, and alpha cadinol), and fatty acids (pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and 9, 12 octadecadienoic acid). Conclusion This is the first study to determine the chemical composition of essential oil in H. perforatum L. samples collected from the Thrace region in Türkiye. The essential oil content of the plant can be affected by factors such as the developmental stages of the plant (preblooming, flowering stage, and fruiting time), use of fresh or dry plant material, extraction method, genetic parameters, and climate.

Variation in the chemical composition of essential oils from Mangifera indica L. leaves by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

The leaves of Mangifera indica L. have been used in the medical system of India to treat diseases such as asthma, dysentery, cough, leucorrhea, jaundice, pain, and malaria. The analysis of different varieties of the same species is intended to determine if the compounds have a differential distribution. The present study investigates the volatile compounds from the leaves of two M. indica varieties extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC�GC/TOFMS). The number of compounds identified by GC�GC/TOFMS was superior to that obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the same variety of M. indica. This study demonstrates the applicability of the GC�GC/TOFMS for the comprehensive profiling of essential oils from M. indica, in which 125 and 95 compounds were identified in the varieties �espada� and �cora��o de boi�, respectively. These results show that the compositions of the two analyzed essential oils present differences concerning the GC�GC/TOFMS and conventional chromatography technique, the GC/MS.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Mosses from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

This study aimed to report the unprecedented volatile composition of the mosses Phyllogonium viride Brid, Orthotichella rigida (Müll. Hal.) B. H. Allen & Magill and Schlotheimia rugifolia (Hook.) Schwägr occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, in order to elucidate the chemical composition of these species and enrich the chemotaxonomic knowledge of mosses. 28 compounds were identified, the major constituent being hexadecanoic acid, also known as palmitic acid, specifically P. viride com (38.55%), O. rigida com (17.17%) and S. rugifolia com (24.94%), followed by phytol, P. viride com (3.92%), O. rigida com (28.57%) and S. rugifolia com (36.13%). In addition, there was a prevalence of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%) and fatty acids (17.8%) in the evaluated samples. These data contribute to the generation of new scientific information about the chemical constitution of mosses, still little studied, enriching the chemotaxonomic collection of the taxon.

Bioactivity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Three Chemotypes of Aeollanthus pubescens Benth

Bioactivity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Three Chemotypes of Aeollanthus pubescens Benth

Essential oils from Plumbago europaea L. aerial parts (leaves, flowers): GC-MS analyses and literature biological properties

Plumbago europaea L. belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae, which has many medicinal and nutritional applications. It is among the significant medicinal herbs used widely in folk medicine in Syria to treat skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. There are no previous studies of the aerial parts’ essential oils of this plant. So, herein we report on determining the chemical composition of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of P. europaea L., which were collected from a mountainous area in Latakia Province, Syria, by utilising the GC-MS technique. The major compounds identified in the flower’s essential oils were: plumbagin (32.4%), hexadecanoic acid (13.79%), heneicosane (9.03%) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol (8.40%). While in the leaves’ essential oils were phytol (17.97%), dibutyl phthalate (15.45%), heneicosane (6.91%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (6.72%). In addition, according to the published literature, most of the identified compounds have been reported to exhibit significant biological activities.

Kemijski sastav i antimikrobno djelovanje eteričnih ulja dobivenih iz dijelova biljke Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical content, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of essential oil obtained from the parts of the plant called Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. In this study, essential oils of cone, needle, and twig of J. excelsa plant, which is a naturally grown plant in Gümüşhane province, were obtained by hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger type device. Chemical composition of essential oils was determined thanks to the analysis conducted with GC-MS/FID device. Besides, antimicrobial activity tests of essential oils were decided in contrast to 23 different microorganisms with the disc diffusion method. As a result of the essential oil analysis of J. excelsa, the percentage of essential oil yield in cones, needles, and twigs was found as 5.88 %, 2.00 %, and 0.62 %, respectively. α-pinene was confirmed to be the most abundant main compound found in the essential oils of cones, needles, and twigs. As a result of the essential oil analysis of the cone, needle, and twig of J. excelsa species, it was revealed that monoterpenes were the most abundant chemical class in terms of percentage. In the antimicrobial activity test performed on the essential oils of J. excelsa plant parts, it was found that cones, needles, and twigs have a strong antimicrobial effect against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Penicillum expansum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae bacteria, yeast, and molds.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect of Chemical Compounds Cardamine uliginosa Plant

