Chemical Composition Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils from the Leaves of Camellia pukhangensis and C. quephongensis

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils from the Leaves of Camellia pukhangensis and C. quephongensis

Nanoemulsions of essential oils against multi-resistant microorganisms: An integrative review

Microbial resistance to drugs continues to be a global public health issue that demands substantial investment in research and development of new antimicrobial agents. Essential oils (EO) have demonstrated satisfactory and safe antimicrobial action, being used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food formulations. In order to improve solubility, availability, and biological action, EO have been converted into nanoemulsions (NE). This review identified scientific evidence corroborating the antimicrobial action of nanoemulsions of essential oils (NEEO) against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Using integrative review methodology, eleven scientific articles evaluating the antibacterial or antifungal assessment of NEEO were selected. The synthesis of evidence indicates that NEEO are effective in combating multidrug-resistant microorganisms and in the formation of their biofilms. Factors such as NE droplet size, chemical composition of essential oils, and the association of NE with antibiotics are discussed. Furthermore, NEEO showed satisfactory results in vitro and in vivo evaluations against resistant clinical isolates, making them promising for the development of new antimicrobial and antivirulence drugs.

Analysis of chemical and genetic variability in wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) populations of Kosovo.

Hops is an economically important species due to its diverse secondary metabolites and extensive use in the brewing and medicinal industries. Although hops is widely distributed in Kosovo, the chemical composition of its essential oils and genetic variability of wild populations remain understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical and genetic variability of Kosovo's wild hop population using essential oil constituents and microsatellite (simple sequence repeat - SSR) markers. Female hop inflorescences were collected from 21 wild populations in Kosovo. Essential oils were extracted from the dried plant material using a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical composition of the essential oils was analysed using GC-FID-MS. DNA was extracted from dried leaves, and 15 SSR markers were used for fragment analysis. The main constituents of the essential oil were myrcene, α-humulene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-selinene, β-selinene, and E-caryophyllene. Statistical analyses based on chemical composition of essential oils and SSR markers highlighted the low variability among populations and high variability within populations. These findings provide valuable insights for developing strategies for potential use and conservation of wild hop populations in Kosovo, laying the groundwork for future research and comparison with commercial cultivars to assess their breeding potential.

Essential Oil Composition of Bupleurum praealtum and Bupleurum affine: New Natural Constituents.

This study explores the chemical composition of essential oils from two Serbian Bupleurum species (Apiaceae), Bupleurum praealtum L. and Bupleurum affine L., traditionally recognized in Chinese medicine for their therapeutic potential but less studied for their essential oils. Through GC-MS analysis, we identified 230 constituents, revealing distinct profiles between the species. Perillyl 2-methylbutanoate was identified in B. affine oil for the first time, confirmed using synthetic approaches and characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques, including two-dimensional NMR and spin-simulation of 1H NMR spectra. Additionally, new natural compounds, including tentatively identified 4-decyl acetate and 4-undecyl acetate, were discovered. The study also reports five stereoisomeric esters of tetradeca-5,7,9,11-tetraen-1-ol. These findings significantly contribute to the understanding of the phytochemical diversity within the genus Bupleurum and underscore potential differences in ecological adaptations or biosynthetic pathways among species.

Determining of chemical composition, anti-pathogenic and anticancer activity of Mentha longifolia essential oil collected from Iran

In this study, three different ecotypes of M. longifolia collected from Lorestan province, Iran. three habitats including Khorramabad (ecotype 1), Aleshtar (ecotype 2), and Delfan (ecotype 3) counties (ecotype 3) were selected. In addition to analysing the chemical composition of the essential oils, for the first time, the effects of essential oils of these ecotypes against plant pathogenic bacterial including Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae together with Bacillus subtilis, a biocontrol agent, and viability of colon tumour cell (SW742) was evaluated. Results showed that ecotype 1 had the highest concentration of the essential oil. All three bacteria showed the same level of sensitivity to the essential oils of M. longifolia extracted from three different ecotypes. Considering the findings of the effects of essential oils on SW742 tumour cell viability, we can suggest that M. longifolia essential oil obtained from ecotype 3 can be used to reduce the cell viability of SW742 tumour cells. It can be concluded that M. longifolia essential oil can be used to reduce tumour cell viability and their anti-microbial activity against plant pathogens.