Background & Aims: Brassicaceae is a medium-sized family of flowering plants. The family contains more than 327 genera. Cardamine uliginosa is a type of plant of this species. Chemical and biochemical findings of this genus are very limited. This study aimed to investigate the chemical compounds and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of C. uliginosa. Materials and Methods: Essential oil was prepared by hydrodistillation method and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). The chemical composition of essential oil was evaluated by GC and GC-MS methods. The antioxidant property of the hydroalcoholic extract was investigated by 2, 2-dipheny1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Finally, the antibacterial activity of C. uliginosa was investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results: Phetalic acid, Phenil, Caryophyllene, Eicosane, and other chemical compounds were found in the essential oil of C. uliginosa. The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of hydroalcoholic extract was 0.42 µg/mL. The MIC and the MBC against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.62 and 31.25 respectively. The major compounds in the essential oils were 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol (15.20%) and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (16.75%). Conclusion: Considering the chemical compounds of C. uliginosa and the finding of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of C. uliginosa in vitro, capability of this plant needs to be further investigated for use in health and medical industries.

Floral biology insights into essential oil yield and chemical composition in davana (Artemisia pallens Bess), a high-value aromatic plant of India

Floral organs are identified as the major source of essential oil production in some prime aromatic plants. The quality and quantity of the essential oil are also influenced by the floral developmental stages. The present study was undertaken in A. pallens Bess (davana) with respect to its floral biology and floral sequence in relation to the essential oil yield and its chemical constituents for industrial extraction. The findings revealed that floral (inflorescence) biomass is the primary source of essential oil yield in davana, with the highest oil yield (0.90 ml/100 g) recovered during the blooming stage, followed by herbage (stems and leaves) biomass. Furthermore, cis-davanone, the major chemical constituent of davana essential oil, was recorded at a higher percentage in the bud stage (66.36±0.60%) followed by the blooming stage (60.56±0.20%) and the seed setting stage (40.54±0.80%). These findings can be used to optimize harvest timing in order to obtain higher quality and quantity of davana essential oil.

Artemisia frigida Willd. of the Baikal region (Siberia): essential oils, tincture, and antiradical activity

IntroductionArtemisia frigida Willd. is a promising medicinal plant that has been widely used in the traditional medicine of nomadic people. In this work, we study the composition of essential oils (EOs) and develop a method for obtaining a tincture from A. frigida, which can serve as a source of natural antioxidants. MethodsEO constituents are identified using GCMS. A tincture from A. frigida is developed as a source of antioxidants. Quantitative analysis of the total phenolcarboxylic acids was performed by UV-spectrophotometry. The antiradical activity was determined using the DPPH test. ResultsThe main components of A. frigida EOs are monoterpenoids, in particular 1,8-cineol, camphor, borneol, and terpineol-4, synergistic interactions of which determine the high antiradical activity, where IC50 is 45.85 μl/ml. Such chemical composition of EOs is typical for most A. frigida plants of steppe phytocenoses. In the EO of A. frigida growing at altitudes above 1300 m, the content of monoterpenoids decreases, and the proportion of sesquiterpenoids increases. The best conditions for the preparation of a high phenolic yielded tincture are the following: raw materials passing through a sieve with 0.5 mm holes in diameter are extracted by 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol in a 1:9 ratio (raw material: extractant) for 90 minutes on an orbital shaker. The obtained tincture has high antiradical activity, with an IC50 value of 2.1 μl/ml. ConclusionsThese findings scientifically prove the efficacy of using A. frigida EO and the tincture from its base as a source of natural antioxidants.

The effect of induced polyploidy on phytochemistry, cellular organelles and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway in thyme (Thymus vulgaris).

Induced polyploidy usually results in larger vegetative and reproductive plant organs. In order to study the effect of chromosome doubling on Thymus vulgaris, three levels of colchicine concentration including 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% (w/v) were applied for 6, 12 and 24 hours on apical meristem of 2- and 4-leaf seedlings. Ploidy level was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopic chromosome counting. Chemical composition of essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation was analyzed by gas Chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas Chromatography (GC). The application of 0.3% colchicine at 4-leaf seedling for 6 hours resulted in the highest survival rate and the highest number of tetraploid plants. Cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses confirmed the increase of chromosome number from 2n=2x=30 in diploids to 2n=4x=60 in induced tetraploids. Tetraploid plants had larger leaves, taller and thicker stems, dense branching, longer trichome, larger stomata, larger guard cells, and decreased number of stomata. The number of chloroplasts and mitochondria increased significantly in tetraploid plants by 1.66 and 1.63 times, respectively. The expression of CYP71D178, CYP71D180 and CYP71D181 increased in tetraploids by 3.27, 7.39 and 2.15 times, respectively, probably resulting in higher essential oil compounds, as tetraploids outyielded the diploid plants by 64.7% in essential oil, 40.9% in thymol and 18.6% in carvacrol content.

Biological activities and chemical characterization of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil from Seraïdi, Northeastern Algeria

Abstract. Hadj Moussa AH, Benaliouche F, Sbartai I, Sbartai H. 2023. Biological activities and chemical characterization of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil from Seraïdi, Northeastern Algeria. Biodiversitas 24: 4535-4543. The objectives of this study are to examine the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) extracted by hydrodistillation from the flowering tops of dry lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) harvested in the town of Seraïdi in Northeastern Algeria and evaluate its antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential. The chemical analysis of this essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by dilution method in solid and liquid medium, and the antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH° radical scavenging assay. It revealed the presence of 20 compounds representing the general component of this oil with a yield of 1.71%. This oil is composed mainly of Linalool (31.27%), followed by Camphor (16.21%), Linalool Oxide (11.98%), and Linalyl Acetate (11.93%). Other constituents were identified at relatively medium [2-Furarmethanol (7.49%), 1,8-Cineole/eucalyptol (6.76%), Borneol (5.34%)] and low contents [1-Hexyl butyrate (1.25%)]. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of lavender EO against Fusarium roseum were 3000 µg/mL and 4000 µg/mL, respectively. Lavender OE had moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas savastanoi. The antioxidant activity of lavender EO was lower than that of vitamin C.

The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Persian Indigenous Herbs as an Alternatives for Nitrate and Nitrite in the Preservation of Meat and Meat Products: An Overview

The consumption of animal products, including meat and meat products, has increased globally with increased household income. Spoilage by microbes, autolytic enzymes, and lipid oxidation can cause the deterioration of meat and meat products, which has a considerable economic and environmental impact. Meat curing, which includes the addition of salt, nitrite, and sometimes nitrate to fresh meat cuts, enables a preservative effect by removing moisture and reducing the water activity of the meat. Nitrates and nitrites have been traditionally used as curing agents in the production of cured meat products. Sodium and potassium nitrates and sodium and potassium nitrites are used in meat curing because they stabilize red meat color, inhibit some spoilage and food poisoning anaerobic microorganisms, delay the development of oxidative rancidity, and contribute to flavor development. The beneficial effects of adding nitrates and nitrites to meat products are the improvement of quality characteristics and microbiological safety. However, several studies have indicated that nitrates and nitrites intake should be limited owing to their potential carcinogenic effect on humans. Therefore, the consumer demand for natural or nitrate- and nitrite-free meat products remains high. There is a need to find alternative natural plant material that provides alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial activities since they are noncarcinogenic and reliable; they can substitute or reduce nitrates and nitrites with minimal or no quality compromise of sensory attributes and shelf-life. Hence in this overview, we focused on Persian indigenous herbs, their essential oil and extracts' chemical composition, and their relation to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity to find out how the essential oils and extracts of the herbs can be applied to meat and meat as a natural substitute.

Water stress modulates terpene biosynthesis and morphophysiology at different ploidal levels in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae).