Chemical profiling and enzyme inhibitory properties of essential oil isolated from Artemisia judaica grown in Egypt: GC-MS analysis and in-Vitro studies

Artemisia judica L. is a desert aromatic herb with a characteristic fragrance and taste belonging to the family Asteraceae. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from A. judaica L. using GC-MS analysis, along with an investigation of its antioxidant properties and inhibitory activity against key enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the identification of fourteen compounds (97.89%), predominated by piperitone (51.40%), followed by ethyl (E)-cinnamate (20.44%), (+)-2-bornanone (5.63%), and ethyl-(Z)-cinnamate (4.78%). The oil demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activities in the following order: ABTS (66.81 ± 1.49 mgTE/g)< CUPRAC (66.24 ± 0.53mgTE/g)<FRAP (58.68 ± 0.54 mgTE/g < PBD (17.81 ± 0.01 mmolTE/g (<DPPH) 8.55 ± 1.10mgTE/g(.The oil showed potent inhibitory effects against AChE and BChE at 2.14 ± 0.18 and 3.27 ± 0.04 mg GALAE/g, respectively. Further, it could inhibit tyrosinase and α-amylase at 91.20 ± 7.29 mg KAE/g and 0.28 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g, respectively. Thus, A. judaica oil may be utilized as adjuvant herbal therapy.

Study of essential oils and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from Clinopodium vimineum (Lamiaceae), according to its different phenological stages

ABSTRACT The Caribbean shrub, Clinopodium vimineum, had its essential oil (EO) and hydroalcoholic extracts analyzed across three growth stages: vegetative, flowering, and post-flowering. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC/MS/FID and that of the extracts was studied by UHPLC/ESI-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Twenty six compounds (>0.1%) were detected in the EOs of C. vimineum. p-Menth-3-en-8-ol (35–40%) and pulegone (27–30%) were the major components. Among the hydroalcoholic extracts, hydroxycinnamic acids (18–46 mg/g) and glycosylated flavones (17–19 mg/g) were found. The amounts of rosmarinic acid (20–40 mg/g) in the extracts isolated from the hydrodistillation residual biomass were twice as high as those in the extracts from the fresh plant material. The antioxidant activity of the EOs and extracts was evaluated by the ABTS+• and ORAC assays. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the chemical composition or antioxidant activity of EOs and hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained from plants collected at different phenological stages.

Improving the insecticidal efficacy of Thuja orientalis essential oil by gamma radiation against Trogodermagranarium

The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from Thuja orientalis unripe fruits exposed to gamma radiation at dose levels of 0, 1, 3, and 5 kGy were analyzed by GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and assessed for their insecticidal activities on Trogoderma granarium Everts. The results showed slight changes were observed in the chemical composition of essential oil. The results showed that irradiated oil treatments induced higher toxicity to larvae of T. granarium than unirradiated oil with LD50 values (41.5, 54.2, and 87.1 μl/larva), and LD90 values (122.8, 207.5, and 314.7 μl/larva) for irradiated oil with 5.0, 3.0, and 1.0 kGy, respectively compared with unirradiated oil (LD50 = 153.8 μl/larva) and (LD90 = 622.8 μl/larva) by contact method. The same trend was obtained in the fumigant assay, the irradiated oil treatments with 3.0 and 5.0 kGy increased the toxicity to larvae of T. granarium than unirradiated oil with LC50 values were 280.7 and 183.6 μl/L, and LC90 values were 1171.6 and 687.4 μl/L, respectively compared with unirradiated oil (LC50 = 449.4 μl/L) and (LC90 = 1656.1 μl/L). The results showed also, that at 0.063 and 0.126 μl/cm2, the irradiated T. orientalis with 5.0 kGy, showed strong repellent activity against T. granarium larvae with the percentage repellency 100% (Class V) compared with the unirradiated oil (23.3 and 53.3%) after 2 h treatment. While at 0.252 μl/cm2, all three irradiated T. orientalis essential oil doses caused complete repellence for T. granarium larvae compared with the unirradiated oil (90%) after 2 h treatment. The present findings indicated that gamma radiation improves the insecticidal efficacy of T. orientalis essential oil and could be successfully used for the management of this insect pest.

Antioxidant Activity, Antiproliferative Activity, Antiviral Activity, NO Production Inhibition, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of Leaves, Flower Buds, and Stems of Tetradenia riparia.

The chemical composition of extracts (CEs) and essential oils (EOs) from Tetradenia riparia leaves, flower buds, and stems was analyzed. Antiproliferative activity against tumor cell lines, NO production inhibition, and antioxidant and antiviral activities were assessed. The CEs contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and saturated fatty acids. The EOs included monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. NO production inhibition ranged from 76 to 247 µg mL-1, and antiproliferative activity exhibited GI50 between 20 and >204 µg mL-1, with low cytotoxicity (SI: 1.08 to 4.75). Reactive oxygen species inhibition ranged from 45 to 82%. Antioxidant activity varied when determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (IC50: 0.51 to 8.47 mg mL-1) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.35 to 0.81 µM ferrous sulfate per mg). The reduction in β-carotene-linoleic acid co-oxidation varied between 76.13 and 102.25%. The total phenolic content of CEs and EOs was 10.70 to 111.68 µg gallic acid mg-1. Antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) showed an EC50 between 9.64 and 24.55 µg mL-1 and an SI between 8.67 and 15.04. Leaf EOs exhibited an EC50 of 9.64 µg mL-1 and an SI of 15.04. Our study unveils the diverse chemical composition and multifaceted pharmacological properties of T. riparia, demonstrating its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications.

Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of rhizome essential oil from Zingiber plicatum Škorničk. & Q.B.Nguyen from Vietnam

The Zingiber genus has been widely applied in food and pharmaceuticals due to its varied chemical composition and significant benefits. Zingiber plicatum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn was described in Vietnam in 2015, yet there has been no report on its phytochemicals and bioactivity. In this study, we first analyzed the chemical composition of essential oil and its antioxidant activities. Isolation of the rhizome essential oil was performed through hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus for 3.5 h, then volatile compositions were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Additionally, the antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. The GC-MS analysis showed a total of 54 volatile components, mainly belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons (57.69%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (28.98%). The main compounds were β-pinene (26.85%), α-pinene (11.73%), limonene (10.03%), and germacrene D (5.26%). The essential oil also showed antioxidant activities, with an IC50 of 84.53 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and an EC50 of 17.3 mg/mL for ferric reducing power. These findings first provided data on the chemical components and antioxidant properties of Z. plicatum essential oil.

Determination of Nutrient Elements Content, Essential Oils Ratio and Biochemicals Composition of Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. and Origanum syriacum L.

In the study, the biochemical composition of bioactive ingredients, essential oils ratio and compounds, mineral elements content, and antioxidant activities of two Origanum species (O.rotundifolium Boiss. and O. syriacum L.) were investigated. It has been observed that the total flavonoid and phenolic contents vary, with the amounts being 6.57 mg QE g-1 and 225.79 mg GAE g-1 for O. rotundifolium Boiss., and 184.65 mg QE g-1 and 114.46 mg GAE g-1 for O. syriacum L., respectively. The highest element contents have been determined for macroelement Calcium (Ca)&gt; Potassium (K)&gt; Magnesium (Mg); and for microelement Iron (Fe)&gt; Manganese (Mn) &gt; Zinc (Zn)&gt; Copper (Cu)&gt;, respectively. The essential oil yield was determined between 2.39% (O. rotundifolium Boiss) and 5.29% (O. syriacum L.). Essential oil compositions were determined by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis). Besides, the major components found in two species were carvacrol, γ-terpinene and cymene. As a result of the study, O. rotundifolium Boiss. and O. syriacum L. species are rich in nutrients and biochemical content and can be used in many areas as an alternative food source.

In vivo mosquito repellency effect of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) essential oil bath bomb formulation in dogs.

Mosquitoes carry numerous diseases of medical and veterinary significance. While citronella essential oil is safe as a mosquito repellent, extensive research does not document its ability to deter mosquitoes from animals. This study assessed the citronella essential oil bath bomb's ability to repel Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in dogs. Citronella essential oil's chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Through freeze-thaw testing, a bath bomb formulation containing 6% w/w citronella essential oil was assessed for its physical and chemical stability. Thirty-two healthy client-owned mixed-breed dogs were employed to test the mosquito-repellency effects of citronella essential oil (treatment group) and olive oil (control group) bath bomb formulations. Bath bombs were tested for irritation effects on animal skin for 15-day post-application. Thirty-six compounds were identified through GC-MS, with citronellal (23.38%), δ-cadinene (12.25%), and geraniol (9.09%) being the most prevalent constituents. The bath bomb maintained its original physical properties after undergoing six freeze-thawing cycles and retained over 90% of its citronella essential oil. About 100%, 69.28%, and 65.58% mosquito repellency were displayed by the citronella essential oil bath bomb at 3 h, 6 h, and 8 h, respectively. None of the test animals exhibited skin irritation during the study. The citronella bath bomb effectively repelled C. quinquefasciatus in dogs without irritating their skin. The formulation's physical and chemical stability is demonstrated by the results of freeze-thaw stability testing. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the repelling activity against other mosquito species.