Monoterpenes are the main component in essential oils of Lippia alba. In this species, the chemical composition of essential oils varies with genome size: citral (geraniol and neral) is dominant in diploids and tetraploids, and linalool in triploids. Because environmental stress impacts various metabolic pathways, we hypothesized that stress responses in L. alba could alter the relationship between genome size and essential oil composition. Water stress affects the flowering, production, and reproduction of plants. Here, we evaluated the effect of water stress on morphophysiology, essential oil production, and the expression of genes related to monoterpene synthesis in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid accessions of L. alba cultivated in vitro for 40days. First, using transcriptome data, we performed de novo gene assembly and identified orthologous genes using phylogenetic and clustering-based approaches. The expression of candidate genes related to terpene biosynthesis was estimated by real-time quantitative PCR. Next, we assessed the expression of these genes under water stress conditions, whereby 1% PEG-4000 was added to MS medium. Water stress modulated L. alba morphophysiology at all ploidal levels. Gene expression and essential oil production were affected in triploid accessions. Polyploid accessions showed greater growth and metabolic tolerance under stress compared to diploids. These results confirm the complex regulation of metabolic pathways such as the production of essential oils in polyploid genomes. In addition, they highlight aspects of genotype and environment interactions, which may be important for the conservation of tropical biodiversity.

Comparative study of hydro- and steam-water distillation for isolation of essential oils from needles of Cupressus torulosa D. Don

Cupressus torulosa, a large aromatic evergreen conifer tree widely distributed in the northwestern Himalayan region of India, holds various traditional uses of its aerial parts. The objective of this study was to compare the essential oil content and chemical composition of C. torulosa needles obtained using two distinct distillation methods: hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-water distillation (SWD). Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were employed to determine the compositions of the oils. The results indicated that the hydro-distilled essential oil (HDEO) exhibited significantly higher content (0.73±0.09%) compared to the steam-water distilled essential oil (SWDEO, 0.19±0.02%). Additionally, the HDEO and SWDEO exhibited notable differences in their chemical composition. The HDEO was primarily rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (58.45%), with terpinen-4-ol (29.09%) and umbellulone (21.29%) identified as the major constituents. On the other hand, the SWDEO was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.75%), with α-pinene (22.19%), δ-3-carene (19.98%), and limonene (14.7%) as the main components. The findings from this study can assist in selecting the appropriate distillation technique to obtain essential oils with desired chemical compositions for various end-use applications.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Hydrocarbons from Halimodendron halodendron

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Hydrocarbons from Halimodendron halodendron

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Tetradium fraxinifolium Leaves and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Tetradium fraxinifolium Leaves and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Eight Tunisian Eucalyptus Species and Their Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities.

Eucalyptus species are known to produce metabolites such as essential oils (EOs) that play an important role in the control of weeds, pests and phytopathogenic fungi. The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to determine the chemical composition of the EOs derived from eight Eucalyptus species growing in Tunisia, and (ii) to study their possible antifungal and herbicidal activities. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried leaves of eight Eucalyptus species, namely, E. angulosa, E. cladocalyx, E. diversicolor, E. microcoryx, E. ovata, E. resinifera, E. saligna and E. sargentii, and the determination of their composition was achieved by GC and GC-MS. The EOs' antifungal activities were tested against four Fusarium strains, and the EOs' herbicidal properties were evaluated on the germination and seedling growth of three annual weeds (Trifolium campestre, Lolium rigidum and Sinapis arvensis) and three cultivated crop species (Lepidium sativum, Raphanus sativus and Triticum durum). The EO yields ranged between 0.12 and 1.32%. The most abundant components found were eucalyptol, α-pinene, p-cymene, trans-pinocarveol, α-terpineol and globulol. All EOs showed significant antifungal activity against the four phytopathogenic Fusarium strains. E. cladocalyx EO exhibited the highest level of antifungal activity, and the greatest inhibition of seed germination was obtained even at lowest concentrations used. These findings suggested that E. resinifera, E. ovata and E. cladocalyx EOs could have applications in agriculture as possible biopesticides, as Fusarium antagonists and as bioherbicides.