Morphological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Carum carvi (Caraway) and Bunium persicum (Black Caraway) Seeds: A Review

Carum carvi and Bunium persicum belongs to Apiaceae family. Both the species are medicinally important and has been used as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, to treat heart problems, spice, condiments and breath freshener or lotions industries etc. Due to morphological similarities, the adulterations are being observed, so it is essential to understand the morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of both the seeds. The plants look similar with approximately similar flower colour. Most prominent difference is in root structure. The roots of C. carvi are fleshy, fusiform tap while that of B. persicum is tuberous. C.carvi seeds are larger than that of B. persicum, with comparatively lighter brown colour. The seeds of C. carvi are sickle shaped while the seeds of the B. persicum are cylindrical in shape. Chemical composition of essential oil is approximately similar with variation in the percentage content of various compounds. Both the seeds are used for food preparation with some variation in their utilization due to difference in their aroma.

The essential oil chemical composition of a sicilian (Italy) accession of Doronicum caucasicum M. Bieb

Doronicum is a relatively small genus belonging to the tribe Senecioneae (Fam. Asteraceae), distributed in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Some of its species are considered toxic due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids whereas some other ones are largely utilised in the ethnopharmacology of several countries. In the present study, the essential oil composition of a Sicilian accession of Doronicum caucasicum M. Bieb (syn. D. orientale Hoffm.), not previously investigated, is particularly rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (80.3%) with germacrene D (58.9%), α-humulene (8.8%), and β-caryophyllene (6.5%) as main metabolites. A comparison with all the essential oils from Doronicum taxa studied so far has been carried out.

Exploring the Potential of Myrcia Genus Essential Oils: A Review of Biological Activities and Recent Advances.

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of essential oils from species of the Myrcia genus and their applications. The compiled results highlight the chemical diversity and biological activities of these oils, emphasizing their potential importance for various therapeutic and industrial applications. The findings reveal that Myrcia essential oils present a variety of bioactive compounds, such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which demonstrate antimicrobial activities against a range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeasts. Furthermore, this study highlights the phytotoxic activity of these oils, indicating their potential for weed control. The results also point to the insecticidal potential of Myrcia essential oils against a range of pests, showing their viability as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Additionally, species of the genus Myrcia have demonstrated promising hypoglycemic effects, suggesting their potential in diabetes treatment. This comprehensive synthesis represents a significant advancement in understanding Myrcia essential oils, highlighting their chemical diversity and wide range of biological activities. However, the need for further research is emphasized to fully explore the therapeutic and industrial potential of these oils, including the identification of new compounds, understanding of their mechanisms of action, and evaluation of safety and efficacy in different contexts.

Comparative chemical profiling and antioxidant properties of essential oils extracted from: Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Bég and Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu

The current research investigates for the first time, the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) extracted from several samples dried stems for Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Bég (F. vulgare) and Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu (D. scoparia). Twenty-seven volatile compounds were detected in F. vulgare. The main compounds were α-pinene (0.53–19.17%), myrcene (2.06–46.49%), δ-3-carene (0–12.56%), α-terpinene (0–12.79%), limonene (1.35–41.86%), cis-β-ocimene (0.32–8.35%), estragol (0.15–45.51%) and anethol (0.03–10.78%), while thirty-seven compounds were identified in D. scoparia, the major components were: α-pinene (0–33%), sabinene (1.93–19.99%) β-pinene (2.59–9.13%) δ-3-carene (0.04–10.39%) p-cymene (0.7–9.41%) limonene (1.9–14.33%), and α-terpinene (0.2–10.46%). The amount of monoterpene compounds in F. vulgare samples was more significant than in D. scoparia samples. However, the amount of sesquiterpenes was higher in D. scoparia samples compared to F. vulgare species. All samples exhibited antioxidant activity that was comparatively lower than that of vitamin E. Furthermore, the F. vulgare species revealed higher antioxidant activity than the D. scoparia species in both tested experiments. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that fenchone, n-hexyl iso-valerate, copaene, anethol, palmitic acid, α-terpineol, and estragol could be the main components contributing to the antioxidant capacity. These results demonstrate that these EOs could be alternative therapeutic agents for preventing oxidative stress-related pathologies.

Effect of post-harvest drying period on the chemical composition of Zingiber zerumbet Sm. Rhizomes essential oil and its biological activities.

Zingiber zerumbet Sm. (Family: Zingiberaceae) is an important perennial medicinal oil-bearing herb that is native to the Southeast Asia. This study examines the impact of different durations of post-harvest shade drying (ranging from 1 to 12months) on essential oil yield and chemical composition of Z. zerumbet, in comparison to the freshly collected oil sample. This study explores how post-harvest shade drying impact the composition and longevity of Z. zerumbet rhizomes as well as its antimicrobial, antibiofilm activity. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition analysis using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The post-harvest periods of drying (1-12months) were discovered to enhance the concentration of marker constituents in the oil. The primary constituent, Zerumbone, was detected in concentrations ranging from 69.38 ± 5.63% to a maximum of 80.19 ± 1.53% as the drying duration of the rhizome was extended. The output of the essential oil was not significantly affected by drying times; however, it did have a noticeable impact on the proportions of monoterpenes. Both disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay were used in freshly collected Z. zerumbet oil for its antimicrobial potential against S. aureus, L. monocytogens, S. hominis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, S. intermedius, E. coli, and C. albicans. For the first time, the oil reported to exhibit antibiofilm activity against S. aureus which was validated using fluorescence microscopy, and effectively disrupts the biofilm by 47.38% revealing that essential oil was able to disintegrate the clusters of the pathogen. Z. zerumbet rhizome oil is effective to reduce food-borne microorganisms. Therefore, its essential oil, a natural source of bioactive zerumbone, may improve flavor, aroma, and preservation.

Effect of Climate Change on the Phytochemical Constituents, Essential Oil Yield and Chemical Composition of Inula viscosa Leaves

Effect of Climate Change on the Phytochemical Constituents, Essential Oil Yield and Chemical Composition of Inula viscosa Leaves

Seasonal influence on the essential oil chemical composition of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth.: a valuable plant from Marajó, Brazil.

Introduction: Essential oils (EOs) from the Hyptis genus have been reported as bactericides and fungicides. However, the properties of these oils can be affected by climatic factors, as well as the collection period, which promotes changes in the chemical composition of the oil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the climatological influences on the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Hyptis crenata. Methods: The leaves were collected in Marajó island (Brazil) monthly for a year. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between climatic parameters, content, and chemical composition of essential oil; multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the interrelationship between samples and their chemical constituents. Results and Discussion: The constituents with the highest contents (>2.0%) in essential oils during the studied period were 1,8-cineole (28.48% ± 4.32%), α-pinene (19.58% ± 2.29%), camphor (11.98% ± 2.54%), β-pinene (9.19% ± 1.47%), limonene (6.12% ± 3.15%), α-terpineol (2.42% ± 0.25%) and borneol (2.34% ± 0.48%). β-Pinene significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with precipitation and humidity. According to the chemometric tools, two groups were formed: chemical profile I, marked by 1,8 cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol, α-terpineol, and limonene, while group II (July) presented a chemical type characterized by camphor. It is understood that the species in question can be a reliable source of biologically active components during different climatic periods in the Amazon. The chemical variability could have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and traditional medicine.

Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from anise hyssop

Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze) is a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family mainly used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. This study determined the chemical composition of the essential oil and evaluated its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The essential oil was obtained from plants cultivated in the experimental field at the Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Plants, Kazanlak, Bulgaria. The plants were processed by steam distillation, with the essential oil yielding 0.37%, and its main components being methyl chavicol (82.03%) and limonene (9.90%). The most potent antimicrobial action was observed against the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (25.7 mm inhibition zone) and Bacillus cereus (12.3 mm), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.3 mm) and Candida albicans (16.5 mm). The remaining gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella ebony), and fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis and Fusarium moniliforme) were resistant to the action of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was ABTS (32.36 µmol TE/mL), DPPH (21.61 µmol TE/mL), CUPRAC (19.94 µmol TE/mL), and FRAP (29.56 µmol TE/mL) in vitro. Overall, the results from this study revealed the biological potential of anise hyssop as a source in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications.